Focusing on the enigmatic monumental center at Chaco Canyon, this book provides a historical analysis of how Southwest archaeology confined itself and how it can break out of those confines and proceed into the future. Looking past old preconceptions brings a different Chaco Canyon into view: more than an eleventh-century Pueblo ritual center, Chaco was a political capital with nobles and commoners, a regional economy, and deep connections to Mesoamerica. By getting the history right, a different science of the ancient Southwest becomes possible and archaeology is reinvented as a very different discipline.