67. The standard chi-squared test for a 2 by 2 contingency table is valid only
if:
(a) all the expected frequencies are greater than five
(b) both variables are continuous
(c) at least one variable is from a Normal distribution
(d) all the observed frequencies are greater than five
(e) the sample is very large
68. In a chi-squared test for a 5 by 3 contingency table:
(a) variables must be quantitative
(b) observed frequencies are compared to expected frequencies
(c) there are 15 degrees of freedom
(d) at least 12 cells must have expected values greater than 5
(e) all the observed values must be greater than 1
69. In the following Table:
| Parents' Report | Child's Report | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||
| Yes | 29 | 104 | 133 |
| No | 172 | 5097 | 5269 |
| Total | 201 | 5201 | 5402 |
(a) the association between reports by parents and children can be tested by a
chi-squared test
(b) * the difference between symptom prevalence as reported by children and
parents can be tested by McNemar's test
(c) * if McNemar's test is significant, the contingency chi-squared test is not
valid
(d) the contingency chi-squared test has one degree of freedom
(e) it would be important to use the continuity correction in the contingency
chi-squared test
70. Fisher's exact test for a contingency table:
(a) applies to 2 by 2 tables
(b) usually gives a larger probability than the ordinary chi-squared test
(c) usually gives about the same probability as the chi-squared test with
Yates' continuity correction
(d) is suitable when expected frequencies are small
(e) is difficult to calculate when the expected frequencies are large
71. When an odds ratio is calculated from a two by two table:
(a) the odds ratio is a measure of the strength of the relationship between the
row and column variables
(b) if the order of the rows and the order of the columns is reversed, the odds
ratio will be unchanged
(c) the ratio may take any positive value
(d) the odds ratio will be changed to its reciprocal if the order of the
columns is changed
(e) the odds ratio is the ratio of the proportions of observations in the first
row for the two columns
72. The following Table appeared in the report of a case control study of
infection with Campylobacter jejuni:
| Number of days of week when attacks took place | Number of | OR | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cases | controls | ||
| 0 | 3 | 42 | 1 |
| 1-3 | 11 | 3 | 51 |
| 4-5 | 5 | 1 | 70 |
| 6-7 | 10 | 1 | 140 |
(a) * A chi-squared test for trend could be used to test the null hypothesis
that risk of disease does not increase with the number of bird attacks
(b) `OR' means the odds ratio
(c) * A significant chi-squared test would show that risk of disease increases
with increasing numbers of bird attacks
(d) `OR' provides an estimate of the relative risk of Campylobacter jejuni
infection
(e) * Kendall's rank correlation coefficient, tau b, could be used to test the
null hypothesis that risk of disease does not increase with the number of bird
attacks
73. * McNemar's test could be used:
(a) to compare the numbers of cigarette smokers among cancer cases and age and
sex matched healthy controls
(b) to examine the change in respiratory symptom prevalence in a group of
asthmatics from winter to summer
(c) to look at the relationship between cigarette smoking and respiratory
symptoms in a group of asthmatics
(d) to examine the change in PEFR in a group of asthmatics from winter to
summer
(e) to compare the number of cigarette smokers among a group of cancer cases
and a random sample of the general population
Bland, J.M., Bewley, B.R., and Banks, M.H. (1979) Cigarette smoking and children's respiratory symptoms: validity of questionnaire method. Revue d'Epidemiologie et Sante Publique 27 69-76.
Southern, J.P., Smith, R.M.M, and Palmer, S.R. (1990) Bird attack on milk bottles: possible mode of transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to man. Lancet 336 1425-7.
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