Amongst the dozens of LaTeX elements we've neglected, there are one or two that didn't fit neatly into this presentation but are sometimes useful.
A title will only be numbered if its 'depth' isn't more than secnumdepth and will only appear in the contents page if the 'depth' isn't more than the value of tocdepth. So, for example, doing
\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
will cause section 1.4.3 to be numbered, but it won't appear in the
contents. Also if you want a shorter name in the contents page
\subsection[Pagebreaks etc] {Pagebreaks, space, footnotes, references}
In LaTeX you can get a longer hyphen by using two or three dashes,
i.e. --
or ---
. The short hyphen is for use
in hyphenated words like "co-ordinate", the longer one for numerical
ranges like "2--3", and the longest one for a dash in text --- like
that!
Although LaTeX has pretty good defaults for most purposes, you will occasionally want to override them, in which case you can use:
to set the width of the paper, and how much space you want to devote to the text.
\paperwidth=15.5cm
\paperheight=23.25cm
\textwidth=11.625cm
\textheight=17.438cm
You can also set the various margins using:
% Driver margin is 1in=2.54cm by default so command below effectively
% sets the oddsidemargin to 1.292cm
\oddsidemargin=-1.248cm
\evensidemargin=5.543cm
\topmargin=-1.52cm
\headheight=0.48cm
% shift margins to allow room for binding
\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{0.5cm}
\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-0.5cm}
You can use the command \footnote{}
to put a footnote
in your text. LaTeX will insert a small superscripted number at the
point where you put the \footnote{}
command, and the
footnote will appear at the bottom of the page alongside the
appropriate number.
The only time you're likely to need this is if a formal document
(such as a thesis) has to have double- or one-and-a-half line
spacing. Just in case you do need it, the LaTeX commands are quite
straightforward. Use the setspace
package, and then you
can use the doublespace
or onehalfspace
environments at will.
There are lots and lots of symbols and symbol-related commands defined in LaTeX, but some of the more useful are:
\"{}
puts an umlaut over the next letter, e.g. Zo\"e
\'{}
and \`
put the appropriate accent over the next letter
\^{}
puts a caret over the next letter, e.g. r\^ole
\i
is the letter "i" without the dot - very useful if you want to out an accent over it, e.g. na\"{\i}ve
\copyright
is the copyright symbol
\pounds
is the pounds (currency) symbol
Sometimes you want to define your own command. To do this, use
the \newcommand
or \renewcommand
commands
(depending on whether you're defining a new command or altering an
existing one) before you start your document environment. E.g.,
Note the use of
% redefine vector style
\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathbf #1}}
% redefine matrix style
\renewcommand{\matrix}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathbf #1}}
\ensuremath
to make sure that if the
command is used in ordinary text, it automatically switches to maths
mode (and back).
The \renewcommand
is very powerful and useful. The
optional argument says how many arguments you want your command to
take, and you then refer to those arguments
using #1
, #2
etc. Thus the \vec
command defined above takes a single argument, and when used it
switches to maths mode (if it isn't already in maths mode), and uses
the maths bold font to typeset argument 1.
Here's an example of a more complicated command, which defines a matrix element in Dirac notation:
It takes three arguments, and typesets them separately so that
% define new matrix element, \ME command
\newcommand{\ME}[3]{\ensuremath{\left \langle \left. #1
\right. \right| #2 \left| \left. #3 \right. \right \rangle}}
\ME{a}{M}{b}
produces a nice version of < a | M | b
> . Note that we've used \langle
and \rangle
to produce nice arrows,
and \left
and \right
to stretch those nice
arrows to the appropriate height for whatever goes inside them.
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