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In general, the information on this page focuses on morphologically simple items, including bound morphemes like -WARD. Morphologically complex words are the focus of Splitting and joining words.

ABOARD

The variants of ABOARD are treated as follows. NP-COM is used only when BOARD is spelled as a separate word. Cf. AMID.

(PP (P on)				(PP (P+N aboard)
    (NP (N board)			    (NP (N ship)))
        (NP-COM (N ship))))

(PP (P on)				(PP (P+N aboard)
    (NP (N board)			    (PP (P of)
        (PP (P of)				(NP (D the) (N ship))))
            (NP (D the) (N ship)))))

ABOUT in adverbial use is tagged ADV. See also Number phrase (NUMP).

(NP-TMP (ADV about) (D the) (ADJ same) (N time))

ADO

ADOWN

AFAR (see FAR)

(ADVP (ADV again)		<-- no ADVP-TMP

See also ONCE AGAIN.

Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC. See ALBEIT, Concessive clauses.

See also ALBEIT, Concessive clauses.

ALL is always tagged Q, but it is not always easy to distinguish floated quantifier ALL from adverbial/intensive ALL. We therefore apply the following default rules.

• In the floated quantifier position, ALL is labelled Q at the clausal level if the subject is plural or collective.
• When immediately preceding a preposition, ALL is treated as a specifier, if that is possible (as in ALL OVER THE PLACE).
• Otherwise, ALL is labelled ADVP, as in the following examples.

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ hyhe) (N masse))
              (BEP be)
              (ADVP (Q all))
              (DAN done))
      (ID CMMALORY,7.197)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Gryfflettis) (N spere))
              (ADVP (Q all))
              (VBD to-shevirde))
      (ID CMMALORY,38.1206)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hir) (N horse))
              (BED was)
              (ADVP (Q all))
              (VAN beswette))
      (ID CMMALORY,626.3508)) 

ALMIGHTY

ALONE has a focus particle use.

ALSO (see ALSWA)

ALSWA and ASSWA are not treated alike. ALSWA appears in various reduced forms (ALS, ALSE, ALSO, AS), which can be spelled together or apart.

In conjunctive use, ALSWA/ALSO is tagged with its own tag ALSO. Cf. OR ELSE.

 
lordes_NS of_P gret_ADJ honour_N ,_, &_CONJ Also_ALSO power_N

&_CONJ Brutes_NPR$ Sones_NS also_ALSO loueden_VBD wonderly_ADV wel_ADV
to-gydere_ADV

&_CONJ also_ALSO +tey_PRO were_BED vnarrayed_VAN

When used as an adverb, whether as a modifier or absolutely, ALSWA is tagged ADV when spelled together and al_Q swa_ADV when separated.

+Gef_P +ge_PRO finde+d_VBP +tt_C +ge_PRO don_DOP alswa_ADV as_P +ge_PRO
rede+d_VBP ._, +tonke+d_VBI god_NPR $._, +georne_ADV ._.

Riht_ADV alswo_ADV do_DOI +du_PRO ,_,

Al_Q swa_ADV me_MAN mai_MD ,_, mang_P alles_Q kennes_NS liues_NS menn_NS
,_, sume_Q gode_N and_CONJ sume_Q euele_N finden_VB ._.

Al_Q swo_ADV he_PRO de+d_DOP +to_D men_NS +de_C sennen_NS habbe+d_HVP
forhaten_VBN te_TO laten_VB ,_,

In prepositional use, ALSWA is tagged P when spelled together and al_Q swa_P when separated. See AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

        
for_CONJ alswa_P weter_N acwenche+d_VBP fur_N ;_, alswa_ADV
acwenche+d_VBP sunne_N ._.

Luue_VBI +dine_PRO$ nexte_ADJ al_Q swa_P +de_PRO seluen_N ,_,

Al_Q swa_P +de_D angel_N was_BED +gedriuen_VAN ut_RP of_P heuene_N 
riche_N for_P modinesse_N ,_, swa_ADV was_BED Adam_NPR ,_,

AMEN

The variants of AMID are treated as follows. NP-COM is used only when MID spelled as a separate word. Cf. ABOARD.

(PP (P in)				(PP (P+N amidst)
    (NP (N midst)			    (NP (NS difficulties)))
        (NP-COM (NS difficulties))))

(PP (P in)				(PP (P+N amidst)
    (NP (N midst)			    (PP (P of)
        (PP (P of)				(NP (NS difficulties))))
            (NP (NS difficulties)))))

For cases ambiguous between AN (D) and ONE (ONE), see AN.

For AN meaning IF, see AND.

ANE (see ONE)

ANOTHER (see OTHER)

See also AS, SO (preposition).

AS is tagged C in the following cases:

• in complement clauses, including degree complement clauses, where Modern English has THAT

  +ta_P ha_PRO weren_BED iseten_VAN up_RP ;_, sehen_VBD as_C +te_D
  engles_NS wi+d_P smirles_NS of_P aromaz_NS smireden_VBD hire_PRO$
  wunden_NS
  
  I_PRO shall_MD so_ADVR avaunce_VB $you_PRO as_C ye_PRO shall_MD be_BE
  pleased_VAN
  

• in exclamations

  O_INTJ ;_, mine_PRO$ Leoue_ADJ sustren_NS as_C eue_NPR haue+d_HVP
  monie_Q dochtren_NS ._, +tt_C fole+ge+d_VBP hare_PRO$ moder_N ._, +tt_C
  ondswere+d_VBP on_P +tisse_D wise_N ._.
  
  O_INTJ +te_D mihte_N of_P mei+dhad_N as_C +tu_PRO art_BEP iwepnet_VAN
  to_TO weorrin_VB a-+gein_P us_PRO ._.
  

• in free relatives (HE DOES AS HE IS TOLD)

  Only_FP doo_DOI as_C I_PRO say_VBP +te_PRO
  
  do_DOI as_C the_D prophete_N saith_VBP
  

• in locative relative clauses, especially with THERE, THIDER, WHERE, etc.

  And_CONJ ye_PRO shall_MD nevir_ADV reste_VB one_ONE nyght_N there_ADV
  as_C ye_PRO do_DOP another_D+OTHER ,_,
  
  ha_PRO beon_BEP istihe_VAN +tider_ADV as_C hare_PRO$ brudlac_N+N
  schal_MD
  
  a+tt_P ha_PRO beon_BEP istihe_VAN +tider_ADV as_C hare_PRO$ brudlac_N+N
  schal_MD ... sitten_VB buten_P ende_N
  
  Hwer_WADV as_C ani_Q of_P +teose_D wes_BED +ter_ADV wes_BED +te_D
  cundel_N o+der_CONJ +te_D alde_ADJ moder_N of_P +te_D attri_ADJ neddre_N
  of_P onde_N
  
  for_CONJ swa_ADV ach_MD ancre_N hire_PRO ane_ONE in_P anli_ADJ stude_N
  as_C ha_PRO is_BEP chirmin_VB &_CONJ chiterin_VB hire_PRO$ beoden_NS
  

This item includes the first AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD or AS WELL AS. For the second AS, see AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

When modifying adjectives, adverbs, or quantifiers in comparative or degree contexts, AS (and ALS, ALSE, ALSO, ALSWA, etc.) and SO (and SE, SWA, etc.) are tagged ADVR.

as_ADVR unbelievable_ADJ
as_ADVR unbelievable_ADJ as_P it_PRO may_MD sound_VB
as_ADVR comfortably_ADV as_P was_BED possible_ADJ
as_ADVR many_Q olives as_P grow_VBP in_P Greece_NPR

so_ADVR simple_ADJ
so_ADVR slowly_ADV as_P to_TO be_BE undetectable_ADJ
so_ADVR many_Q good_ADJ examples_NS

When used as a sort of qualifier, AS GOOD AS or AS MUCH AS are treated as a measure phrase as follows:

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS hens))
          (BEP are)
          (ADJP (NP-MSR (ADVR as) (ADJ good)
                        (PP (P as)))
                (ADJ dead)))
   (. .))

This item includes the second AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD, AS WELL AS, and SUCH AS. For the first AS, see AS, SO (degree).

When AS (and its variants ALS, ALSE, ALSO, ALSWA, etc.), SO (and SE, SWA, etc.), or THAN introduce NP or clausal complements (whether adverbial, comparative, or degree clauses), they are tagged P. See also ALSWA, ASSWA.

When (SUCH) AS introduces examples, it can take complements of essentially any syntactic category, including (exceptionally) CP-THT.

Examples with AS

in_P the_D same_ADJ way_N as_P I_PRO did_VBD it_PRO

as_P you_PRO like_VBP it_PRO

such_SUCH problems_NS as_P often_ADV arise_VBP

problems_NS such_SUCH as_P often_ADV arise_VBP

as_ADVR unbelievable_ADJ as_P it_PRO may_MD sound_VB
as_ADVR comfortably_ADV as_P was_BED possible_ADJ
as_ADVR many_Q olives as_P grow_VBP in_P Greece_NPR

'_' I_PRO wylle_VBP wel_ADV ,_, '_' said_VBD the_D kynge_N ,_, 
'_' as_P thow_PRO wilt_MD have_HV it_PRO ._. '_'

and_CONJ the_D same_ADJ nyght_N ,_, as_P I_PRO shal_MD ansuer_VB unto_P
God_NPR ,_, this_D child_N was_BED begoten_VAN upon_P me_PRO

and_CONJ suche_SUCH knyghtes_NS as_P Uther_NPR Pendragon_NPR loved_VBD
best_ADVS

ye_PRO shall_MD sende_VB unto_P me_PRO three_NUM knyghtes_NS of_P
youres_PRO$ suche_SUCH as_P ye_PRO truste_VBP

he_PRO nis_NEG+BEP nawiht_NEG alse_ADVR leful_ADJ alse_P him_PRO
bi-houede_VBD

ha_PRO make_VBD him_PRO sunegen_VB on_P hire_PRO swa_ADVR hali_ADJ as_P
he_PRO wes_BED

Examples with SO (only Middle English)

Toward_P +te_D preostes_N$ tiden_N hercni+d_VBI se_ADVR for+d_ADV se_P
+ge_PRO ma+gen_MD ,_.

and_CONJ swa_ADV se_P +tu_PRO for+geuest_VBP +tam_D monne_N +te_C wi+d_P
+te_PRO agulte+d_VBP ;_, swa_ADV +tin_PRO$ drihten_NPR for+geue+d_VBP
+te_PRO +tine_PRO$ misdede_N ._.

Nis_NEG+BEP me_PRO nan_Q ofrende_N swa_ADVR lief_ADJ swa_P godes_NPR$
luue_N and_CONJ alre_Q mannes_NS$

hie_PRO hauen_HVP al_Q swa_ADVR michel_Q swa_P hie_PRO +dar_ADV uppe_P
l+anden_VBP ,_,

Examples with THAN

more_QR unscrupulous_ADJ than_P we_PRO could_MD have_HV imagined_VBN

but_CONJ I_PRO wote_VBP wel_ADV ye_PRO are_BEP of_P an_D hyher_ADJ
blood_N than_P I_PRO wende_VBD {of}_CODE ye_PRO were_BED

Nan_Q +ting_N ne_NEG fli+d_VBP mon_N sonre_ADVR +tenne_P his_PRO$
a+gen_ADJ heorte_N ._.

and_CONJ nime+d_VBP him_PRO .vii._NUM deofle_NS +te_C beo+d_BEP
muchele_Q wurse_ADJR +tenne_P he_PRO

Instances of AS WELL AS is always treated as a comparative construction, even when AS WELL AS is interpreted as a correlative conjunction.

(NODE (IP-MAT=1 (ADVP (ADV soo))
                (VB full)
                (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hor) (N wombe))
                (PP (P wyth)
                    (NP (N drynke)))
                (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well)
                      (PP (P as)
                          (PP (P wyth)
                              (NP (N mete))))))
      (ID CMMIRK,84.2249)) 

Often, the PP headed by the prepositional AS is extraposed, in which case it is coindexed with an *ICH* trace within the ADVP containing the degree modifier AS.

 
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well)
	        (PP *ICH*-1))
          (NP-SBJ (NS boys))
          (PP-1 (P as)
                (NP (NS girls)))
          (MD can)
          (VB play)
          (NP-OB1 (D this) (N game)))
  (. .))

(NODE (NP-PRN (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel)
                    (PP *ICH*-3))
              (NS men)
              (PP-3 (P as)
                    (NP (N wymmen))))
      (ID CMAELR3,27.40))

( (IP-IMP (VBI Tak)
          (NP-OB1 (D this) (N rewle)
                  (ADJP (ADJ generall)))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel)
                (PP *ICH*-1))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (D the) (N bak)))
          (PP-1 (P as)
                (PP (P on)
                    (NP (D the) (N wombe) (N syde))))
          (E_S .))
  (ID CMASTRO,664.C2.63)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-SBJ (D the) (N gardyn))
          (BEP is)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV alweys))
          (ADJP (ADJ grene) (CONJ &) (VAG florisshing))
          (, ,)
          (NP-MSR (Q all) (D the) (NS cesouns)
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP (D the) (N +geer))))
          (ADVP (ADVR als) (ADV wel)
                (PP *ICH*-1))
          (PP (P in)
              (NP (N winter)))
          (PP-1 (P as)
                (PP (P in)
                    (NP (N somer))))
          (E_S .))
  (ID CMMANDEV,35.878)) 

Unlike ALSWA, ASSWA is always treated as a unitary item.

(ADV asswa)			(ADV (ADV21 as) (ADV22 swa))

for_CONJ as_ADV21 swa_ADV22 as_P mon_N islein_VAN is_BEP grislich_ADJ
&_CONJ atelich_ADJ in_P monnes_N$ ech+ge_N alswa_ADV is_BEP +te_D
sunnefule_ADJ bifor_P godes_NPR$ echnen_NS ._. 

For AT BEST and the like, see Other complements of P.

AY (see EVER)

A+TET (and variants) meaning UNTIL is treated as a unitary preposition, since it can take NP complements as well as clauses.

+Teos_D Meiden_N +tet_C ich_PRO munie_VBP stot_VBD +turh_P 
+teos_D steauene_N stercliche_ADV istrenget_VAN ant_CONJ 
abad_VBD baldeliche_ADV a+det_P me_MAN com_VBD

+tt_C neauer_ADV a+det_P tes_D dei_N ne_NEG funde_VBD we_PRO 
nohwer_Q+WADV nan_Q swa_ADVR deop_ADV ilearet_VAN +te_C 
durste_MD sputi_VB wi+d_P us_PRO

ne_CONJ we_PRO nusten_NEG+VBD hwet_WPRO we_PRO duden_DOD 
a_P21 +det_P22 he_PRO undutte_VBD us_PRO

BECAUSE is treated as a fused form. When it is written together, the clause following it is treated as the CP-ADV complement of the compound head P+N. When it is written apart, the clause following it is treated as a THAT complement of the noun CAUSE.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
          (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Balynes) (N oste))
          (MD myght)
          (NEG $not)
          (BE be)
          (VAN lette)
          (RP in)
          (PP (P+N because)
              (CP-ADV (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                              (HVD had)
                              (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N lady)))))
          (E_S .))
          (ID CMMALORY,63.2096)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-SBJ (Q lytyll))
          (VBP appereth)
          (PP (ADV+P +tereof))
          (PP (P+N because)
              (CP-ADV (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                              (BEP is)
                              (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ longe))
                                      (PP (P sith)
                                          (CP-ADV (C 0)
                                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                                                          (BED was)
                                                          (VAN destroyed))))))))
          (E_S .))
          (ID CMMANDEV,10.179)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
          (PP (P by)
              (NP (N cause)				<--- by cause that
                  (CP-THT (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                  (VBD knewe)
                                  (NEG not)
                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sheld))))))
          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
          (VBD demed)
          (CP-THT (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                          (BED was)
                          (NEG not)
                          (NP-OB1 (PRO he))))
          (E_S .))
          (ID CMMALORY,68.2300)) 

BESIDE(S)

BOTH is tagged CONJ when part of the correlative conjunction BOTH ... AND and Q when a quantifier. Cf. EITHER, NEITHER.

both_CONJ ryche_ADJ and_CONJ poure_ADJ

on_P bothe_Q partyes_NS

For BY FAR and the like, see Other complements of P.

When used on its own to refer to the oldest part of London, CITY is tagged NPR. In collocation with OF LONDON, the referent of CITY is not always clear, and it is tagged N by default. Note the difference with TOWER.

(NP (D the) (NPR City))		but:	(NP (D the) (N City)
					    (PP (P of) 
					        (NP (NPR London))))

See discussion of COUPLE under NP-COM complements of N.

DEAR

DO

DOUBLE, TRIPLE, etc.

See DOZEN, Number phrase (NUMP).

EITHER is tagged CONJ when part of the correlative conjunction EITHER ... OR and Q when a quantifier. Cf. BOTH, NEITHER.

eyther_Q knyght_N

in_P ey+ter_Q side_N 

ai+der_CONJ +ge_CONJ hodede_VAN +ge_CONJ leawede_ADJ

The word ELSE in the sequence OR ELSE is tagged ELSE. Cf. AND ALSO.

(PP (PP (P with)
        (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N spere)))
    (CONJP (CONJ othir) (ELSE ellis)
	   (PP (P with)
	       (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N swerde)))))

When it clearly means something like OTHER or OTHERWISE, it is tagged ADJ or ADV. ELSE as a post-head modifier (as in somebody else, somewhere else) is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
	  (ADVP (ADV else))
	  (NP-SBJ (D this) (N exposition))
	  (BED were)
	  (NEG not)
	  (ADJP (ADJ right))
	  (. .)))

ENOUGH is a degree word and hence tagged as a comparative. It is tagged ADJR if it stands alone or modifies a noun. Otherwise, it is tagged ADVR. ENOUGH as a post-head modifier (as in money enough, rich enough) is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (HVP have)
          (HVN had)
	  (NP-OB1 (ADJR enough))
          (. .)))

(NP (ADJR enough) (N room)
    (PP (P for)
        (NP (Q+N everybody))))

Ordinarily, EVEN is tagged FP. But when it means CLOSE AT HAND (as it can in Middle English), it is tagged ADV.

as_P they_PRO com_VBD by_P an_D ermytage_N evyn_ADV by_P a_D chyrcheyerde_N

EVER is always tagged ADV. See also EVERY.

swottre_ADJR +ten_P eauer_ADV eani_Q +ting_N

for_P whi_WADV for_P the_D knytting_N togidrere_ADV of_P the_D heed_N
to_P the_D body_N hooly_ADJ scripture_NPR spekith_VBP sumtyme_Q+N of_P
euer_ADV either_Q vndir_P oo_ONE resoun_N

(ADVP (ADV ay) (D the) (ADVR worse))

(ADJP (ADV ever) (D the) (ADJR better))

similarly:

(ADJP-LOC (ADV never) (D the) (ADJR nearer))

EVERY (with its variants), though derived from EVER-EACH, is tagged as a unitary Q.

Et_P +te_D biginning_N of_P eauer_Q21 vh_Q22 tide_N

eauer_Q21 euch_Q22 bruche_N

FAR is always tagged ADJ. See NP measure phrases for the conventions concerning adjectives used as measure phrases. AFAR is treated as a unitary variant of FAR. FARTHER, FURTHER is treated as the comparative of FAR and tagged ADJR in all uses.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
          (MD must)
	  (VB go)
   	  (NP-MSR (ADJR further)))
          (. .))

( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (ADJR further)))
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
	  (VBP see)
	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (VAG following) (N problem))
          (. .))

(CP-ADV (C that)
        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
	        (MD might)
		(NP-ADV (D the) (ADJR better)		<-- exceptional NP-ADV because of conjunction
		        (CONJP (CONJ &)
			       (ADJX (ADJR farder))))
	        (BE be)
		(VAN knowen)
		(PP (P with)
		    (NP (N prayse)
		        (PP (P of)
			    (NP (ADJ vulgare) (NS folk)))))))

FAST as the predicate of a small clause (SHE MADE THE GATES FAST) is tagged ADJ and projects a bare ADJP. In locative uses like FAST BY THE CASTLE, it is tagged ADJ and projects a locative ADJP (ADJP-LOC). Otherwise, FAST is tagged ADV.

fast_ADV asleep_P+N
The_D two_NUM brothers_NS strove_VBD fast_ADV for_P the_D land_N .
The_D arrows_NS flew_VBD fast_ADV and_CONJ furiously_ADV .
to_TO run_VB faster_ADVR

FOR can be an ordinary preposition or a subordinating conjunction (P), an infinitive marker (FOR), or a coordinating conjunction (CONJ). Where ambiguous between FOR and P, FOR is tagged P if it goes with one of the following verbs, and as FOR otherwise.

ask, ache, aim, burn, burst, call, care, clamour, contend, crave, hope, itch, long, plan, prepare, sue, wait, yearn

For FOR CERTAIN and the like, see Other complements of P.

When a causal conjunction, FOR is tagged as a subordinating conjunction (P) in the cases listed below and as a coordinating conjunction (CONJ) elsewhere.

1. When followed by the complementizer THAT, in constructions with FORTHI, FORTHAN, etc., or if it is clause-internal and thus clearly subordinate.

   (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N somme)
                         (PP (P of)
                             (NP (NS thingis)
                                 (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                                         (C that)
                                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-3 *T*-2)
                                                 (BEP ben)
                                                 (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-3)
                                                         (TO to)
                                                         (DO done)))))))
                 (BEP is)
                 (VAN taken)
                 (IP-INF (TO to)
                         (VB governe)
                         (PP (P to)
                             (NP (ADJ good) (N folk))))
                 (, ,)
                 (PP (P for)		      <-- FOR THAT
                     (CP-ADV (C that)
                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N malice)
                                             (ADJP (ADJ haboundaunt))
                                             (PP (P of)
                                                 (NP (NS schrewes))))
                                     (MD scholde)
                                     (BE ben)
                                     (VAN abated)))))
         (ID CMBOETH,453.C2.523)) 
   
   ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
             (PP (P for) (D +ti)		<-- FOR THI THAT
                 (CP-ADV (C +tat)
                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                                 (BEP es)
                                 (NP-OB1 (N vice)
                                         (PP (P of)
                                             (NP (N propirte)))))))
             (, ,)
             (MD sal)
             (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
             (BE be)
             (VAN scorn)
             (PP (P als)
                 (NP (N +tifte)))
             (E_S .))
     (ID CMBENRUL,36.1179)) 
   
   ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                 (, ,)
                 (PP (P for)		<-- clause-internal
                     (CP-ADV (C 0)
                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                     (VBP dredith)
                                     (IP-INF (TO to)
                                             (VB lesen)
                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N fortune))))))
                 (, ,)
                 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                 (VBP forletith)
                 (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N wikkidnesse))
                 (E_S .))
     (ID CMBOETH,454.C1.543)) 
   
   ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
             (NP-SBJ *con*)
             (VBD told)
             (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
             (, ,)
             (PP (P for)			<-- clause-internal
                 (CP-ADV (C 0)
                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                 (BED was)
                                 (NP-OB1 (N Kyng)
                                         (PP (P of)
                                             (NP (NPR Brytaigne)))))))
             (, ,)
             (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
                     (C +tat)
                     (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                             (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N brother))
                             (BED was)
                             (VAN slayn)))
             (E_S ,))
     (ID CMBRUT3,12.337)) 
   

2. When it means SO THAT

   ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
             (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
             (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
             (DOP do+t)
             (PP (P for)			<-- SO THAT
                 (CP-ADV (C 0)
                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                                 (MD wil)
                                 (NEG not)
                                 (VB reuerse)
                                 (NP-OB1 (NP (D +te) (N ordre))
                                         (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                                (NP (D +te) (ADJ ordinel) (N cours))))
                                 (PP (P in)
                                     (NP (D +te) (N cause)
                                         (PP (P of)
                                             (NP (PRO$ his) (N creacion))))))))
             (E_S .))
     (ID CMCLOUD,20.116)) 
   

3. When the clause is incomplete without the FOR clause because the cause is an integral part of the meaning. This is most common in copular constructions in connection with giving the reason for the naming of something (IT IS CALLED A ROSE FOR IT SMELLS SO SWEET)

   ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
                 (NP (D +te) (N hei+gt)))
             (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
             (BEP is)
             (, ,)
             (PP (P for)   <-- copular construction
                 (CP-ADV (C 0)
                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                                 (BEP is)
                                 (PP (P wi+t)
                                     (NP (Q al) (D +te) (N my+gt)
                                         (PP (P of)
                                             (NP (D +te) (N spirit))))))))
             (E_S .))
     (ID CMCLOUD,75.304)) 
   
   (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N si+gt))
                 (MD may)
                 (BE be)
                 (NP-TMP (NP (Q any) (N tyme))
                         (, ,)
                         (CONJP (CONJ or)
                                (PP (P in)
                                    (NP (Q any) (N +ting)))))
                 (, ,)
                 (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ cleer)
                       (PP (P +ten)
                           (PP (P in)
                               (NP (D+OTHER ano+ter)))))
                 (, ,)
                 (PP (P for)       <-- copular construction
                     (CP-ADV (C 0)
                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                                     (BEP is)
                                     (ADVP-TMP (ADV euermore))
                                     (ADJP (ADJ vnchaungable))))))
         (ID CMCLOUD,89.527)) 
   
   (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS sterres)
                           (RRC (VAG sitting)
                                (PP (P within)
                                    (NP (D the) (N zodiak)
                                        (PP (P of)
                                            (NP (PRO$ thin) (N Astrelabie)))))))
                 (BEP ben)
                 (VAN clepid)      <-- are called 
                 (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                         (NP-OB1 (NS sterres)
                                 (PP (P of)
                                     (NP (D the) (N north)))))
                 (, ,)
                 (PP (P for)
                     (CP-ADV (C 0)
                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
                                     (VBP arise)
                                     (PP (P by)
                                         (NP (N northe)))
                                     (NP-DIR (D the) (N est) (N lyne)))))
                 (E_S .))
         (ID CMASTRO,667.C2.146))
   

FORMER

FORTH has a focus particle use.

When used as a directional adverb, it projects an ADVP-DIR.

See Splitting and joining, FORWHI plus clause.

FURTHER (see FAR)

HALF is tagged N when it is modified by a quantifier, or when it means SIDE. See also discussion of HALF under NP-COM complements of N. .

 
(PP (P in)
    (NP (Q no) (N half)))

(NP (D this) (N half)
    (NP-COM (NPR Humber)))

(PP (P on)
    (NP (D this) (N half)
        (NP-COM (D the) (N sea))))

HALF is tagged Q when it precedes a determiner or acts adverbially (roughly comparable to PARTIALLY).

 
half_Q a_D year_N

they_PRO had_HVD gotten_VBN half_Q the_D world_N

if_P the_D bishop_N that_C is_BEP but_FP half_Q given_VAN to_P Gods_NPR$
service_N does_DOP nothing_Q+N ...

IF is tagged P when introducing adverbial clauses and WQ when introducing questions (including direct questions) (parallel to WHEN). When IF is tagged WQ, there is no containing phrasal tag and no associated trace, and a complementizer position is always included, as it is sometimes filled (parallel to WHETHER).

If_P you_PRO notice_VBP anything_Q+N strange_ADJ, let_VBI us_PRO know_VB

I_PRO will_MD ask_VB if_WQ they_PRO noticed_VBD anything_Q+N strange_ADJ

Tell_VBI me_PRO if_WQ you_PRO notice_VBP anything_Q+N strange_ADJ

Than_ADV she_PRO salewed_VBD the_D kynge_N and_CONJ the_D quene_N
and_CONJ asked_VBD if_WQ that_C sir_NPR Launcelot_NPR were_BED there_ADV
,_.

thynke_VBI at_P +te_D begynnynge_N if_WQ +tat_C it_PRO be_BEP Goddes_NPR$
will_N or_CONJ noghte_NEG ._.

and_CONJ sche_PRO asked_VBD him_PRO +gif_WQ +tat_C he_PRO were_BED a_D
knyght_N

For IN PARTICULAR and the like, see Other complements of P.

INASMUCH, INSOMUCH (see FORASMUCH)

INNER

See discussion of KIND under NP-COM complements of N.

LATER

LATTER

LEAST is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

LESS is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

In The Book of Margery Kempe, LES +TAN with the meaning UNLESS is treated like FORTHI.

LIKE is tagged ADJ in THE LIKE, HIS LIKE. See also NP complements of ADJ, Single NP object with LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT)

As a general rule, with exceptions as described below, LITTLE is tagged ADJ when it means SMALL, and Q when it indicates an amount.

(NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N boy))

(NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N bit))
    (PP (P of)
        (NP (N wine))))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
          (BEP are)
	  (ADJP (ADVR too) (ADJ little)))
  (. .))

(NP (Q little) (N work))

(NP (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))
    (N work))

(ADJP (NP-MSR (Q little))
      (ADJ worth))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
          (HVP have)
          (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))
		  (N bread)))
  (. .))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
          (VBP work)
          (NP-MSR (Q little)))
  (. .))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
          (VBP work)
          (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))))
  (. .))

The collocation A LITTLE preceding a mass noun is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC. In the PPCME2, A LITTLE is sometimes treated as containing an ADJ and sometimes a Q (see examples below). The distinction is too difficult to maintain in this context, and in the PPCEME/PCEEC, we therefore always treat A LITTLE as a measure phrase headed by an ADJ (understood to be modifying an empty noun AMOUNT). In other words, A LITTLE is treated analogously to A LITTLE BIT. Note the consequences for the enclosing phrasal labels (see Measure phrase, Quantifier phrase for discussion).

PPCME2						PPCEME/PCEEC

(NP (D a) (ADJ litel) (N reste))		(NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ litel))
						    (N reste))

(NP (QP (D a) (Q littill))			(NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ littill))
    (N wyn))					    (N wine))

						(NP (NP-MSR (D a)
							    (ADJP (ADV very)
								  (ADJ little))
						    (N wine))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO Wit))			same as PPCME2
          (MD moten)
	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV +giet))
          (NP-MSR (D a)
                  (ADJ litel))
          (VB swinken)))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)				( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (PP (P of)		                          (PP (P of)
              (NP (D that)			              (NP (D that)
                  (ADJ grete)		                          (ADJ grete)
	          (N beawte`)))					  (N beauty)))
          (NP-SBJ (PRO I))				  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (HVD had)				          (HVD had)
          (NP-OB1 (QP (D a) (Q litill))		          (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ litill))
                  (N pryde))))					  (N pryde))))

LONG is always treated as an adjective. See NP measure phrases for the conventions concerning adjectives used as measure phrases.

a long_ADJ story_N

five_NUM feet_NS long_ADJ

not_NEG long_ADJ behind_ADV

to_TO have_HV dwelled_VBN here_ADV the_D longest_ADJS

LOWER

MAN

See discussion of MANNER under NP-COM complements of N.

MARY, MARRY and spelling variants

MICHEL (see MUCH)

See discussion of MIDDLE under NP-COM complements of N.

See also ONCE MORE.

MORE is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

When used as a sort of qualifier, MORE THAN is treated as a measure phrase as follows:

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	  (MD will)
          (BE be)
          (ADJP (NP-MSR (QR more)
                        (PP (P than)))
                (ADJ happy)
		(IP-INF (TO to)
			(VB help)
			(NP-OB1 (PRO you)))))
   (. .))

MOST is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

MUCH is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

NAWIHT (see NOT)

NE is tagged CONJ when used as a conjunction (NOR) and NEG when used as a negative particle (NOT).

When used adverbially to mean NEARLY, NEAR and NIGH are tagged ADV, and NEARER is tagged ADVR. See also Number phrase (NUMP).

for_CONJ hit_PRO ys_BEP nere_ADV nyght_N ._.

kynge_NPR Idres_NPR _CODE was_BED nere_ADV discomfited_VAN

Otherwise, NEAR and NIGH are tagged ADJ, and NEARER is tagged ADJR. All project a locative ADJP (ADJP-LOC). See also NP complements of ADJ.

But_CONJ thou_PRO arte_BEP more_QR nere_ADJ thy_PRO$ deth_N than_P I_PRO
am_BEP ,_.

Kyng_NPR Edmunde_NPR went_VBD +to_ADV neir_ADJ

NEITHER is tagged CONJ when part of the correlative conjunction NEITHER ... NOR, and as Q when a quantifier. Cf. BOTH, EITHER.

neither_CONJ God_NPR ne_CONJ man_N

neither_Q of_P hem_PRO

NETHER

(NP (ADV never) (D a) (N penny))	<-- ADV, not NEG

For NEVER + D + ADJR/ADVR, see EVER.

NEXT is tagged as ADJS when used as a locative head (possible in early English).

swich_SUCH shamefast_ADJ folk_N been_BEP next_ADJS foryevenesse_N

+te_D man_N mai_MD be_BE god_NPR next_ADJS

NEXT with the meaning NEIGHBOUR is tagged N.

Luue_VBI +dine_PRO$ nexte_N al_Q swa_P +de_PRO seluen_N 

All other uses of NEXT are tagged ADJS when NEXT is a prenominal modifier and ADVS otherwise. See also NP complements of ADJ.

As an adverb, NEXT projects an ADVP-TMP, whether used in a strictly temporal sense or as a discourse sequencing particle.

(NP (D the) (ADJS next) (N turn))

(NP-TMP (ADJS next) (NPR Sunday))

(IP-INF (TO to)
        (VB come)
	(ADVP-TMP (ADVS next)))

(PP (ADVS next)
    (P before)
    (NP (PRO$ his) (N death)))

(ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS dayes))
 	  (ADVS next)
	  (PP (P before)
	      (NP (NPR Easter))))

NIGH (see NEAR)

NOT is ordinarily tagged NEG, but with the meaning NOTHING, it is tagged Q.

al_Q for_P nawt_Q +tu_PRO prokest_VBD me_PRO

Ant_CONJ +tah_ADV nis_NEG+BEP inempnet_VAN her_ADV nawt_Q of_P
heouenliche_ADJ luren_NS +te_C passi+d_VBP alle_Q wi+d-uten_P euenunge_N
._.

for_P +tt_D ful+de_N nis_NEG+BEP hit_PRO nawt_Q

In early texts where NAWIHT has not yet differentiated into NOT and NOUGHT, it is tagged Q if an object is required, and NEG otherwise, even when it occupies a position not usually associated with NOT.

and_CONJ he_PRO him_PRO naue+t_NEG+HVP nawiht_NEG iholpen_VBN

he_PRO him_PRO nawiht_NEG ne_NEG help_VBD

NOTWITHSTANDING is tagged as a unitary ADV when used absolutely and as a unitary P when it takes a complement clause or NP.

We love him notwithstanding_ADV.

We love him, notwithstanding_P his various faults. 

We love him, notwithstanding_P that he is often late for appointments.

NOUGHT (see NOT)

For OF CERTAIN and the like, see Other complements of P.

For cases ambiguous between ONE (ONE) and AN (D), see AN.

ONE with the meaning ALONE in a copular construction or small clause is tagged ADJ.

+ter_ADV ha_PRO weren_BED ane_ADJ bi_P ham_PRO seolf_N

$hu_WADV hise_PRO$ deciples_NS flu+gen_VBD alle_Q from_P 
him_PRO &_CONJ leafden_VBD him_PRO ane_ADJ ._.

When ONE means ONLY, ALONE and follows the noun or pronoun it focuses or when it follows NOT in the meaning NOT ONLY, it is treated as a focus particle (FP).

wi+d-uten_P Crist_NPR ane_FP

hie_PRO bie+d_BEP ut-iworpen_VAN +durh_P dieules_NPR$ lare_N ,_,
naht_NEG for_P hem_PRO seluen_N ane_FP ,_, ac_CONJ for_FOR o+dre_OTHERS
ec_ALSO awei_ADV te_TO affleien_VB

+De_D mann_N ne_NEG leue+d_VBP naht_NEG $be_P bread_N ane_FP

for_CONJ +te_D nome_N of_P ester_NPR ne_NEG sei+d_VBP naut_NEG ane_FP
ab_FW scondita_FW ._, +tt_D is_BEP naut_NEG ane_FP ihud_VAN

Focus particle ONE can appear in the genitive (when modifying a genitive).

&_CONJ in_P his_PRO$ anes_FP seruise_N hare_PRO$ lif_N lea+de+d_VBP
"and in the service of him alone [she] leads her life"

In all other uses (cardinal number, noun, pronoun, etc.), ONE is tagged with its own tag ONE (or ONES if marked for plural).

TONE (= THE + ONE) is tagged D+ONE even in the presence of another determiner. Cf. ANOTHER, TOTHER.

(NP (D+ONE thone) (N Halfe))

(NP (D The) (D+ONE tone))

ONLY can be tagged as an adjective (ADJ) or as a focus particle (FP).

	
(NP (D a) (ADJ only) (N child))

(NP (FP only) (D a) (N child))

OTHER is tagged CONJ when it means either EITHER or OR.

(PP (CONJ other)				<---  OTHER = EITHER
    (PP (P of)
        (NP (PRO$ his) (NS capons)))
    (CONJP (CONJ or)
	   (PP (P of)
	       (NP (PRO$ his) (N money)))))


( (IP-MAT (CONJ other) (ELSE els)		<---  OTHER = OR
	  (NP-SBJ (NUM two) (NS sydes))
	  (BEP bee)
	  (ADJP (ADJ equall))))

Otherwise, it is tagged with its own tag OTHER. The tag OTHERS is used for clearly plural referents, even without overt plural marking. Under certain circumstances, the dollar tag appears directly on OTHER(S).

(NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (ADJ good) (NS orders)) 

(NP (NP (D the) (ONE one))
    (CONJP (CONJ and)
           (NP (D the) (OTHER other))))

(NP (Q each) (OTHER other))

(NP (NP-POS (D the) (OTHER$ others))
    (N fynger))

(NP (Q many) (OTHERS other))

(PP (P on)
    (NP (OTHERS$ others) (NS shoulders)))

ANOTHER and TOTHER (= THE + OTHER) are tagged D+OTHER even in the presence of another determiner. Cf. TONE.

(NP (D+OTHER th'other))

(NP (D the) (D+OTHER tother))

OUTER

When it functions as a degree modifier, OVER is tagged as ADVR. See Splitting and joining for details of this OVER in compounds.

PASSING is ordinarily tagged VAG. It is tagged ADV when it means EXCEEDINGLY and in phrases like PASSING THREE THOUSAND. See Number phrase (NUMP).

Than_ADV was_BED he_PRO passyng_ADV hevy_ADJ

and_CONJ sir_NPR Percivale_NPR was_BED passynge_ADV glad_ADJ a_D
passynge_ADV good_ADJ knyght_N

In keeping with our policy of not distinguishing between the adjectival and verbal use of participles, participial PAST (PASSED, PASS'D, etc.) is always tagged VBN. There is also a prepositional use.

(NP (VBN past) (NS times))

(PP (P in)
    (NP (NS times)
        (RRC (VBN past)))

(NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday)
        (RRC (VBN past)))

(NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday)
        (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))
	     (VBN past)))

(NP-TMP (NUM three) (NS days)		<-- note treatment as NP-TMP
        (RRC (VBN past))

(PP (P past)
    (NP (PRO$ his) (N+N bedtime)))

(PP (P in)
    (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
        (PP (P as)
            (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                    (C that)
                    (IP-SUB (PP (P (CODE {in}))		<-- note "chopped" preposition
                               (NP *T*-1))
                            (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                            (DOP do)
                            (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))

(PP (P in)
    (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
        (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                (C that)
                (IP-SUB (PP (P (CODE {in}))		<-- note "chopped" preposition
                            (NP *T*-1))
                        (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                        (DOP do)
                        (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))

See SCORE, Number phrase (NUMP).

See FORTNIGHT.

SIDE (and also HALF) routinely take bare NP complements in Middle English, and this usage continues into Modern English. See also discussion of SIDE under NP-COM complements of N.

When not used in a degree sense (ADVR) or as a preposition (P), SO is tagged ADV.

He/PRO is/BEP a/D wise/ADJ man/N ,/.
and/CONJ must/MD be/BE so/ADV acknowledged/VAN
by/P the/D world/N ./.

See AS ... SO clauses for a common case.

SO (degree) (see AS, SO (degree))

SO (preposition) (see AS, SO, THAN (preposition))

See also SO THAT.

When SO modifies an AS clause, the entire AS clause is treated as a PP, and SO as a premodifier. When SO has this sense, it is optional, and the entire construction can be paraphrased as IN THE WAY THAT.

( (IP-IMP (DOI Do)
          (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work))
	  (PP (ADV so)
              (P as)
	      (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
			      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
			      (VBD said)))))
   (. .))

Otherwise, SO in SO AS (THAT) and SO AS TO clauses is treated as a preposition (P) or as a degree adverb (ADVR). AS, too, is treated as a preposition (rather than as a complementizer) with a CP-ADV or CP-DEG complement.

(PP (P so)
    (PP (P as)
        (CP-ADV (C that/0)
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                        (VBD made)
			(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))

(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)
      (PP (P as)
          (CP-DEG (C that/0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
                          (VBD made)
			  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))

(PP (P so)
    (PP (P as)
        (IP-INF (TO to)
                (VB make)
		(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))

(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)
      (PP (P as)
          (IP-INF (TO to)
                  (VB make)
	  	  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))

(ADJP (ADJ big)
      (ADVP (ADVR enough)
            (PP (P so)  
                (PP (P as)
                    (IP-INF (TO to)
                            (VB make)
            	  	    (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))))

Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC. See Concessive clauses.

See also SO AS (THAT), SO AS TO.

Separated SO ... THAT clauses are always treated as extraposed degree complements.

SO introducing purpose and result clauses is labelled as P with a CP-ADV complement. The complementizer may be silent. In this case, the meaning is often more akin to AS LONG AS than to SO THAT. However, the two meanings are not always clearly distinct, and they are not distinguished in the annotation.

(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
        (VBP adden)
        (NP-OB1 (N clernesse)
                (PP (P of)
                    (NP (N renoun))))
        (PP (P to)
            (NP (D the) (NUM thre) (ADV+VAN forseyde) (NS thynges)))
        (, ,)
        (PP (P so)
            (CP-ADV (C that)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
                            (NEG ne)
                            (BEP be)
                            (PP (P amonges)
                                (NP (PRO hem)))
                            (NP-1 (Q no) (N difference)))))
        (ID CMBOETH,429.C2.42)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM .iij.) (N part)
                  (PP (P toward)
                      (NP (D the) (NPR Septentrion))))
          (BEP is)
          (ADJP (ADV full) (ADJ cold))
          (PP (P so)
              (CP-ADV (C +tat)
                      (IP-SUB (PP (P for)
                                  (NP (NP (ADJ pure) (N cold))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (NP (ADJ contynuell) (N frost)))))
                              (NP-SBJ (D the) (N water))
                              (VBP becometh)
                              (NP-OB1 (N Cristall)))))
          (E_S .))
          (ID CMMANDEV,104.2529)) 

SOMEWHAT

See PLENTY.

For SUCH AS, see AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

SUCH is always tagged with its own tag SUCH.

SUCH is not treated completely alike in comparative contexts and in degree complement contexts. In comparative contexts, the comparative complement (or its trace, if it is extraposed) is treated as the complement not of SUCH, but of the containing NP.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems)
                  (PP (P as)
                      (NP (PRO$ yours))))
          (MD can)
          (BE be)
          (VAN solved))
   (. .))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems)
                  (PP (P as)
                      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                              (C 0) 
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (VBP arose)))))
          (BED were)
          (VAN solved))
   (. .))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS foods)
                  (PP *ICH*-1))
          (MD will)
          (BE be)
          (VAN sold))
          (PP-1 (P as)
                (NP (NS nuts) (CONJ and) (NS berries)))
   (. .))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS problems)
                  (PP *ICH*-1))
          (MD should)
          (VB arise)
          (PP-1 (P as)
                (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                        (C 0) 
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
			        (NP-SBJ we)
                                (MD can)
	  		        (VB solve)))))
   (. .))

By contrast, in degree contexts, the clausal complement, whether extraposed or not, is treated as the complement of SUCH. Accordingly, SUCH projects a phrase, specifically, an ADJP.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (BED was)
	  (PP (P in)
	      (NP (ADJP (SUCH such)
			(CP-DEG *ICH*-2))
		  (D a)
		  (N case)
		  (PP (P of)
		      (NP (N joy)))
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-DEG-2 (C that)
			    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))
				    (BED was)
				    (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N boot))
				    (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
					      (VB bid)
					      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him))
						      (VB make)
						      (NP-OB1 (N hast))))))))
	  (. :))
  (ID ARMIN,10.94))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
	  (BEP is)
	  (NP-OB1 (D a)
		  (N man)
		  (PP (P of)
		      (NP (ADJP (SUCH suche)
				(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
			  (N charite)
			  (CP-DEG-1 (C as)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
					    (HVP have)
					    (NEG not)
					    (VBN seen)
					    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N like)))))))
	  (. .))
  (ID BEDYLL,1.2,77.7))

(PP (P of/on)
    (NP (D a/the) (ADJ sudden)))

Existential THERE (EX) is distinguished from adverbial THERE (ADV). The default is EX.

R-pronoun THERE (as in THEREFORE, THEREON, etc.) is tagged ADV. Depending on whether it is spelled together with the preposition, the result is treated as a compound (exceptionally not split) or as an ordinary phrase.

(PP (ADV+P thereupon))		(PP (ADVP (ADV there)
				    (P upon))

R-pronoun WHERE is treated analogously.

THEREFORE is tagged ADV+P in all readings, like any other preposition with R-pronoun. Note the change from PPCME1 where THEREFORE was sometimes treated as an adverb.

THILKE

Information concerning POS tagging, splitting.

THRICE

TODO

TONE (= THE ONE) (see ONE)

TOTHER (= THE OTHER) (see OTHER)

TOUCHING in AS TOUCHING X is tagged VAG. In other prepositional uses, TOUCHING is tagged P.

and_CONJ in_P hym_PRO was_BED +te_D ende_N of_P +te_D empere_N
touchynge_P Charles_NPR his_$ ofspringe_N ._.

When referring to the Tower of London, TOWER is always tagged NPR, regardless of whether it is modified by OF LONDON or not. Note the difference with CITY.

(NP (D the) (NPR Tower))	(NP (D the) (NPR tower)
				    (PP (P of) 
				        (NP (NPR London))))

TRIPLE

TWICE

UPPER

UPRIGHT is tagged ADJ in prenominal position and as the predicate of a copular verb or small clause, and ADV otherwise.

The information here focuses on POS assignment. Issues concerning splitting and joining compounds in -WARD are discussed in general terms in Splitting and joining words, and in particular s.v. -WARD.

When used as adjectives, combinations with -WARD (BACKWARD, DOWNWARD, INWARD, OUTWARD, UPWARD) are treated as unitary adjectives.

Combinations with -WARD that are used as prepositions (FROWARD, TOWARD, etc.) are tagged as unitary prepositions.

&_CONJ firse+d_VBP him_PRO awei_ADV froward_P vre_PRO$ steuene_N

and_CONJ makede_VBD his_PRO$ weie_N toward_P ierusalem_NPR

All other uses and occurrences are tagged WARD, which is either part of a complex (+) POS tag (ADV+WARD, N+WARD, NPR+WARD, RP+WARD, etc.) or a separate tag, depending on whether -WARD is spelled as a separate orthographic word.

The first part of a -WARD compound is tagged RP only if it is on the list of adverbial particles.

(ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD forwardes))

(ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD towarde) (CONJ and) (ADV+WARD forwardes))

(NP (D a) (ADJ northwarde) (N declination))

(NP (D its) (N declination)
    (NP-DIR (N+WARD northwarde)))		<-- NP-DIR by default

( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
	      (CONJ But)
	      (WADVP-1 (WADV+WARD whotherward))
	      (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
		      (VBP ryde)
		      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
		      (, ?)
		      (' ')
		      (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
				  (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlion))))
	      (E_S .)))

(ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD +tedir-ward))

(PP (P+D+ADJ+N+WARD to-+te-holy-place-warde))

(PP (P+PRO$+NPR+WARD to-owr-Lord-ward))

(PP (P tyll)
    (NP (NPR+WARD Jhesuwarde))

(PP (P to) 
    (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward)))

(PP (P to) 
    (NP (PRO$ thy) (NS dethe) (WARD ward)))

(IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV Treuly))
            (CONJ and)
	    (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	    (MD schal)
	    (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuyr))
	    (VB turne)
	    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N face))
	    (PP (P fro)
	        (NP (PRO him) (WARD ward))))

For SATURDAY WEEK and similar expressions, see FORTNIGHT.

WHAT, like WHICH, is tagged WD or WPRO depending on whether it is followed by a noun. See Wh- words.

WHEN is tagged P when introducing adverbial clauses and WADV when introducing questions (including indirect questions). Cf. IF.

I_PRO will_MD ask_VB when_WADV they_PRO plan_VBP to_TO come_VB

Tell_VBI me_PRO when_WADV you_PRO first_ADV noticed_VBD something_Q+N strange_ADJ

When_P you_PRO notice_VBP anything_Q+N strange_ADJ, let_VBI us_PRO know_VB

When_P syre_NPR Ector_NPR beheld_VBD the_D swerd_N he_PRO retorned_VBD
ageyne_ADV

When_P I_PRO cam_VBD home_N for_P my_PRO$ broders_N$ swerd_N I_PRO
fond_VBD nobody_Q+N at_P home_N

WHERE is ordinarily tagged WADV, but is tagged WQ when introducing (indirect) yes-no questions (like WHETHER).

and_CONJ axede_VBD +tere_ADV of_P an_D holy_ADJ man_N +tat_C was_BED
solitaire_ADJ ,_, where_WQ he_PRO my+gte_MD overcome_VB +te_D
Longobardus_NPRS o+ter_CONJ no_NEG ._.

and_CONJ we_PRO witen_VBP not_NEG wer_WQ hit_PRO be_BEP ri+gt_ADJ ._.

R-pronoun WHERE (as in WHEREFORE, WHEREIN, etc.) is treated like its non-wh counterpart THERE.

See Indirect WHETHER questions and also Adverbial WHETHER questions, Direct WHETHER questions, and WHETHER free relatives. See also IF.

(THE) WHICH, like WHAT, is tagged WD or WPRO depending on whether it is followed by a noun. See Wh- words.

When WORTH means VALUE, WORTH is tagged N. Otherwise, it is tagged ADJ.

an_D object_N of_P great_ADJ instrinsic_ADJ worth_N 

not-NEG worth_A much_Q
worth_A ten_NUM dollars_NS
Unskillful_ADJ penance_N is_BEP little_Q worth_A .

See NP complements of ADJ.

YET is ordinarily tagged ADV, in which case it projects an ADVP-TMP if it has a temporal meaning. Following negative conjunctions, it also serves as a focus particle.

(NP (ADV yet) (D+OTHER another) (N example))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
          (ADVP (ADV hardly))
          (VB know)
          (NP-OB1 (PRO her)) 
	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet))
          (. .)))

(NP (NP (PRO they))
    (CONJP (CONJ ne)
           (NP (FP yet) (Q ony)
               (PP (P of)
                   (NP (PRO them))))))