Treebank II style
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (DT This) (NN trial))
(VP (VBZ is)
(VP (VBN expected)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB last)
(NP-TMP (CD five) (NNS weeks)))))))
(. .))
)
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (PRP We))
(VP (VBP 've)
(VP (VBD tried)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB train)
(NP (DT the) (NNS youngsters))))))))
)
In TB2a these cases are distinguished by type of empty category:
* indicates raising and *PRO* subject control. Both
cases are indexed.
Treebank 2a style: raising
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (DT This) (NN trial))
(VP (VBZ is)
(VP (VBN expected)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB last)
(NP-TMP (CD five) (NNS weeks)))))))
(. .))
)
Treebank 2a style: subject control
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (PRP We))
(VP (VBP 've)
(VP (VBD tried)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *PRO*-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB train)
(NP (DT the) (NNS youngsters))))))))
)
Raising predicates: appear, begin, continue, end up, fail,
figure, happen, keep, need, ought, prove, quit, remain, say, seem,
start, stop, tend, wind up, apt, certain, due, likely, sure, unlikely,
be about to, be bound to, be going to, be set to, be supposed to, have
to, have got to, turn out to, used to, plus the passives of ECM verbs.
Subject control verbs: admit, afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, avoid, be willing, bother, come, care, choose, claim, clamor, concede, conspire, decide, decline, delay, deny, deserve, determine, disclaim, discuss, enjoy, elect, favor, figure, flock, force, forget, get, go to show, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, jump, know, learn, like, look, love, manage, mean, mind, miss, move, negotiate, offer, opt, plan, pledge, plot, pose, ponder, prefer, prepare, press, proceed, profess, promise, propose, push, quite, race, recall, refuse, report, resolve, risk, rule out, rush, scramble, seek, serve, set out, sign, sound, stand, strive, struggle, suffice, swar, threaten, try, undertake, vote, vow, wait, want, wish
Tests for raising predicates
there doesn't seem to be an answer to this question *there tried to be an answer to this question
it is likely to rain this week it began to rain this morning *it tried to rain this week
the cat seems to have got your tongue the shit started to hit the fan
(S (NP-SBJ-1 (NNP Japan))
(VP (VBZ is)
(ADJP-PRD (JJ about)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB embark)
(PP-CLR (IN on)
(NP (DT a) (JJ major) (NN buying) (NN binge)))))))))
Treebank II style: monotransitive
( (S (NP-SBJ (NP (DT An) (NN accounting) (NN controversy))
(PP-TMP (IN at)
(NP (NP (DT the) (NN end))
(PP (IN of)
(NP (JJ last) (NN year))))))
(VP (VBD forced)
(S (NP-SBJ (NNP Boston) (NNP Co.))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB admit)
(SBAR (-NONE- 0)
(S (NP-SBJ (PRP it))
(VP (VBD had)
(VP (VBN overstated)
(NP (JJ pretax) (NNS profits))
(PP-MNR (IN by)
(NP (QP (RB some) ($ $) (CD 44) (CD million))
(-NONE- *U*)))))))))))
(. .)))
In Treebank 2a, we have tried to distinguish ECM from object control on more
linguistic grounds. Object control is indicated in the same way as
subject control: the empty subject is labelled *PRO* and
coindexed to the controlling object.
Treebank 2a style: object control
( (S (NP-SBJ (NP (DT An) (NN accounting) (NN controversy))
(PP-TMP (IN at)
(NP (NP (DT the) (NN end))
(PP (IN of)
(NP (JJ last) (NN year))))))
(VP (VBD forced)
(NP-1 (NNP Boston) (NNP Co.))
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *PRO*-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB admit)
(SBAR (-NONE- 0)
(S (NP-SBJ (PRP it))
(VP (VBD had)
(VP (VBN overstated)
(NP (JJ pretax) (NNS profits))
(PP-MNR (IN by)
(NP (QP (RB some) ($ $) (CD 44) (CD million))
(-NONE- *U*)))))))))))
(. .)))
Ditransitive verbs: ask, admonish, authorize, bribe, catch,
caution, choose, commision, compel, convince, designate, devise,
direct, dispatch, empower, enable, encourage, entice, expand, force,
hire, impell, induce, influence, inspire, invite, lead, leave,
license, motivate, move, name, oblige, order, permit, press, prod,
program, prompt, push, require, retain, schedule, select, sensitize,
slate, spur, teach, tell, trust, urge, warn
ECM verbs: allow, assume, believe, cause, consider, declare, deem, estimate, expect, find, get, hold, imagine, intend, judge, know, make, mean, need, perceive, project, repute, rumor, report, say, see, show, suppose, think, want, wish
The tests for ECM verbs are basically the same as for raising. They can take infinitives with expletive there or weather it subjects, or an idiom chunk subject.
Mary expected there to be a party
*Mary persuaded there to be a party
Mary believed it to be raining
*Mary decided it to be raining
Mary found the cat to be out of the bag
*Mary encouraged the cat to be out of the bag
Small clause:
( (S (NP-SBJ (PRP He))
(ADVP (RB also))
(VP (VP (VBZ considers)
(S (NP-SBJ (DT the) (NN market))
(ADJP-PRD (VBD overvalued))))
(CC and)
(VP (VBZ cites)
(NP (NP (DT the) (NNS troubles))
(PP-LOC (IN in)
(NP (NN junk) (NNS bonds))))))
(. .))
)
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (PRP You))
(VP (VBP do)
(RB n't)
(VP (VB want)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *PRO*-1))
(VP (TO to)
(VP (VB get)
(S (NP-SBJ (PRP yourself))
(ADJP-PRD (RB too) (JJ upset)
(PP (IN about)
(NP (DT these) (NNS things))))))))))
(. .))
)
Secondary predicate:
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (NP (NNP David) (NNP Tagg))
(, ,)
(RRC (ADVP-TMP (RB formerly))
(PP (IN in)
(NP (NP (NN charge))
(PP (IN of)
(NP (NN gambling) (NNS operations))))))
(, ,))
(VP (VBD was)
(VP (VBN appointed)
(NP-2 (-NONE- *-1))
(S-CLR (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *PRO*-2))
(NP-PRD (NP (JJ chief) (NN executive))
(PP (IN for)
(NP (NN retailing) (CC and) (NN property)))))))
(. .))
)
( (S (NP-SBJ (NN uncertainty))
(VP (VBZ drives)
(NP-3 (NNS people))
(S-CLR (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *PRO*-3))
(ADJP-PRD (JJ wild)))))
)
Verbs taking secondary predicates:
Verbs taking small clauses: believe, consider, declare,
deem, fancy, fear, find, get, have, hold, judge, make, presume,
proclaim, pronounce, prove, regard, render, report, rule, rumor, see,
think, want, wish
S-ADV vs. S-CLR with secondary predicates
All secondary predicates coindexed to the object are labelled
S-CLR. Secondary predicates coindexed to the subject are labelled
S-ADV when the predicate can be paraphrased with while/being,
or be preposed. Most subject-controlled secondary predicates are of
the S-ADV type.
he walked into the room naked
he walked into the room while/being naked
naked, he walked into the room
(S (NP-SBJ-1 he)
(VP walked
(PP-DIR into the room)
(S-ADV (NP-SBJ *PRO-1)
(ADJP-PRD naked))))
he fell silent
*he fell while/being silent
*silent, he fell
(S (NP-SBJ-1 he)
(VP fell
(S-CLR (NP-SBJ *PRO-1)
(ADJP-PRD silent))))
She finds the response of Marina residents (PRN -- primarily yuppies and elderly people --) to the devastation of their homes `` incredible.It also was also sometimes used to bracket such 'elaborations' (commonly introduced by such adverbs as namely, especially, particularly, notably, primarily, mostly,, etc.) when they weren't indicated by parens or dashes
But the troubles of SCI TV are a classic tale of the leveraged buy-out excesses of the 1980s, (PRN especially the asset-stripping game).and various other things.
In Treebank 2a, the label PRN is strictly restricted to sentential interpolations (including fragmentary comments). The coindexing system of Treebank II where the S was coindexed with a *T* empty category has been replaced by an unindexed *?* empty category (following current policy in new TBs).
( (S (ADVP (IN Besides))
(PRN (, ,)
(S (NP-SBJ (NNP Eggers))
(VP (VBZ says)
(SBAR (-NONE- 0)
(S (-NONE- *?*)))))
(, ,))
(NP-SBJ (NN grain) (NNS elevators))
(VP (VBP are)
(PP-PRD (IN worth)
(S-NOM (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *PRO*))
(VP (VBG preserving)
(PP-PRP (IN for)
(NP (JJ aesthetic) (NNS reasons))))))))
)
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (QP (RB Almost) (DT no))
(NN one))
(VP (VBZ seems)
(ADJP-PRD (JJ optimistic)
(PP (IN about)
(NP (NP (DT the) (NN future))
(PP-LOC (IN of)
(NP (DT the) (NNP Mideast)))))))
(. .)))
Treebank 2a style: small clause
( (S (NP-SBJ-1 (QP (RB Almost) (DT no))
(NN one))
(VP (VBZ seems)
(S (NP-SBJ (-NONE- *-1))
(ADJP-PRD (JJ optimistic)
(PP (IN about)
(NP (NP (DT the) (NN future))
(PP-LOC (IN of)
(NP (DT the) (NNP Mideast))))))))
(. .)))