The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus
of Old English Prose

Syntactic Annotation Reference Manual


Table of Contents

Introduction
A note on the examples
Glossary
The definition of a token
General parsing principles
Clause structure
Phrase structure
Heads
Modifiers
Complements
Case labels
Case on subjects
Case on predicates
Case on appositives
Case on participles
Dative and instrumental case
Function labels
List of extended labels

Adjective Phrases (ADJP)
Modifiers of adjectives
Modification by extent NPs
Comparative adjectives with instrumental determinters/quantifiers
Complements of adjectives
Superlative adjectives plus genitive
NUM + WINTRE/GEARE (adjective)
Ordinal numbers
Predicate adjectives
Possessive pronouns labelled ADJP
Non-predicate adjectives

Participle Phrases (PTP)

Adverb Phrases (ADVP)
Modifiers of adverbs
Comparative adverbs with instrumental determinters/quantifiers
Adverbs taking NP complements
NEAH, GEHENDE, FEOR
Other adverbs taking datives
Superlative adverbs plus genitive
Subclasses of ADVPS (locative, temporal, directional)

Quantifier Phrases (QP)
Quantifiers as heads or modifiers
Floated quantifiers
Adverbial use of quantifiers
QPs of extent
Uninflected EALL

Number Phrase (NUMP)
Number as head or modifier
Separated numbers
The number AN
Complex number expressions
NUMPs as predicates

Noun Phrases (NP)
Prehead modification of pronouns
Posthead modification
Separated modifiers
Possessive pronouns labelled NP
Appositives
Appositives headed by a determiner (case attraction)
Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction
Compound nouns
Proper nouns
Personal names and names of peoples
Personal names with titles
Place names
Temporal names

Prepositional phrases (PP)
Multi-word prepositions (MID +TY, BE SU+TAN, TO MIDDES, etc.)
Particle plus preposition sequences
Preposition plus preposition sequences
Preposition plus adverb sequences
Other compound prepositions (ON/IN/TO MIDDAN, TO MIDDES)
Prepositions with empty objects (RPX, (NP *))
Elements in specPP
NPs in specPP
ADVPs in specPP
Comparative clauses

WH-phrases

Interjection Phrases (INTJP)

X Phrases (XP)
XP glosses (XP)
XP predicates (XP-PRD)
XP appositives (XP-PRN)
XP subjects (XP-SBJ)

Quotation Phrases (QTP)

Foreign Phrases, non-argument (LATIN)

Sentence fragments (FRAG)

Text problems (X)

Arguments vs. adjuncts
Datives and genitives in copular constructions and with +TYNCAN

Subjects
Subjects in tensed clauses
Subjects in non-tensed clauses
Presentational THERE
Expletive IT
Clausal subjects

Non-subject arguments
Reflexives (-RFL)
Foreign phrases acting as arguments
Predicates
Verbs which take a -PRD argument
Passive verbs taking predicates
Predicates in non-finite clauses

Adjunct NPs
Dative adjuncts
Genitive adjuncts
Accusative adjuncts
Temporal, locative and directional NPs
Time expressions with+T+AS
Left-dislocated NPs
Repeated subject pronouns
Vocatives
NPs of extent (-EXT)
Instrumental determiners and quantifiers with comparatives
Genitive determiners and quantifiers with comparatives

Empty categories
Empty subjects
Subjects elided under conjunction
Empty expletive subjects
Other empty subjects
Empty complementizers
Traces
WH-operators and traces
Scrambling and extraposition
Raising to subject
The generic empty category
Empty NPs
Empty verbs or VPs
Empty quantifiers
The position of traces and other empty categories

Conjunction
Conjunction with shared modifiers
Shared pre-head modifiers
Shared post-head modifiers
Empty CONJP
Balanced conjunction
Word-level conjunction
Conjunction of unlike constituents
EAC, SWYLCE, SAMOD, EFT, etc.
+AG+TER GE...GE, O+TER O+T+TE...O+T+TE
HW+A+TER...+TE...+TE
SWA...SWA
Conjoined structures with NEALLES and/or NA
NEALLES +T+AT AN +T+AT...
Elision
Complete and incomplete clauses
Incomplete IPs
Elision in conjoined clauses
VP conjunction
Right-node raising
Elision in subordinate clauses under identity with the matrix
Unindexed incomplete IPs
Main verb modals
Incomplete CPs
Elision across tokens (VB*)
Elision in NPs and other phrases

Negation
Sentential negation
Constituent negation
Constituent negation and conjunction

Expletive constructions
Extraposed clausal subjects
Expletive subjects with impersonal expressions
Expletive subjects with it-clefts
Expletives in temporal expressions
IS TO WIT THAT...

Glossing constructions
Parenthetical THAT IS glosses
Independent matrix glosses
Relative clause glosses

Restarts

Direct speech (-SPE)
Direct speech introduced by +T+AT

Left-dislocation (-LFD)

Resumptive elements (-RSP)

Appositives and parentheticals (-PRN)
Parenthetical matrix clauses (IP-MAT-PRN)
Parenthetical constructions with verbs of naming
HR+ADEST TO SECGANNE

Matrix clauses (IP-MAT)
Imperatives
UTON clauses

Subordinate clauses
SpecCP position
Extraction to specCP (CP-recursion) in clauses headed by +T+AT
Extraction in adverbial clauses headed by a preposition
Topicalization from subordinate clauses

Subordinate clause types

Adverbial clauses (CP-ADV)
Adverbial clauses headed by a complementizer
Adverbial clauses headed by a preposition
SWA +T+AT and FOR+TON +TE purpose/result/cause/degree clauses
Temporal SWA clauses including SONA SWA
Adverbial clauses headed by +T+AS (+TE) and +TY (+TE)
SWILC +T+AT result clauses
V1 conditionals
GELICE &
SAM ... SAM

That-clauses (CP-THT)
Ungoverned that-clauses in tables of contents and narrative
Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction
That-clauses with +TE
+TAM GELICOST +TE
Extraposed subject that-clauses
Extraction out of that-clauses
Appositive that-clauses
That-clauses with an empty complementizer
That-clauses with an elided complementizer

Degree complements (CP-DEG)
Degree complements with SWA
Degree complements with TO +TON/etc.

Comparative clauses (CP-CMP, CPX-CMP)
CP-CMP vs. CPX-CMP
SWA X SWA and +TONNE
SWA and SWA...SWA
+T+AS +TE comparatives
SWILCE
Datives of comparison
SWILC SWA/SWYLCE
Corelative comparison
Extent comparison
Extent comparison with MICEL and other quantifiers
Extent comparison with +TY...+TY
Extent comparison with +TY...+TE
SWILC...SWILC

Direct and indirect questions(CP-QUE)
Appositive questions
Adjunct questions
Yes/No questions
Yes/No WHETHER questions
Yes/No negative questions introduced by HU
WH- questions
Fragmentary questions
Wh- WHETHER qestions
Adverbial HW+AT
Double questions
Yes/No + Yes/No
HW+AT + WH-
HU + WH-

Exclamations (CP-EXL)

Relative clauses (CP-REL)
SE +TE relatives
Case Attraction
Temporal +T+AS +TE clauses
+T+AT relatives
Temporal and locative relatives
Relative clauses and elision

Free relative clauses (CP-FRL)
Free relatives headed by a determiner
WH- Free relatives
SWA HW+A+DER/SW+A+DER free relatives
Free relatives headed by +TE

Clause-adjoined relatives (CP-CAR)

Reduced relatives (RRC)

Clefts (CP-CLF)

Infinitival clauses (IP-INF, IP-INF-NCO)
Infinitival complements
Accusative and infinitive constructions (ECM verbs)
Passives with infinitives (THE BOOK IS TO READ)
Tough-movement and similar constructions
Infinitival subjects in situ
Non-complement infinitives (IP-INF-NCO)
Infinitives with dative subjects

Infinitival relatives/purpose clauses with a gap (CP-EOP)

Small clauses (IP-SMC)
Case in small clauses
Small clauses with passivized subject
Small clauses with verbs of naming
Small clauses with XP predicates
Small clauses with present participles
HAVE with object and participle

Absolutes (-ABS)
Participial absolutes (PTP-CASE-ABS)
Infinitive absolutes (IP-INF-ABS)
© 2003 Ann Taylor and University of York