The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus
of Old English Prose

Syntactic Annotation Reference Manual


Ann Taylor, University of York
March 2003

Table of contents


Introduction to Syntactic Annotation

A note on the examples
Glossary
The definition of a token
General parsing principles
Clause structure
Phrase structure
Heads
Modifiers
Complements
Case labels
Case on subjects
Case on predicates
Case on appositives
Case on participles
Dative and instrumental case
Function labels
List of extended labels

Table of contents


For users familiar with the PPCME2, significant differences in policy are flagged .



A note on the examples

The examples in the manual have been taken from the corpus but may have been lightly edited in some cases for pedagogical purposes. The examples which begin with "(NODE" are partial tokens extracted from the corpus with CorpusSearch. The manual was completed before the corpus itself, and in some cases further changes to the corpus may have resulted in the token numbers on the examples differing from those in the corpus. Please do not use examples from the manual without checking them.

The text of the corpus is that of the Dictionary of Old English, Old English Corpus. Errors have been silently corrected; any other alterations to the text are indicated by comments. Many of these texts are still in copyright. Please ensure that your use of the texts in any published material does not contravene copyright law. The copyright of the annotated corpus resides with the University of York, and of all supporting documentation with Ann Taylor and the University of York.



Glossary

The following terms have specific meanings within the annotation scheme. Words in boldface are defined.
ambiguous for case
a lexical form is ambiguous for case if it is formally ambiguous in isolation; dat/gen ambiguous means a form is formally identical in the dative and genitive

argument/complement
the terms argument and complement are used interchangeably

case-marked
case-marked refers to the addition of case in the annotation, not to any property of a lexical item; lexical items are referred to as (un)inflected, (un)declined, etc.

immediately dominate
a node immediately dominates another (or a word) if there is no intervening node between the two

extended label
an extended label is an addition to the first (usually formal) part of the label which is attached to it by a hyphen; there may be multiple extended labels (e.g., NP-NOM-PRD, CP-FRL-LOC, etc.)

label
a label is the set of letters following every open parenthesis, which indicates the type of constituent; a word-level label may also be referred to as a tag (NP-NOM ...)

level
a constituent is referred to as occurring or appearing at X-level, where X is the constituent that immediately dominates it (e.g. IP-level, phrasal level); level may also be used to refer to a class of constituents, as for example, word-level (also POS level) constituents

node
node is a way of referring to a set of labelled parentheses when thinking of it in terms of tree structure (a set of labelled parentheses represents a node in a tree structure); it is often used interchangeably with phrase

phrase/phrasal
used in a narrow sense to refer to the intermediate level of constituents between word/POS (N/ADJ/etc.) and clausal (IP/CP); NP, ADJP, ADVP, etc.; in a wider sense it refers to a set of labelled parentheses (especially in the term "project a phrase")
project a phrase
a head projects a phrase if it is immediately dominated by a phrase of the appropriate category (N projects an NP); whether a head does or does not project a phrase is a statement about how the parsing system works and not a theoretical statement about the phrase structure of Old English

POS
part-of-speech; POS tags/labels are attached to the first set of parentheses surrounding a word (e.g., (PRO^N he))

specXP
where XP is some constituent category (specPP, specCP, etc.); this term is used rather loosely to refer to a position immediately preceding the head of the XP; it is a notational device within the YCOE/PPCME2 system and should not be interpreted in any particular case as having a linguistically valid analysis

tag
POS tag; also referred to as a label or word-level label.



The definition of a token

The texts in the corpus are divided into tokens. A token consists most basically of one main verb (or verb sequence) with all associated arguments and adjuncts. The majority of tokens therefore are matrix IPs (IP-MAT), but they may also be CPs (e.g., direct questions CP-QUE). When a constituent smaller than the clause is used as a complete utterance (as for example, in answer to a question Where did you go? To the beach) it constitutes its own token. Each token is enclosed in a "wrapper", a pair of unlabelled parentheses. The wrapper contains minimally the parsed text, a unique ID label to identify the token, which includes the filename, the Dictionary of Old English (DOE) short title for the text, and some way of finding the token in the text (page or line number, for instance). The Dictionary of Old English identifiers are included in the text at the point that they occur in the original. Generally this coincides with the beginning of a token, in which case the identifier is included in the wrapper.
( (CODE <T03010000800,25>)       <-- Dictionary of Old English identifier
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NUM^N An) (N^N woruldcynincg))  <-- parsed text (IP-MAT)
          (HVPI h+af+d)
          (NP-ACC (NP (Q fela)
                      (NP-GEN (N^G +tegna)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (NP-ACC (ADJ^A mislice) (N^A wicneras))))
          (. ;)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:25.14)) <-- ID node

( (CODE <T03050005900,159>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hu))  <-- CP-QUE token
              (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                      (MDP mage)
                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N we) 
                              (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N blinde)))
                      (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A blindan))
                      (VB geh+alan))
              (. ?)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:159.1034))

( (PP (PP (P For)                  <-- PP token (answer to question)
          (NP-DAT (Q^D miclum) (N^D gesceade)))
      (, .)
      (CONJP (CONJ &) (ADV eac)
             (PP (P for)
                 (NP (N neode))))
      (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_13:283.79.2424))

( (CODE <T03020001000,16>)         <-- a series of tokens
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (N^N f+ader))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.13))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N sunu))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.14))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (N^N gast))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.15))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (NEG ne)
          (BEPI synd)
          (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
          (NP-NOM-PRD (NUM^N +treo) (N^N anginnu))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.16))

( (CODE <T03050005000,136>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$^N Eower) (N^N godas))
              (BEPI synd)
              (VBN^N (VBN^N agotene) (CONJ o+d+de) (VBN^N agrafene)) <-- conjoined verbs with no complements
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:136.1020))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Maurus))
          (VBD (VBD r+adde) (CONJ and) (VBD rehte)) <-- conjoined verbs sharing complements
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
          (NP-DAT (NR^D Flore))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:160.1583))

( (CODE <T03130004000,124>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Nu))
          (VBPI (VBPI +tencst) <-- verbs sharing a clausal complement
                (CONJP *ICH*-1))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
          (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (VBPI cwi+dst))
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-2 (WADV hu))
                      (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-2)
                              (MDPI m+ag)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A ece) (N^A lif))
                              (VB gebycgan)))
          (. ?)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:124.2766))

( (CODE <T03020003000,69>) <-- token with associated dependent clauses 
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Aft))
          (CP-ADV (P gif)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N hwylc) (ADJ^N gewytleas) (N^N man))
			  (VBPI wen+d)
			  (CP-THT (C +t+at)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					  (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine)
						      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfne)))
					  (VBD geworhte)))))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (VBP axie)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
          (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV hu))
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (MDD mihte)
                          (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine) 
                                      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfne)))
                          (VB gewyrcean)
                          (CP-ADV (P gif)
				  (C 0)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
					  (NEG+BEDI nes)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:69.55))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (BEPI bi+t)
          (VBN gebysgod)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (NUM^D anum) (N^D +dinge)))
          (CP-ADV (P o+d+t+at) <-- dependent clause with conjoined 
                  (C 0)            subordinate IPs
                  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N ge+toht))
                                  (VBPS gewyte))
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+der))
					     (VBPS cume)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:133.109))


General parsing principles

Clause structure
Phrase structure
Heads
Modifiers
Complements


Clause structure

The annotation system uses hierarchical labelled parentheses to represent syntactic trees. The tree notation is heavily underspecified, however. The number of levels of structure included is quite limited and certain types of phrases are not included at all with the result that the trees are multiply branching and quite flat. A typical parse and its translation into tree form appear as follows:
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
                      (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf)))
              (VBPI forgif+d)
              (NP (N mihte) (CONJ and) (N streng+de))
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D folce))
              (. ;)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:19.11))




Because the annotation lacks a VP node, the verb(s) and all its arguments (internal and external) and adjuncts are immediately dominated by the IP node; that is, they are all sisters.
( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))
          (VBDI axodon)
          (NP-ACC (NPR^A Crist))
          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
                  (C 0) 
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDS w+are)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))

( (CODE <T03030003900,131>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Heo))
          (VBD aflygde)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (ADVP (ADV swylce))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A fulan) (N^A deofla))
          (PP (P fram)
              (NP-DAT (RP+VBN^D ofs+attum) (N^D mannum)))
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A so+dne) (N^A geleafan)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:131.267))

Within the IP certain word-level categories may be immediately dominated by IP with no intervening phrasal node. These are all verbs, finite and non-finite, particles (RP, FP), sentential conjunctions (CONJ), negation (NEG) and single-word interjections (INTJ). All other constituents of the IP are phrasal. The internal and external syntax of these phrases will be discussed below (Phrasal constituents of IP).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)         <-- sentential conjunction
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (NEG ne)          <-- negation 
          (BEPI synd)       <-- finite verb
          (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
          (NP-NOM-PRD (NUM^N +treo) (N^N anginnu))
          (. ,))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.16))





( (CODE <T03040010200,349>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
          (VBDI eodon)       <-- finite verb
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (RP in)            <-- adverbial particle 
          (, ,)
          (PTP-NOM (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A +almihtigan))
                   (VAG^N herigende))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:349.684))

( (CODE <T03020006000,133>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)         <-- sentential conjunction 
          (PTP-NOM (ADVP (ADV swa))
                   (VAG^N styrigende))
          (BEPI is)          <-- finite verb
          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N sawul))
          (CP-ADV (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                          (FP fur+don)  <-- focus particle
                          (PP (P on)
                              (NP-DAT (N^D sl+ape)))
                          (NEG ne)      <-- negation 
                          (VBPI gestyl+t)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:133.106))

 (CODE <T03030012600,406>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N h+alend))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D m+adene)))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (INTJ Eala)  <-- interjection
                      (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO^N +du)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NPR^N Eugenia)))
                      (, ,)
                      (NEG ne)     <-- negation
                      (BEPH beo)
                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                      (VBN afyrht))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:406.436))

The minimal contents of a complete IP-MAT or IP-SUB are a subject and a finite verb (for non-finite IPs see Non-finite IPs). If an overt subject is not present in the text, an empty one of the appropriate type is added. The most common empty subject is a subject elided under conjunction (NP-NOM *con*). The other types are expletive subjects and "pro" subjects (for details, see Empty subjects).
( (CODE <T03030012500,403>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N h+alend)) <-- overt subject
          (VBDI com)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D heofonlicum) (N^D leohte)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:403.433))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)  <-- subject elided under conjunction, same 
          (VBD brohte)        referent as subject of previous clause
          (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D m+adene))
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A m+arne) (N^A bigleofon)
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-ACC-PRN (ADJ^A snawhwitne) (N^A hlaf)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:403.434))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*)        <-- empty expletive subject
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))      with impersonal verb
              (VBPI lyst))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:56.46))

Although all arguments are sisters of the verb, the subject is always distinguishable from the other arguments. Thus in copular constructions, where the subject and predicate are generally both nominative, the predicate has an extended label -PRD (predicate) to distinguish it from the nominative which is the subject. Likewise, in infinitives and small clauses where both subject and predicate/object are commonly accusative, the subject NP is distinguished by an extended label -SBJ.
( (CODE <T03020003300,73>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Seo) (N^N sunne) <-- subject 
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (RP+VBPI onliht)
                                  (NP-ACC (Q^A ealne) (N^A mideard)))))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes)) <-- predicate labelled -PRD
                      (N^N gesceaft))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:73.60))

( (CODE <T03020007500,174>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (ADJ^N welwillende) (N^N scyppend))
          (VBPI l+at)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi)) <-- accusative subject 
                  (HV habben)
                  (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (ADJ^G agenes) (N^G cyres)) <-- acc. object
                          (N^A geweald)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:174.133))

In addition to the finite IP-MAT and IP-SUB, there are two types of non-finite IPs, infinitives and small clauses. These have similar internal syntax to the finite clauses but lack a finite verb. Infinitives have a non-finite verb and are not required to have a subject (although they may), while small clauses always have a subject and have either a participial verb form or a non-verbal predicate.

A third type of non-finite sentential constituent is the participial phrase (PTP). A participial phrase is any adjunct or modifying phrase headed by a participle (i.e., not including small clauses which may be headed by participles, but which are complements of the verb). PTPs follow the rules for IPs as far as the labelling of arguments, modifiers, etc. Some PTPs have subjects (absolutes) but as with infinitives one is not required. These types are discussed in detail below (Infinitives, Small clauses, Participial phrases).

The structure of CPs is discussed under Subordinate clauses.



Phrase structure

The internal syntax of all non-sentential categories (i.e., excluding IP and CP) is fundamentally similar.

In summary:
  • The phrasal node (NP, PP, ADJP, etc.) immediately dominates the head category (N, P, ADJ, etc.); that is, there are no intermediate phrase-levels indicated.

  • Heads always project a phrasal node, with the following exceptions:
    1. certain heads, such as D (determiner), RP (particle) and all verbs, never project a phrase (or alternatively, the verbal cluster projects IP)
    2. prehead, single-word modifiers do not project a phrasal node
    3. single-word posthead modifiers of nouns do not project a phrase in the general case (see Modifiers for exceptions)
    4. single-word posthead number and quantifier modifiers of pronouns do not project a phrase although adjectival and participial modfiers do (see Modifiers for exceptions)

  • Complements always project a phrasal node, whether they consist of a single word or not; note that genitive nouns are treated like complements in all cases and thus always project a node, even when possessive, but possessive pronouns are treated essentially as modifiers and thus do not.

  • Thus both modifiers and complements are sisters of the head.



Heads

The head of a phrase is a word (POS) level category (N, Q, ADJ, etc.). In general the head of a phrase is of the same category as the phrase which dominates it (NP dominates N, etc.). As intermediate bar levels are not represented, the phrase immediately dominates the head.

There are a number of cases, however, where a phrase dominates a "head" of a different category. In some cases these represent head categories (such as N) being divided into subcategories (e.g., PRO (pronoun) is a subcategory of N);

(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))

in others, the head may have been elided leaving a modifier behind, a process which we do not directly represent.
(NP-ACC (NP-ACC (ADJ^A fiftan) (N^A sunu))
        (CONJP (CONJ &)
               (NP-ACC (ADJ^A syxtan))))           <-- SUNU elided

(NP-DAT-ADT (NP-DAT (ADJ^D Ebreisceon) (N^D stafon))
            (CONJP (CONJ &)
                   (NP-DAT (ADJ^D Grecisceon)))    <-- STAFON elided
            (CONJP (CONJ &)
                   (NP-DAT (NR Leden) (N^D stafon))))

In most cases, however, we do not wish to make a decision about which of these analyses is the correct one. Thus, in general, when a phrase does not dominate a head of the same category, the user may view the phrase as one in which another word-level category acts as the head of a phrase, or alternatively as a phrase in which the head is omitted, elided, or non-overt for some reason.

Note that while a phrase may always be interpreted as having only one head (which may in some cases be non-overt), this does not mean that a phrase necessarily contains only one word-level category. See especially Modifiers and Compounds.

The biggest disparity between word and phrase labels is found in NPs. NPs can be "headed" by:

As mentioned above, we are somewhat agnostic as to what the appropriate analysis of each of these cases is, but we divide them up as follows: determiners and pronouns are treated primarily as heads, while adjectives, quantifiers, numbers, and participles are treated primarily as modifiers. This means that when one of the latter category is modified, it projects its own phrase level, while the former, while seldom modified in any case, never do so; that is, determiners and pronouns are always immediately dominated by NP, while the other categories may have an intermediate phrase between them and the NP, and in any case, should always be interpreted as having such an intervening phrase (see modifiers for more detail on the rules governing the inclusion of a phrase label for modifiers). In general, a non-N category acts as head of an NP when it fills a nominal argument position (subject, object, etc.) or is the complement of another head.

As a consequence of this, in certain cases an NP may dominate two potential heads, a pronoun or determiner plus a quantifier or number. For the rules governing the modification of pronouns, see Posthead modification.

(NP-NOM (PRO^N hie) (Q^N ealle))

(NP-ACC (Q^A eal) (D^A +t+at))

(NP-DAT (PRO^D him) (NUM^D anum))

In general, NPs dominating only a QP are fairly common, while NPs dominating only an ADJP are very rare, and usually appear in elision contexts.

(NP-DAT (Q^D +anigum))                   <-- single Q dominated by NP

(NP-NOM (QP-NOM (ADV swa) (Q^N micel)))  <-- modified Q dominated by QP/NP

(NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+der))))                 <-- single ADJ dominated by NP

(NP-NOM (ADJP-NOM (ADV swy+de) (ADJ^N unforworhte))) <-- modified ADJ dominated by ADJP/NP

(PP (PP (P in)
        (NP-ACC (ADJP-ACC (ADV swa) (ADJ^A frecne))
                (N^A si+df+at)))
    (CONJP (CONJ &)
           (PP (P in)
               (NP-ACC (ADJP-ACC (ADV swa) (ADJ^A gewinfulne)))))   <-- elision
    (CONJP (CONJ &)
           (PP (P in)
               (NP-ACC (ADJP-ACC (ADV swa) (ADJ^A uncu+de))
                       (N^A el+teodignesse)))))

NPs immediately dominating two nouns (common or proper) are compounds.


ADJPs have a more limited range of possible "heads":

In addition, numbers may occasionally appear to head ADJPs, but this is a special case always involving elision. See NUM + WINTRE/GEEARE (adjective)


PPs are always headed by prepositions, although in some cases the preposition is cliticized to its complement (+T+ARON, etc.) and the POS tag includes both.

(PP (ADV+P +t+aron))

ADVPs, apart from in the NEALLES +T+AT AN (+T+AT) construction, are always headed by adverbs.

QPs are always headed by quantifiers.

Number phrases (NUMP) are largely a notational convenience and do not always behave as other (linguistically valid) phrases do. NUMPs always contain one or more NUMs possibly along with conjunctions, all of which collectively act as the head, somewhat like in compounds.



Modifiers

Modifiers are sisters to the head. Prehead single-word modifiers do not project a phrase-level since the relations between the two words in such a phrase are clear. In cases with a multi-word modifier (usually a modified modifier), a phrase-level is projected to make the relations clear. In the first example below, both adjectives modify the noun, and so both are sisters to it; in the second the adverb modifies the adjective (and thus is its sister) and the ADJP modifies the noun and is its sister.
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (ADJ^D langsumum) (N^D spr+acum)

(NP-ACC (ADJP-ACC (ADV swa) (ADJ^A deorwur+dne))
        (N^A cr+aft))

Posthead modifiers are treated somewhat differently.

  • with nominal heads, modifiers (adjectives/quantifiers/numbers/participles) are treated in the same way on both sides of the head ( In the PPCME2 posthead modifiers always project a phrase)
    (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
            (N^A encgel) (ADJ^A haligne))
    
    

  • with pronominal heads,
    1. adjectives and participles project a phrase in posthead position since they do not appear in prehead position as modifiers;
      (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A +te)
                  (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfne)))
      
      
    2. quantifiers and numbers (which appear fairly freely on either side of pronouns) do not project a phrase
      (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi) (Q^N ealle))
      
      (NP-NOM (Q^N Ealle) (PRO^N hi))
      
      (NP-ACC (PRO^A inc) (Q^A begen))
      
      (NP-NOM (Q^N Sume) (PRO^N hi))
      
      (NP-ACC (PRO^A +te) (NUM^A anne))
      
      (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (PRO^D +te))
      
      
Modifiers are sometimes separated from a head with which they agree. It's not always clear in such cases, especially in the poetry, how such a modifier should be analyzed. Our general approach is to continue to label these elements as modifiers (i.e., as ADJP/QP/NUMP/PTP/etc., rather than as NP appositives, for instance) but not to trace them to the head as long as they are case-marked. This is meant to indicate an agnostic position as to the independence of these items. When not case-marked, they are traced to indicate the relationship. See also Separated modifiers.
( (CODE <T03060004300,148>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
          (BEDI wurdon)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (QP-NOM (Q^N ealle))
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A wundra)))
          (VBN^N onbryrde)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:148.1298))

( (CODE <T06630011300,8.122.10>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NR^N Romane))
                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
          (RP+VBN ofslagen)
          (NUMP-NOM (NUM eahtatig) (NUM^N +tusenda))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
                   (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N consul))
                           (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (NUM^N twegen) (N^N suna)))))
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_5:8.122.10.2580))

( (CODE <T03070003300,125>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (Q^N Sum) (N^N for+d+tegn)
                  (PTP *ICH*-1))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N welig)) 
          (PP (P on) 
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D lande)))
          (, ,)
          (PTP-1 (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Florus))  <-- non-case-marked PTP traced
                 (VBN gehaten))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:125.1565))

For the treatment of modifiers of PPs, see Elements in specPP.



Complements

Unlike modifiers complements always have a phrase label, even when they are single words.
(NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
    (N geleafan)))

Note that while genitive NPs are treated like complements in all cases, possessive pronouns are usually treated as modifiers (but see also Possessive pronouns labelled NP for cases where possessives are labelled as genitive rather than possessive.)
(NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N magas))

At IP-level, NP complements of the verb are always distinguished from NP adjuncts (see Arguments vs. adjuncts); but note that this distinction is sometimes difficult to make and such distinctions should be verified before being used in any analysis for which this distinction is crucial. For PPs this distinction is not made as it is notoriously unreliable.

Within phrasal categories (except participle phrases which are essentially sentential in their internal syntax) the function of associated NPs is not indicated, apart from NPs of extent and appositives. NPs are simply labelled for case.

Within noun phrases NPs which are a sisters to the head are most commonly genitive (subjective/objective not distinguished), but occasionally dative. Dative/genitive ambiguous NPs in relation to a noun are taken by default as genitive as long as this gives a possible reading. Appositives on the head are distinguished by the -PRN label.

(NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +tyssera) (N^G halgena))
        (N^N f+ader))

(NP-NOM (NR^N Chromatius)
        (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N heahgerefa)))   <-- appositive

(NP (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D +trynnysse))
    (N anlicnysse))

Similarly, within ADJPs and ADVPs the function of NPs is not distinguished apart from NP/QP modifiers indicating extent. NPs of extent also modify PPs and adverbial clauses (CP-ADV) in which case they appear in specPP or specCP position.

(ADVP-LOC (ADV^L gehende)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (NR^D Liddan)))

(ADVP (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra))
      (ADV swi+dust))

(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N uncu+d)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))

(ADJP-NOM (NP-GEN (Q^G +alces) (N^G yfeles))
          (ADJ^N orsorge)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D ecere) (N^D blysse))))



Case labels

Case on subjects
Case on predicates
Case on appositives
Case on participles
Dative and instrumental case


Case labels are included on every phrasal label that dominates a part-of-speech tag on which case is indicated. See the POS manual: Case for rules on how case is assigned at word level.


(NP-ACC (D^A +done) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A w+ar)

(NP-NOM (NUM^N twegen) (N^N gebro+dra)
        (ADJP-NOM (VBN^N +a+telborene)
                  (PP (P for)
                      (NP (N worulde)))))

(NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (NR^G drihtnes))
    (N +tenunge))

(NP (QP (Q ma)
        (PP (P +tonne)
            (NP (NUMP (NUM twa) (NUM hund)))))
    (NP-GEN (N^G punda)))

(NP (PRO$ his) (Q micclan) (N sige)


Case on subjects

When case is not indicated on the word-level tag, nominative case is still added to the phrase label if the phrase is the subject of a finite clause. Note that this applies only in finite clauses and not in non-finite clauses, such as infinitives and small clauses, where the subject is often not nominative. In non-finite clauses subjecthood is indicated by the -SBJ label, not case.
(NODE (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +ter))
      (NEG ne)
      (MDD mihte)
      (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
      (NP-NOM (QR ma)
	      (NP-GEN (N^G muneca)))
      (VB wunian)
      (, ,)
      (CP-ADV (D^I +te) (P l+as)
	      (C +te)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D gebro+drum))
		      (NP-NOM (N^N bigleofan))
		      (VBD ateorode)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:265.1652))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
		  (BEPI beo+d)
		  (NP-NOM (NUM twentig)))
      (ID cootest,Gen:18.31.744))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM (Q fela))
          (RP+VBDI wi+dcw+adon)
          (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges))
                  (N^D h+asum))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:25.4853))


Case on predicates

Predicates are labelled nominative in finite clauses (but not necessarily in non-finite clauses) except when case is not indicated on the word label. Most such cases are Latin words or phrases, place names, NPs involving numbers (lengths of time, etc.), or else the trace of an empty wh-operator.
( (CODE <T03020000800,13>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic)
                      (CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-1))
              (BEPI eom)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N anginn))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-SPE-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                (PP (NP (PRO eow))
                                    (P to))
                                (VBP spr+ace)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:13.11))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic))
              (VBP hatte)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Albanus))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:61.4041))

(NODE (CP-ADV (P +ta)
	      (C +te)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
		      (BEDI w+as)
		      (NP-PRD (NUM twelf)
			      (NP-GEN (N^G wintra)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:23.5996))


(NODE (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N +t+at))
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
		      (BEDI w+aron)
		      (NP-PRD (NUMP (NUM twelf) (NUM +tusend))
			      (NP-GEN (VAG^G wigendra) (N^G manna)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:365.5080))

( (CODE <T03020008200,186>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Heo))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-PRD (FW animus)
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                              (BEPI is)
                              (XP (NP-NOM (N^N mod)))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P +tonne)
                   (C 0)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                           (VBPI wat)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:186.143))

( (CODE <T02650005600,130.96>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-PRD (NR Samaria))
          (VBD hatte)
          (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (N^N burh))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_13:130.96.2852))

(NODE (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
	      (C +te)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
		      (VBPI hata+d)
		      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
			      (NP-PRD (NR Liger)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:157.1581))

In small clauses and infinitives with passivized subjects, the predicate is nominative. In small clauses with verbs of naming (see Small clauses with verbs of naming) the predicate may be either nominative or accusative, and, therefore, when the two are not formally distinct, ambiguous. In all other cases for both small clauses and infinitives the predicate is assumed to be the same case as the subject, which is almost always accusative. See also Small clauses.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBDI het)
              (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A us))
                      (BE beon)
                      (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A mildheorte))
                      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (N^D mannum))
                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T symble))
                      (, ,)
                      (PP (P mid)
                          (NP-DAT (Q^D ealre) (N^D godnysse)))
                      (, ,)
                      (PP (ADV swa)
                          (P swa)
                          (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N God) (ADJ^N sylf))
                                            (BEPI is)))))
              (. ;))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_14:54.2031)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N^A gebro+dra))
                  (BE beon)
                  (NP-ACC-PRD (PRO$ his) (N^A geferan)))
          (. .))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:464.784)) 


Case on appositives

In general, an appositive will be in the same case as its antecedant, although occasionally it may be nominative instead. We assume, unless there is unambiguous evidence to the contrary, that the cases are the same, and an ambiguous appositive takes case from an unambiguous antecedant and vice versa. As usual, words that are never case-marked (most commonly in this construction, place names) are not case-marked in appositives either. Note that exceptionally, a phrase-label picks up case from an appositive rather than the head when the head is a category that is never marked for case.
(NP-NOM (PRO$^N ure) (N^N h+alend)
	(NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Crist)))

(NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A martyr)
	(NP-ACC-PRN (NR^A Mercurium)))

(NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D m+adene)
	(NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Marian)))   <-- ambiguous, takes dative from antecedant

(NP (NR Constantian)         <-- both ambiguous, no case
    (NP-PRN (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G caseres))
	    (N dohtor)))

(NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (RP+VBN^D fores+adan) (N^D byrig)
	(NP-PRN (NR Hierusalem)))   <--- place name, no case

(NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D h+alende)
	(NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Criste))
	(NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G woruldra)) <-- nominative appositive on non-nominative
		    (N^N alysend)))

(NODE (NP-DAT (D^I +dan) (N^D sancte)
              (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (PP (P on)
                                  (NP-DAT (D^D +d+ara) (N^D cyrcean)))
                              (VBDI l+ag)))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Mercurius)
                          (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N martyr))))
      (ID AelfLives,+ALS_[Basil]:253.633)) 

(NODE (NP-DAT (NR Antiochia)     <-- phrase with case from appositive
              (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D +anlican) (N^D byrig)))
      (ID AelfLives,+ALS_[Basil]:297.669)) 


Case on participles

Participles which are part of the main verb sequence, (i.e., immediately dominated by IP) are marked for case only when overtly inflected; that is, when inflection is not zero for past participles, and not -e for present participles. Where ambiguous, participles with BE are taken to agree with the subject, while participles with HAVE are taken to agree with the object (see also HAVE with object and participle).
( (CODE <T03060004100,135>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +D+ara) (N^G martyra)
                          (NP-GEN-PRN *ICH*-1))
                  (N^N f+ader)
                  (NP-GEN-PRN-1 (NR^G Marcellianes) (CONJ and) (NR^G Marces)))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM endlyfan) (N^A gear)) 
          (PP (P +ar)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D fulluhte)))
          (VBN geuntrumed)  <--- uninflected 
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (Q^A mycclan) (N^A fotadle))))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:135.1290))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic))
              (NP-RFL (PRO me))
              (VBP gebidde)
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (NR^D Gode)
                          (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                          (BEPI bi+d)
                                          (VAG eardigende) <-- uninflected
                                          (PP (P on)
                                              (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))
                                          (PP (P mid)
                                              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D healicum) (N^D m+agen+trymme)))))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:415.1462))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (BEDI wurdon)
          (VBN^N geh+alede)     <-- inflected with BE
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:203.1614))

(NODE (CP-ADV (P +donne)
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Moyses))
		      (NEG ne)
		      (MDD mihte)
		      (ADVP-TMP (ADVR^T lencg))
		      (HV habban)
		      (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A handa)) 
		      (VBN^A astrehte))) <-- inflected with HAVE
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:16.2878))

Apart from participles of naming, modifying and attributive participles, alone or dominated by a participle phrase (PTP), are labelled with the case of the item they modify, whether they are overtly inflected or not (note that this differs from participles as part of the main verb sequence). When separated from the item they modify, they are not traced to it.
( (CODE <T03050008100,221>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
          (VBDI feollon)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (QP-NOM (Q^N ealle))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Iulianes))
                      (N^D fotum)))
          (, ,)
          (PTP-NOM (PP (P mid)
                       (NP (N geleafan)))
                   (VAG^N herigende) <-- labelled for case in PTP
                   (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G h+alendes))
                       (N naman)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:221.1072))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Crist))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (RP+VBDI underfeng)
          (, ,)
          (PTP-ACC (PP (P for)
                       (NP (PRO$ his) (N naman)))
                   (VBN^A gemartyrode))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:243.1878))

Unlike most other participles, "naming" participles (GEHATEN, GECIGEN, etc.), are rarely inflected in attributive use. These are therefore not labelled with case unless it is overt, in the same way as participles which are part of the main verb sequence. When separated from the item they modify they are traced in order to make relations clear.
(NODE (NP-ACC (Q^A sumne) (N^A messepreost)
	      (, ,)
	      (PTP (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Eutropius))
		   (VBN gehaten)))  <-- verb of naming not case-marked
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:66.228))

( (CODE <T03040018800,566>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NUM^N AN) (ADJ^N +a+tele) (N^N l+ace)
                  (PTP *ICH*-1))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VAG wunigende)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D byrig)))
          (, ,)
          (PTP-1 (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N IOSEP))   <-- traced
                 (VBN gehaten))
          (, ,)
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N h+a+den) (CONJ and) (ADJ^N Iudeisc))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:566.859))


Dative and instrumental case

At word-level instrumental case is only labelled on words which are unambiguously istrumental in isolation; that is, masculine and neuter determiners, quantifiers, and adjectives. Ambiguous dative/instrumentals are labelled dative.

At phrase level, instrumental is taken as a sub-category of dative, and word-level instrumental labels project dative phrases. Most commonly an NP-DAT will contain at least one word labelled dative in any case, but it may be the case that a dative phrase dominates only an instrumental-labelled word.

Note that we are quite literal in labelling potential instrumentals, with the result that some instrumentals may in fact be alternate phonetic forms of dative inflections (+tan for +tam, -e for -um, etc.). Any investigator interested in the instrumental should satisfy her/himself as to the validity of these labels.

(NP-DAT (Q^I ealle) (D^D +dam) (N^D fyrste))

(PP (P mid)
    (NP-DAT (Q^I mycle) (N^D weorede)))

(PP (P mid)
    (NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (ADJR^D m+arran) (N^D hungre)))

(PP (P mid)
    (NP-DAT (ADJ^I godcunde) (N^D m+agene)))

(PTP-DAT-ABS (RP+VBN^D for+dferdum) 
	     (NP-DAT-SBJ (NR^D Deusdedit)
			 (NP-DAT-PRN (D^I +don) (N^D arcebiscope))))

(PP (P +after)
    (NP-DAT (D^I +ton)))

(PP (P mid)
    (NP-DAT (Q^I ealle)))

(NP-DAT (Q^I ealle) (PRO$ his) (N^D ibro+drum)
        (CONJP (CONJ &)
               (NX-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D childran))
               (ADV samod)))


Function labels

The rest of the extended labels indicate the various functions of the constituents of the clause. Like case, functions that are marked on the word-level tag (locative, directional, and temporal on adverbs) percolate up to the phrasal level. Function labels that are not word-based, however, are only used at the level at which the function is relevant. Thus temporal, locative and directional information is marked on adverbs at word-level and percolates up to the highest level, since these adverbs (THEN, THERE, HITHER, etc.) themselves contain this information. NPs being used temporally (THIS YEAR) on the other hand are only labelled as temporal at IP-level. Most function labels are only used at one level.
( (CODE <T03020003100,71>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))  <-- temporal adverbs marked at all levels
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ungeworht))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:71.56))

(NODE (ADVP-TMP (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T hwilon)) 
		(, ,)
		(CONJP (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV na) (ADV^T symle))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:327.1684))

( (CODE <T03040000300,9>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD wunode)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N cn+aplingc))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D Cappadoniscre) (N^D byrig)))
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM fif) (N^A gear)) <-- temporal NP marked at IP-level
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (N lare)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:9.456))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at))
          (VBDI (VBDI heold) (CONJ &) (VBD reahte))
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NP-ACC (NUM +treotteno) (N^A ger))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (NP-ACC (NUM syx) (N^A mona+d)))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (NP-ACC (NUM tyn) (N^A dagas))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:13.54.24.513))

( (CODE <T03020007500,174>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (ADJ^N welwillende) (N^N scyppend))
          (VBPI l+at)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi)) <-- -SBJ on non-nom. subjects
                  (HV habben)
                  (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (ADJ^G agenes) (N^G cyres))
                          (N^A geweald)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:174.133))


List of extended labels

In addition to the labels listed below, all CPs and IPs may also have the extended label -SPE indicating direct speech; it is always the last label. Many also cooccur with -PRN, the label for appositives and parentheticals. This label is the last label preceding -SPE.
IP-MAT       matrix IP
IP-SUB       subordinate IP (i.e., dominated by CP)
IP-SUB-CON   conjunct subordinate clause
IP-INF       complement infinitive
IP-INF-NCO   non-complement infinitive
IP-INF-ABS   infinitival absolute
IP-SMC       small clause

CP-ADV       adverbial
CP-CAR       clause-adjoined relative
CP-CLF       cleft
CP-CMP       comparative
CP-DEG       degree complement
CP-EOP       infinitival relative/purpose clause with gap
CP-FRL       free relative
CP-QUE       question
CP-REL       relative
CP-THT       that-clause

The following labels occur with categories other than CP/IP, with the exception of free relatives, which are treated as NPs in our system, and therefore take NP function labels.
-ADT         adjunct
-DIR         directional
-EXT         extent
-LFD         left-dislocation
-LOC         locative
-PRD         predicate
-PRN         appositive or parenthetical
-RFL         reflexive
-RSP         resumptive
-SPE         direct speech
-SBJ         non-nominative subject
-TMP         temporal
-VOC         vocative

IP/CP labels apply in the following order:
IP/CP -type -PRN -SPE

With NP/QP/ADJP/NUMP labels, case is always the first label, followed by any function labels. There are only a small number of cases in which more than one function label is added. Of these only -RFL-ADT (reflexive adjunct) is at all common.
-RFL-ADT      reflexive adjunct (very common)
-RSP-ADT      resumptive adjunct (5x)
-RFL-RSP      reflexive resumptive (2x)
-SBJ-RSP      non-nominative subject resumptive (8x)
-PRD-RSP      resumptive predicate (6x)




Adjective Phrases (ADJP)

Modifiers of adjectives
Modification by extent NPs
Comparative adjectives with instrumental determinters/quantifiers
Complements of adjectives
Superlative adjectives plus genitive
NUM + WINTRE/GEARE (adjective)
Ordinal numbers
Predicate adjectives
Possessive pronouns labelled ADJP
Non-predicate adjectives

Table of contents



Modifiers of adjectives

Modification by extent NPs
Comparative adjectives with instrumental determinters/quantifiers


Adjectives are most commonly modified by adverbs or ADVPs. A single adverb does not project a phrase as a modifier, but an adverbial phrase does (see Modifiers for the general rules for modifiers).

(ADJP-NOM (ADV swa) (ADJ^N bysig))

(ADJP-NOM (ADV to) (ADJ^N lang))

(ADJP-NOM (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N digle))

(ADJP-NOM (ADV gelice) (ADJ^N mihtige))

(ADJP-NOM (ADV ful) (ADJ^N gode))

(ADJP-NOM (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV wundorlice)) <-- multi-word modifier 
          (ADJ^N bli+de))                       with phrase label

(ADJP-NOM (ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV $wel))
	  (ADJ^N gerad))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV ungefr+aglice))
	      (ADJ^N good))


Modification by extent NPs

Adjectives may also be modified by NPs of extent (ten miles long), which are genitive when it is possible to tell. Because many numbers are not labelled for case (see Case on numbers) these extent NPs are often not labelled for case either. See also Number as head or modifier and NPs of extent. Comparative adjectives are modified by dative NPs of extent (see also Comparative adjectives with instrumental determinters/quantifiers)
(NODE (ADJP-NOM (NP-GEN-EXT (Q^G manegra) (N^G mila))
                (ADJ^N lang))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_15:41.2163)) 

(NODE (ADJP-ACC (NP-GEN-EXT (NUM eahta) (N^G fota))
                (ADJ^A bradne))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:9.46.2.392)) 

(NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-EXT (NUM L)  <-- no case when no case on number
                            (NP-GEN (N^G furlanga)))
                    (ADJ^N long))
      (ID coalex,Alex:28.3.327)) 

(NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^D twam) (N^D f+a+dmum)) <-- dative extent
                    (ADJR^N l+angre)                             with comparative
                    (PP (P +tonne)
                        (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
                                        (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N imet))
                                        (BEDS were)))))
      (ID corood,LS_5_[InventCrossNap]:368.358)) 

(NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-DAT-EXT (NUMP-DAT (NUM xii) (NUM^D +dusendum))
                                (NP-GEN (N^G si+da)))
                    (ADJR^N beorhtran)
                    (PP (P +donne)
                        (CP-CMP-SPE (WADJP-1 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
                                                   (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (Q^G ealles) (N^G middangeardes))
                                                           (N^N eor+de))))))
      (ID cosolsat2,Sol_II:50.51)) 


Comparative adjectives with instrumental determinters/quantifiers

An instrumental determiner/quantifier with a comparative adjective is taken as a modifier. When the determiner/quantifier occurs alone it does not project a phrase, as usual; when modified (only in the case of quantifiers) it projects a QP labelled dative (see Dative and instrumental case) with the extended label for extent (-EXT) (see Modification by extent NPs). A genitive determiner +D+AS, if present, is taken as an independent modifier.
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +te) (ADJR^N trumre))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +te) (ADJR^N geleaffulra))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^G +t+as) (D^I +te) (ADJR^N woddran)) <-- genitive and 
                                                          instrumental
(ADJP-ACC (Q^I mycele) (ADJR^A lengran))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (Q^I micle) (ADJR^N +a+delra))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV sua) (Q^I micle))
	      (ADJR^N beteran))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV sua) (Q^I micle))
	      (ADJR^N sorgfulra))


Complements of adjectives

While argument NPs are distinguished from adjuncts at the IP-level by the -ADT label (see Arguments vs. adjuncts), this distinction is harder to make reliably in phrasal constituents, and we therefore do not attempt to do so. NPs and PPs within ADJPs will commonly be complements of the adjective, but this is not necessarily the case.
( (CODE <T03040007600,272>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (VBDI com)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N cempa) 
                      (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N uncu+d)
                                (NP-DAT (PRO^D us) (Q^D eallum))) <-- NP complement 
                      (, ,)                                           of ADJ
                      (PTP-NOM (ADVP (ADV swi+te))
                               (VBN^N gew+apnod)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:272.627))

(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
	      (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
	      (VBDS l+age)
	      (PP (P on)
		  (NP-DAT (N^D sl+ape)))
	      (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N hal) 
			(NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (N^D limum)))) <-- NP adjunct of ADJ
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[+Athelthryth]:90.4200))

In copular clauses it can be particularly difficult to determine whether a dative NP is a complement of an adjectival predicate or an adjunct (e.g., dative of interest, etc.). By default, in copular clauses with a dative and a predicate adjective, the dative is put at IP-level. Again by default all such datives are labelled as arguments rather than adjuncts; i.e., they do not have an -ADT label. Note that this only applies to copular clauses. In all other environments a dative may appear as the complement of an adjective within the ADJP.
( (CODE <T03020009900,215>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Witodlice))
          (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N arleasan))
          (BEPI beo+d)
          (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (ADJ^D yfelum) (N^D weorcum))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gelice))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:215.170))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D hl+afdige))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N holde) (CONJ and) (ADJ^N getrywe))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:44.217))

Genitives on the other hand are always taken as complements of the adjective and included in the ADJP. Adjectives that take genitive or dative (e.g. WYR+TE) are treated in ambiguous cases, that is, with a gen/dat ambiguous complement, as taking genitive. The NP is therefore labelled genitive and put inside the ADJP. Complements that are acc/gen/dat or acc/dat ambiguous are unlabelled for case in the usual way.
(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
	      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (BEDI w+as)
	      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G bealwes))
			    (ADJ^N full)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:394.1990))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N leahterfullan))
	      (NEG+BEDI n+aron)
	      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NEG+Q^G nanre) (N^G miltsunge)) <-- gen/dat ambiguous complement labelled genitive
			    (ADJ^N wur+de)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:738.6449))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G kyninges))
                              (N^N sunu))
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                  (BEPI is)
                  (, ,)
                  (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N ancenned)
                            (NP (PRO$ his) (N f+ader))) <-- acc/gen/dat amb.
                  (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Thomas]:80.7603)) 


Superlative adjectives plus genitive

Superlative adjectives may take a genitive complement.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N morberian))
	      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
	      (BEPI is)
	      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G metta))
			    (ADJS^N leofost)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:574.5216))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (VBI ara)
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A me)
                      (ADJP-ACC (ADJS^A unges+aligost) 
                                (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G wifa))))
              (. ,)) (ID coblick,HomS_26_[BlHom_7]:89.120.1145))


NUM + WINTRE/GEARE (adjective)

Adjectives ending in WINTRE/GEARE (ANWINTRE, TWELFWINTRE) meaning x years old, are somewhat problematic because the numbers are often separated from the rest of the adjective. They are treated as follows. When all the numbers are attached to -WINTRE:
(ADJP (ADJ twelfwintre))

When all the numbers are separated:
(ADJP (NUM 4) (ADJ wintre))

(ADJP (NUMP (NUM 4) (CONJ and) (NUM 20))
      (ADJ wintre))

When some numbers are attached and some are not, the whole is treated as an elision structure with wintre elided:
(ADJP (ADJP (NUM fif))   <--- fif [wintre]
      (CONJP (CONJ &)
             (ADJP (ADJ sixtigwintre))))


(ADJP (ADJP (ADJ sixtigwintre))
      (CONJP (CONJ &)
             (ADJP (NUM fif))))   <--- fif [wintre]

The same construction occurs with GEARE and NIHTE.
(ADJP-NOM (NUMP (NUM an) (CONJ and) (NUM twentig))
	  (ADJ^N geare))

(NODE (IP-INF (VB acwellan)
              (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (D^A +ta) (N^A hysecild)
                      (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G burhscire))
                      (PP (P fram)
                          (NP-DAT (ADJ^D twywintrum) (N^D cilde)))
                      (PP (P o+d)
                          (NP-DAT (ADJP-DAT (NUM^D anre) (ADJ^D nihte))))))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_5:219.72.957)) 


Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are labelled as adjectives. As with the "wintre" adjectives they are often made up of more than a single word (e.g. four and twentieth). In this case each part of the ordinal is labelled literally with the appropriate pos tag (NUM, CONJ, ADJ) and the whole is labelled ADJP. The numbers are not case-marked as usual with compound numbers of this type. Occasionally, as in the final examples, more than one part is ordinal although only a single number is intended.
(NODE (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as)
	      (ADJP-GEN (NUM feower) (CONJ and) (ADJ^G hundneogantigan))
	      (N^G sealmes))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:43.68.7.837))
 
(NODE (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N hundteontige+da))
		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
			     (NP-NOM (D^N se)
				     (ADJP-NOM (NUM eahta) (CONJ and) (ADJ^N +trittige+ta)))))
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N hundteontige+da))
			     (CONJP (CONJ and)
				    (NP-NOM (D^N se)
					    (ADJP-NOM (NUM +treo) (CONJ and) (ADJ^N feowertige+da))))))
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N hundteontige+da))
			     (CONJP (CONJ and)
				    (NP-NOM (D^N se)
					    (ADJP-NOM (NUM feower) (CONJ and) (ADJ^N feowertige+ta)))))))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:18.43.18.564)) 

(NODE (NP-DAT (D^D +dam)
	      (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D hundteontige+dan) (CONJ and) (ADJ^D nigonteo+dan))  <-- 119th psalm 
	      (N^D sealme))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:18.42.20.557))

(NODE (XP (PP (P fram)
	      (NP-DAT (D^D +dam)    <-- 117th
		      (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D hundteontige+tan) (CONJ and) (ADJ^D seofonteo+dan))))
	  (PP (P o+d)
	      (NP-ACC (D^A +tone)   <-- 127th 
		      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A hundteontige+dan) (CONJ and) (NUM seofon) (CONJ and) (ADJ^A twentige+dan)))))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:18.43.8.562)) 


Predicate adjectives

Possessive pronouns labelled ADJP


Predicate adjectives have the extended label -PRD like other predicates.

( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N Wundorlic))
              (BEPI is)
              (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D halgum)))
              (. ;)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:19.10))

( (CODE <T03340008000,292>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (BEPH Beo)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swi+te) (ADJ^N anr+ade))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Thomas]:292.7731))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (BEI bi+d)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gearwe))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (N fulluhte)))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D fullum) (N^D geleafan)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Thomas]:246.7706))


Possessive pronouns labelled ADJP

First and second person personal possessive pronouns, although tagged PRO$, are inflected as adjectives, and thus when they act as predicates they are labelled as ADJPs.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
			  (C 0)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
				      (BEPI bi+d)
				      (ADVP (ADV swa))
				      (VBN geopenad)))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
              (BEPI bi+d)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T si+d+tan))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (PRO$^N ure))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:333.673))

3rd person possessives, on the other hand, outside of possessive use are labelled as genitive pronouns.


Non-predicate adjectives

When adjectives are neither part of an NP nor acting as predicates, they are given a phrase label and appear at IP-level. Such adjectives may function in a number of ways (secondary predicate, result, etc.), or simply be separated modifiers but we do not make any distinctions among them. In order to make the relationship clear between separated adjectives and their heads, both are case-marked, even in cases where normally one or both of the words individually would be considered ambiguous and not labelled. This applies generally to modifiers apart from participles of naming.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N mann))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N gesundful))
          (VBDI aras)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:359.1427))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
          (VBD afedde)
          (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A unafunden)) <-- not inflected, but labelled for
          (PP (P o+d)                      case from HINE
              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:480.796))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
		  (NP-ACC (PRO^A me))  <-- normally ambiguous, but here
		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))   labelled from GESUNDNE
		  (VBPI gesihst)
		  (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A gesundne))
		  (PP (P of)
		      (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D fyre)))))
 (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:322.1137))




Participle Phrase (PTP)

Table of contents


All phrases headed by a participle that is not part of the main verb sequence (i.e., not part of a periphrastic passive or perfect verb sequence) are labelled PTP. Reliably distinguishing the different functions of such phrases in all cases is extremely difficult, and thus PTP is a formal not a functional label and PTPs fulfill a number of different functions including adjunct participials, absolutes, and some reduced relatives.

PTPs inherit case from the participial head in the usual way. All participles in PTPs are marked for case except the "naming" participles (GE)HATEN, (GE)CIGEN, (GE)CWEDEN, and (GE)NAMEN, which rarely inflect; likewise PTPs dominating such participles are not marked for case. Note that the way case is assigned to participles in PTPs is different from the way it is assigned when the participle is part of the verb sequence in an IP. See Case on participles.

( (CODE <T03060014900,461>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD +ateowde)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Sebastianus))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (N^D sw+afne)))
          (NP-DAT (NUM^D anre) (N^D wudewan)
                  (, ,)
                  (PTP (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Lucina)) <-- non-case-marked PTP
                       (VBN geciged))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (ADJP-NOM (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N +awf+ast)) 
                              (N^N man)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:461.1489))

PTPs are essentially sentential in their internal syntax. This means that unlike in ADJPs, for example, modifying adverbs have a phrasal label, adjunct NPs are labelled -ADT, etc. It also means that any NP without an ADT label within a PTP is an argument of the participle.

(ADJP-NOM (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N halig))

(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
        (BEDI w+as)
        (ADVP (ADV yfele))
        (VBN^N geborene))

(PTP-NOM (ADVP (ADV yfele))
         (VBN^N geborene))

(PTP-NOM (QP-DAT-ADT (Q^D micclum))    <-- adjunct
         (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))         <-- argument
         (VAG^N +tanciende))

PTPs which are contiguous to the NP which they modify are contained within that NP. If the head of the NP is a noun, this applies to both preceding and following PTPs; when the head is a pronoun, however, only following PTPs are put inside; preceding PTPs are at IP-level. PTPs that are not contiguous to the NP they modify are treated like ADJPs and not traced as long as they are case-marked. If they are not case-marked, however, they are traced in order to make the relationship clear.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (ADVP (ADV efne))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (VBD gesohte)
          (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (N^N wif)
                  (PTP-NOM (VAG^N biddende)
                           (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G +tingunge))
                           (PP (P to)
                               (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (ADJ^D ge+tungenum) (N^D ealdormen)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:169.563))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (N^N munecas)
		      (PTP-NOM (QP-DAT-ADT (Q^D micclum))
			       (VBN^N afyrhte)))
	      (BEDI wurdon)
	      (VBN^N awrehte)
	      (PP (P +durh)
		  (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ wodlican) (N stemne))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:315.1678))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI ferdon)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (NR Hierusalem)))
          (PTP-NOM (NP-ACC (N^A fulluht))
                   (VAG^N secende))             <-- PTP separated
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:54.480))

( (CODE <T06860006900,7.34.28>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)
                  (PTP-ACC (VBN^A gebundenne))) <-- PTP following pronoun
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
          (VBDI l+addon)
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:7.34.28.283))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (PTP-NOM (VAG^N re+dgiende))          <-- PTP preceding pronoun
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Libertinum))
          (VBDI sohton)
          (. ,)) (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:2.16.14.148))

( (CODE <T03040018800,566>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NUM^N AN) (ADJ^N +a+tele) (N^N l+ace)
                  (PTP *ICH*-1))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VAG wunigende)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D byrig)))
          (, ,)
          (PTP-1 (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N IOSEP))      <-- traced
                 (VBN gehaten))
          (, ,)
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N h+a+den) (CONJ and) (ADJ^N Iudeisc))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:566.859))

There is no PTP label in the PPCME2. Phrases headed by participles are either adjunct participials (IP-PPL), absolutes (IP-ABS), or reduced relatives (RRC).




Adverb Phrases (ADVP)

Modifiers of adverbs
Comparative adverbs with instrumental determinters/quantifiers
Adverbs taking NP complements
NEAH, GEHENDE, FEOR
Other adverbs taking datives
Superlative adverbs plus genitive
Subclasses of ADVPS (locative, temporal, directional)

Table of contents


Modifiers of adverbs

Comparative adverbs with instrumental determinters/quantifiers

It is sometimes difficult to decide when two adverbs appear in a row whether they form one or two constituents. This is especially true of temporal adverbs. The following list of adverbs are taken as potentially modifying adverbs and may be grouped with a following adverb within a single ADVP.
EFNE, FOR, FUL, GENOH, HWENE, NA, SWA, SWI+TE, TO, +TUS, UNGEMET
(ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV w+alhreowlice))

(ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah)) 

(ADVP (ADV for) (ADV wel))

(ADVP (ADV swy+de) (ADV rihtlice))

LANGE and HWENE with a temporal adverb, PP, or CP-ADV, is also taken as modifying.

(PP (PP (P on)
	(NP-DAT (N^D anginne)
		(NP-GEN (N^G Cristendomes))))
    (, ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ and) (ADV eac)
	   (ADVP-TMP (ADV lange) (ADV^T sy+d+dan))))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P Ymb)
                      (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A ilce)))
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                  (VBDI giddodest)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV hwene) (ADV^T +ar)))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:5.12.21.172)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D life)))
              (, .)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV lange) (ADV^T +ar))
              (VBDI +deowdon))
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_21:187.224.4137)) 

All other possible combinations are labelled separately when they are written separately. When written as one word they are labelled as one word. These include such common pairs as:
+TA +GIET, NU +GIET, +T+AR INN(E), +TA SONA
( (CODE <T03060007500,247>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (QP-NOM (Q^N begen))
          (VBDI begyrndon)
          (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hi))
          (ADVP (ADV caflice))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:247.1357))

( (CODE <T03130007800,231>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
          (MDD wolde)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T git))
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A wundra))
          (VB geswutelian)
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A anr+ade) (N^A wif)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:231.2834))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T iu))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (BEPI eom)
              (VBN beclypt)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D cl+anum) (N^D earmum)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:45.1739))


Comparative adverbs with instrumental determinters/quantifiers

An instrumental determiner/quantifier with a comparative adverb is taken as a modifier. When the determiner/quantifier occurs alone it does not project a phrase as usual; when modified (only in the case of quantifiers) it projects a QP labelled dative (see Dative and instrumental case) with the extended label for extent (-EXT).
(ADVP (D^I +ty) (ADVR ea+d))

(ADVP (D^I +de) (ADVR ra+dor))

(ADVP (Q^I micle) (ADVR +a+telicor))

(ADVP (Q^I myccle) (ADVR +tearlwislicor)

(ADVP (Q^I ealle) (D^I +te) (ADVR swy+tor))

(ADVP (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV swa) (Q^I micle))
      (ADVR swi+dor))

(ADVP (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV ful) (Q^I lytle))
      (D^I +ty) (ADV bet))


Adverbs taking NP complements

NEAH, GEHENDE, FEOR
Other adverbs taking datives
Superlative adverbs plus genitive


NEAH, GEHENDE, FEOR

Although NEAH, GEHENDE, and FEOR act in some ways like prepositions in that they appear to take dative complements, they are also modified by such adverbs as SWA, SWI+DE, etc. in a non-prepositional way. We have therefore labelled these three words as adverbs when they do not appear as part of an NP or are not overtly inflected (in which case they are labelled as adjectives). A dative which goes with the adverb is included within the ADVP. The default labelling for cases where the expected inflection is zero is to take them as locative adverbs unless they occur within an NP. This includes the copular case. NEAN and FEORRAN are labelled as directional adverbs. NEAH/NEAN meaning nearly is labelled simply ADV.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +tysre) (N^G worulde))
		      (N^N geendung))
	      (BEPI is)
	      (ADVP-LOC (ADV swy+de) (ADV^L gehende)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Memory_of_Saints]:225.3457))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Petrus))
	      (BEDI w+as)
	      (PP (P on)
		  (NP (NR Liddan)))
	      (, ,)
	      (ADVP-LOC (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D lande))
			(ADV swa) (ADV^L gehende)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:59.2302))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
		  (ADVP-LOC (ADV wel) (ADV^L neah)
			    (NP-DAT *ICH*-1))
		  (VBDI stodan)
		  (NP-DAT-1 (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D bearwum))
			    (CONJP (CONJ &)
				   (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D godsprecum)))))
      (ID coalex,Alex:37.1.468))

(NODE (CP-THT (C +t+at)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N foreweardas))
		      (BEDI w+aron)
		      (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L feor)
				(NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (N^D f+astenne))) 
		      (VBN^N gesette)))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_4:10.106.17.2222))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (ADVP (ADV +teahhw+a+dere))
              (NEG ne)
              (VBP fare)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
              (ADVP-LOC (ADV to) (ADV^L feor))
              (. :)) (ID cootest,Exod:8.28.2672))

Combinations like +T+AR NEAH are parsed as follows:
(ADVP-LOC (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
	  (ADV^L neah))


Other adverbs taking datives

Adverbs with an adjectival counterpart that takes dative (GELIC, GECWEMLIC, etc.) may also take dative complements.
(ADVP (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))
      (ADV gecwemlice))

(ADVP (NP-DAT (ADJ^D halgum))
      (ADV gelice))


Superlative adverbs plus genitive

Superlative adverbs commonly take genitive complements, but may also takes datives
(ADVP (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra))
      (ADVS swi+dust))

(ADVP-TMP (ADVS^T +arest)
          (NP-GEN (NR^G Ongolcyninga)))

(ADJP (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))
      (ADJS^N leofost))


Subclasses of ADVPs (locative, temporal, directional)

A limited number of types of adverb are distinguished, locative (-LOC), temporal (-TMP), and directional (-DIR). These functions are marked on the part-of-speech label, and percolate up to the phrase level. For the most part these are closed classes, although sometimes a word may belong to more than one class (e.g., BEFORE may be temporal or locative), and in unclear cases are often left unlabelled. For details, see the POS manual: Adverbs.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T symble))  <-- temporal ADVP
                  (BE beon)
                  (PP (P +atforan)
                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N gesih+de))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:13.1219))

( (CODE <T03060001500,40>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +T+ar))           <-- locative ADVP
          (VBDI comon)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N magas))) 
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:40.1234))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D +tyder))          <-- directional ADVP
          (VBDI comon)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D mycelre) (N^D sarnyssa)))
          (CP-FRL-LOC (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +t+ar))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N suna))
                              (BEDI w+aron)
                              (VBN^N geh+afte)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:34.1232))

( (CODE <T03070000500,15>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
              (NP-ACC (Q^A sumne) (N^A s+al)))
          (VBD eode)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (NR^N Maurus))
          (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D ham))             <-- HAM as directional ADVP
          (PP (P to)
              (PP (NP-DAT (N^D mynstre))
                  (P weard)))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D gebro+drum)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:15.1505))




Quantifier Phrase (QP)

Quantifiers as heads or modifiers
Floated quantifiers
Adverbial use of quantifiers
QPs of extent
Uninflected EALL

Table of contents

Modifying quantifiers appear on both sides of the head, even with pronouns (unlike adjectives), and as such single quantifiers do not project a phrase in either position with either nominal or pronominal heads, although the following position is most common with pronouns and the preceding most common with nouns.
(NP-NOM (PRO^N hi) (Q^N ealle))        <-- Q following

(NP-DAT (PRO^D us) (Q^D eallum))

(NP-GEN (PRO^G ure) (Q^G ealra))

(NP-DAT (N^D lande) (Q^D gehwilcum))

(NP-ACC (N^A +ahta) (Q^A micle))

(NP-NOM (N^N monn) (Q^N hwa))

(NP-NOM (Q^N Sume) (PRO^N hi))         <-- Q preceding

(NP-NOM (Q^N Ealle) (PRO^N ge))

(NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (PRO^D us))

(NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (N^A gesceafta))   

(NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G fisca))

(NP-NOM (Q^N Ealle) (N^N +ting))


Quantifiers as heads or modifiers

Like numbers, quantifiers either modify nominals (i.e. agree in case) or take genitive complements. For ambiguous cases, the rule is that the undeclinable quantifiers FELA, MA, L+AS and LYT take genitives, while all others are taken as modifiers. This follows the majority pattern, although there are clear cases which go against it in both directions.
(NP (Q ma)                        <-- uninflected Q with genitive by default
    (NP-GEN (N^G suna)))

(NP-NOM (Q^N manige) (N^N suna))  <-- inflected Q agreeing by default

(NP (Q fela)
    (NP-GEN (N^G synna)))

(NP-NOM (Q^N manega) (N^N synna))

(NP-NOM (Q Fela) (ADJ^N dyslice) (N^N d+ada)) <-- uninflected Q agreeing

(NP-ACC (Q fela) (N^A +ting))

(NP-DAT (Q feala) (N^D estmettum))


(NP-DAT (Q^D sumum)                           <-- inflected Q with genitive
	(NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G godspella)))

(NP-ACC (Q^A eall)
	(NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (RP+VBN^G fores+adan) (N^G scire)))

(NP-DAT (Q^D eallum)
	(NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G synna)))


Floated quantifiers

Like other separated modifiers, floated quantifiers are labelled with QP and case but are not traced to their head noun.
( (CODE <T03060004300,148>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
          (BEDI wurdon)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (QP-NOM (Q^N ealle))
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A wundra)))
          (VBN^N onbryrde)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:148.1298))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Philippus))
	      (VBD aflygde)
	      (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A cristenan))
	      (PP (P of)
		  (NP (NR Alexandrian)))
	      (QP-ACC (Q^A ealle))
	      (PP (P on)
		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:30.208))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (MDD wolde)
	      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
	      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N hold))
	      (BE beon)
	      (QP-DAT (Q^D eallum)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:230.1630))


Adverbial use of quantifiers

Inflected quantifiers used adverbially are labelled QP-case-ADT. Uninflected quantifiers like MA, LYT, L+AS, FELA and NAHT are labelled QP-ADT. The quantifier may be bare or modified. See Case on quantifiers for how "inflected" is defined in this context.
(QP-GEN-ADT (Q^G ealles))

(QP-DAT-ADT (ADV swa) (Q^D mycclum))

(QP-ADT (Q ma))

(QP-ADT (NEG+Q naht))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (QP-ADT (NEG+Q naht))   <-- adverbial quantifier, no case
          (NEG ne)
          (VBD derode)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N deofollica) (N^N w+ata))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[George]:73.3116))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
              (NEG+MDPI nella+d)
              (QP-ADT (NEG+Q nateshwon))
              (NP-RFL (PRO us))
              (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
              (RP+VB totweman)
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:66.230))

( (CODE <T03060003600,118>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (AXDI ongunnon)
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N magas))
          (QP-DAT-ADT (Q^D mycclum))  <-- adverbial quantifier, dative
          (VB behreowsian)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
                          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A martyras))
                          (VB misl+aran)
                          (MDDI woldon)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:118.1282))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (PP (P on)
		  (NP-DAT (N^D life)))
	      (QP-ACC-ADT (Q^A lytel))   <-- adverbial quantifier, accusative
	      (VBDI swanc)
	      (PP (P for)
		  (NP-DAT (NR^D Criste))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_17:119.2420)) 


QPs of extent

The function "extent" is only annotated on phrases used as modifiers of other categories, never at IP-level. Extent phrases at IP-level are labelled as ordinary adjuncts. Extent phrases are always NPs or QPs and mostly modify adjectives, adverbs, quantifiers, PPs, and adverbial clauses (CP-ADV). See also Instrumental determiners and quantifiers with comparative.
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV Swa) (Q^I mycele))
	      (ADJR^N deorewur+dre))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV swa) (Q^I micle))
	      (ADJR^N ea+dmodra))

(NP-ACC (QP-ACC (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV swa) (Q^I miccle))
		(QR^A maran))
	(N^A edlean))

(ADVP (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV swa) (Q^I micle))
      (ADVR swi+dor))


Uninflected EALL

When EALL is uninflected it may either modify a nominative noun of any gender or a neuter accusative or be used adverbially. It is extremely difficult to distinguish these two cases in some instances. We have adopted the following strategy for these cases.
  • EALL immediately preceding a head with which it could agree, is taken as modifying that head
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N eall) 
                      (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G m+adenes)) 
                      (N^N mod))
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (VBN ameldod)
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:63.227))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N eall) (D^N seo) (N^N m+ag+d))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D mode)))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (VBN astyred)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:104.250))
    
    
  • EALL in all other positions (including immediately following a head with which it could agree) is labelled QP and put at IP-level. Note that the QP is not further specified with either case or an -ADT label in order to indicate its unclear status.
    ( (CODE <T03060009700,299>)
      (IP-MAT (PP (P +After)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +tysum) (N^D worde)))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (QP (Q eall))
              (VBN geh+aled)
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:299.1391))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBDI fleow)
              (QP (Q eall))
              (NP-DAT-ADT (N^D blode))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:163.1585))
    
    ( (CODE <T03030004200,138>)
      (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A re+de) (N^A attor)
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
              (QP (Q eall))
              (RP ut)
              (VBDI aspaw)
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-2 (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                (NP-DAT (PRO^D hyre))
                                (VBD d+arede))) 
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:138.272))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD ar+arde)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A mynster))
              (QP (Q eall))
              (PP (P be)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Maures))
                          (N^D r+ade)))
              (PP (P wi+d)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (Q^A mycclan) (N^A ea)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
                                          (VBPI hata+d)
                                          (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-PRD (NR Liger)))))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:157.1581))
    
    
In the PPCME2 QPs do not occur at IP-level; rather they are always contained within an NP.




Number Phrase (NUMP)

Number as head or modifier
Separated numbers
The number AN
Complex number expressions
NUMPs as predicates

Table of contents

A number phrase consists of either a multi-word number or a number modified in some way. The NUMP label is used largely as a convenience to group together single numbers when they are written as multiple words. In this case NUMP has little if any linguistic validity and does not follow the usual rules for phrases (General parsing principles). Rather all the members of such a NUMP are sisters. Numbers are sometimes modified, however, (almost ten, about thirty, etc.) and such modifiers are included in the NUMP. As usual, single-word modifiers do not have a phrasal label but multi-word modifiers do.
(NUMP (NUM feower) (CONJ and) (NUM twentig))

(NUMP (ADV wel) (NUM hundseofontig))

(NUMP-ACC (FP huru) (NUM^A +dry))

(NUMP (Q fela) (NUM +tusend))

(NUMP-NOM (Q^N sume) (NUM twa) (NUM +tusend))

(NUMP (Q^G ealles) (NUM fiftyne)) 

When split, multi-word numbers are treated as cases of word-level conjunction. This follows from the fact that NUMP is just a notational convenience to group numbers.
(NP-NOM (NUMP (NUM twentig) (NUM +tusend)
              (CONJP *ICH*-2))
        (NP-GEN (N^G manna))
        (CONJP-2 (CONJ and) (NUM six) (NUM $hundred)))

Note in particular the position of the genitive complement (NP-GEN) in relation to the NUMP when present. The NUMP in this case is simply a notational device to group the number and the whole number is really the head, just as in the example with a single-word number.
(NP-ACC (NUM^A anne) (N^A stan))

(NP-NOM-PRD (NUMP (NUM twa) (CONJ and) (NUM hundseofontig)) 
            (N^N geare))

(NP-NOM (NUM^N +try) 
        (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G wyrhtena)))

(NP-NOM (NUMP (NUM an) (NUM hund))     <-- NUMP and NP-GEN sisters
        (NP-GEN (N^G muneca)))


Number as head or modifier

Numbers either modify nouns or take nominal complements in the genitive. In ambiguous cases, i.e., when a numeral without overt case is followed by a noun in -A which could be gen.pl. or nom/acc.pl, the following policy is used, which uses the majority pattern as a default.
For the rules for case-marking on numbers, see Case on numbers.


Separated numbers

When the number phrase modifies an NP from which it is separated, like other modifiers it is labelled NUMP-case, if appropriate; if it is case-marked it is not traced to its head.

( (CODE <T06630011300,8.122.10>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NR^N Romane))
                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
          (RP+VBN ofslagen)
          (NUMP-NOM (NUM eahtatig) (NUM^N +tusenda))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
                   (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N consul))
                           (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (NUM^N twegen) (N^N suna)))))
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_5:8.122.10.2580))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
	      (ADVP (ADV bealdlice))
	      (NUMP-NOM (NUM^N twegen))
	      (PP (P to)
		  (NP-DAT (N^D anwige)))
	      (VBDI eodon)
	      (PP (P on)
		  (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G ea))
		      (N brycge))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Exalt_of_Cross]:52.5595))

( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ ond)
		    (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N ban))
		    (BEPI syndon)
		    (NUMP-NOM (NUM^N healfe))
		    (PP (P on)
			(NP-DAT (NR^D Scottum))))
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT=0 (NUMP-NOM (NUM^N healfe))
		     (PP (P on)
			 (NP-DAT (NR^D Gl+astingabyrig)))
		     (PP (P on)
			 (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR Sancta) (NR^G Marian))
				 (N^D mynstre))))
          (. .)) (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:Au31,A.6.1618))


The number AN

Note that AN is always labelled as a number, even when it means alone. But see Focus particles for weak ANA used as a focus particle.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
			  (C 0)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
				      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
				      (VBPI onscunast)))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N wit))
              (VBPI cwe+da+t)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
              (NUMP-NOM (NUM^N an)) 
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:77.2056))


Complex number expressions

The syntax of complex number expressions, such as +tridde healf hund, twam l+as feowertigum, anes wana +trittigum, etc. is often fairly opaque. We have therefore not tried to parse these expressions but have used the following strategy. The parts of the expression are labelled literally at the word level and the whole expression is then contained in a NUMP.
Two expressions involving numbers not done as number phrases are ma +tonne xxx and +dridde eac +drittigum. The former is a QP and the latter an ADJP.
(NP (QP (QR ma)
	(PP (P +tonne)
	    (NP (NUMP (NUM twa) (NUM hund)))))
    (NP-GEN (N^G punda)))

(NP-NOM (QP (QR ma)
	    (PP (P +tonne)
		(NUMP (NUM fif))))
	(N^N hlafas))

(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
              (BEPS beo)
              (NP-NOM (QP (QR l+as)
			  (PP (P +tonne)
			      (NP (NUM seofon))))))
      (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:1.2.223.319)) 

(NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N feor+da)  <-- 44th from Augustus
		    (PP (P eac)
			(NP-DAT (NUM^D feowertigum)))
		    (PP (P fram)
			(NP-DAT (NR^D Agusto)
				(NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam) (N^D casere)))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:9.42.24.361))



NUMPs as predicates

In general NUMPs are dominated by NPs at clause level, but as predicates they are labelled NUMP. Note that this only applies to bare numbers and not to numbers with genitive complements, which are labelled as NPs. If the number is case-marked, it is labelled NUMP-NOM-PRD. Non-case-marked numbers are simply labelled NUMP-PRD (see Predicates).
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NUMP-NOM-PRD (NUM^N an))
              (ADVP (ADV so+dlice))
              (BEPI is)
              (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO^G ure) (Q^G ealra))
                      (NR^N $Drihten)
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G +teoda))
                                  (N^N cyning))
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
				  (C +de)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					      (FP ana)
					      (BEPI is)
					      (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N scyppend)))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_27:59.3964))

( (CODE <T06420029200,8.9>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So+dlice))
          (NP-NOM (D^N +ta)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                          (C +de)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +tar))
                                  (VBDI +aton))))
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (NUMP-PRD (NUM fif) (NUM +tusend))  <-- no case
          (. ;)) (ID cowsgosp,Mk_[WSCp]:8.9.2727))

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *pro*)
          (NUMP-NOM-PRD (NUM^N Twelfe))
          (BEDI $w+aron)
          (, ,)
          (ADJP-NOM (NP-DAT (N^D d+adum))
                    (ADJ^N domf+aste))
          (, ,)
          (PTP-NOM (NP-DAT-ADT (NR^D dryhtne)) 
                   (VBN^N gecorene))
          (, ,)
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N leofe)
                    (PP (P on)
                        (NP-DAT (N^D life))))
          (. .)) (ID cocynew,51.4.8))




Noun Phrases (NP)

Prehead modification of pronouns
Posthead modification
Separated modifiers
Possessive pronouns labelled NP
Appositives
Appositives headed by a determiner (case attraction)
Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction
Compound nouns
Proper names
Personal names and names of peoples
Personal names with titles
Place names
Temporal names

Table of contents

Prehead modification of pronouns

In general pronouns are not premodified except by quantifiers, but there is one case of premodification with SELF. Like all prehead modification modifiers in this position do not project a phrase.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (ADJ^N selfe) (PRO^N hy))  <-- only eg.
          (VBDI forwurdan) 
          (. .)) (ID cowulf,WHom_20.3:184.1860))


Posthead modification

With nouns modifiers have equal status whichever side of the head they appear on. Thus single adjectives appearing before and after the noun are treated the same and not given a phrase label. This applies to quantifiers and numbers as well as adjectives. See also Modifiers.
(NP-NOM (ADJ^N adj1) (N^N noun) (ADJ^N adj2))

(NODE (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N rice) (ADJ^N sta+tolf+ast))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_4:21.528)) 

(NODE (NP-NOM-VOC (N^N Hlaford) (ADJ^N leof))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_6:87.922)) 

(NODE (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (N^A +ting) (ADJ^A f+agere))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_9:36.1321)) 

(NODE (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N H+alend) (ADJ^N sylf))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_9:104.1346)) 

(NODE (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A olfend) (ADJ^A gehalne))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_14:162.2091)) 


Note that this policy is followed in all cases, although there is often an alternative analysis, sometimes with a more plausible reading, in which a following adjective is in fact a secondary predicate or adjective of result or the like. The strength of the alternative reading, however, is often a direct result of the position of the adjective, a fact which we try to ignore in our decisions. In the first example below, both the modifier reading the sorrowful king went to the well, and a secondary predicate reading the kind went, grieved, to the well both work well. In the second example, on the other hand, the secondary predicate reading seems better he desires that his fiancee should come to him undefiled rather than his undefiled fiancee should come to him. Thus the status of all post-head adjectives with noun heads is not necessarily equivalent.
( (CODE <T03570013500,484>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Eft))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A seofo+dan) (N^A d+ag)))
          (VBD eode)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N cyning) (ADJ^N sarig))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D sea+de)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_22:484.3594))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
		  (MDP wyle)
		  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N m+aden) (ADJ^N ungewemmed)) 
					  (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
					      (P to))
					  (VBPS cume))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_20:102.2987))

With pronouns, however, adjectives only appear following the head (with one exception, see Prehead modification of pronouns) and project a phrase in this position. The common case of this construction is a pronoun plus SELF, but other types occur.
(NP-NOM (PRO^N pronoun)
	(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N adj)))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ o+d+de)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi)
                  (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfe)))
          (MDDI sceoldon)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (BE beon)
          (VBN^N geoffrode)
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:369.413))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-x *exp*) 
		  (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N Wa))
		  (BEPI is)
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D me) 
			  (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D earmum)))
		  (CP-THT-SPE-x (C +t+at)
                                (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
					    (BEPI eom)
					    (RP+VBN oferswy+ted)
					    (PP (P fram)
						(NP-DAT (D^D +tysum) (ADJ^D halgum) (N^D werum))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:222.2621))

Note that this differs from the PPCME2 where posthead modifiers are always given a phrasal tag.



Separated modifiers

When a modifier is separated from a head with which it agrees, it is given a phrase label and appears at IP-level. In order to make the relationship clear between separated modifiers and their heads, both are case-marked, even in cases where normally one or both of the words individually would be considered ambiguous and not labelled. See also Non-predicate adjectives, and, for an exception to this rule participles of naming.
( (CODE <T03060004300,148>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
          (BEDI wurdon)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (QP-NOM (Q^N ealle))
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A wundra)))
          (VBN^N onbryrde)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:148.1298))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N mann))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N gesundful))
          (VBDI aras)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:359.1427))

Separated possessive pronouns are labelled as ADJPs. Those that are case marked (non-third person) are treated as other modifiers and not traced.



Possessive pronouns labelled NP

The 3rd person possessives (HIS, HIRE, HEORA, etc.) like other possessive pronouns are labelled PRO$, but are not labelled for case since they do not inflect. Outside of possessive use, they are labelled as genitive pronouns (PRO^G). This applies in four cases:

  • when used as complement genitives, usually to quantifiers
    (NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO^G heora))
    			  (Q^N +ag+der))
    		  (VBPI onscuna+d)
    		  (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+der)))
          (ID coboeth,Bo:16.38.11.696))
    
    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-2 (PRO^G his))
    	      (NEG ne)
    	      (MDD mihte)
    	      (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N man))
    	      (VB witan)
    	      (NP-ACC (NP-GEN *ICH*-2)
    		      (NEG+Q^A nan) (N^A gemet)))
          (ID cootest,Gen:41.47.1703))
    
    
  • when used as predicates
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
                  (CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +d+at))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                                      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N dead))
                                      (BEPI bi+d)))
                  (BEPI bi+t)
                  (NP-GEN-PRD (PRO^G his))
                  (. .)) (ID cootest,Exod:21.33.3256))
    
    
  • when conjoined with a genitive NP
    (NODE (IP-SUB (CP-ADV *ICH*-1)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                  (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
                                  (CONJP *ICH*-2))
                          (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A feor+dan) (N^A d+al)
                          (CONJP-2 (CONJ &)
                                   (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G herehy+de))))
                  (PP (P for)
                      (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
                  (VBD gesealde))
          (ID cobede,Bede_4:18.306.22.3109))
    
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                  (VBP ahyrde)
                  (NP (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
                              (CONJP *ICH*-1)) 
                      (N heortan)
                      (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
                               (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G folces))))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV-SPE (C +t+at)
    			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
    				      (NEG+MDPI nella+d)
    				      (NP (PRO +de))
    				      (VB gehyran)))
                  (. .)) (ID cootest,Exod:10.1.2748))
    
    
  • when modified by SELF
    (NODE (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)
    	      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
    		      (C +te)
    		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
    			      (NP-GEN-RFL (PRO^G his)
    					  (ADJP-GEN (ADJ^G sylfes)))
    			      (VBPI rec+d))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:122.2765))
    
    


Appositives

Appositives headed by a determiner (case attraction)
Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction


Appositives are sisters of the head of the phrase to which they are appositive and are labelled -PRN. Most appositives are nominal, although other categories do occur; notably clausal appositives on a preceding determiner. See also Appositives and parentheticals. For case marking of appositives, see Case on appositives.

Note that the -PRN label is also used for parentheticals and glosses, which are generally matrix clauses (see Parenthetical matrix clauses) and in some elision structures (see Elision in conjoined clauses).

( (CODE <T03020008800,191>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (N^N apostol)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Paulus)))
          (RP+VBD totw+amde)
          (NP (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G gastes))
                      (CONJP *ICH*-1))
              (N naman)
              (CONJP-1 (CONJ and)
                       (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G modes))))
          (PTP-NOM (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                   (VAG^N cw+a+dende))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:191.151))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD bediglode)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A d+ada))
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D casere)
                  (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Dioclitiane))
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G deofles))
                                              (N^N biggencga)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1215))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD gefette)
          (NP-ACC (NUM^A +anne) (N^A m+assepreost)
                  (, ,)
                  (PTP (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Policarpus))
                       (VBN gehaten))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-ACC-PRN (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A halig)
                                        (CONJP *ICH*-1)) 
                              (N^A w+ar) 
                              (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (ADJ^A snotor))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A nigehwyrfedan))
                          (PP (P mid)
                              (NP-DAT (N^D fulluhte)))
                          (VBDS a+twoge)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:124.1287))

( (CODE <T03060004100,135>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +D+ara) (N^G martyra)
                          (NP-GEN-PRN *ICH*-1))
                  (N^N f+ader)
                  (NP-GEN-PRN-1 (NR^G Marcellianes) (CONJ and) (NR^G Marces)))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM endlyfan) (N^A gear)) 
          (PP (P +ar)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D fulluhte)))
          (VBN geuntrumed)
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (Q^A mycclan) (N^A fotadle))))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:135.1290))

The following are also treated as appositives (although this is not the only or in some cases the most likely analysis):
  • pronouns followed by a full NP (either immediately or separated); see also Left-dislocated NPs for a full NP resumed by a pronoun or Repeated pronouns for a pronoun resumed by a pronoun.
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (VBN gebletsod)
                  (BEPI is)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
                          (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N God)))
                  (. .)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:19.12))
    
    ( (CODE <T03030001700,54>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1))
              (VBDI f+ardon)
              (NP-NOM-PRN-1 (D^N +da) (NUM^N +try))) 
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:54.222))
    
    ( (CODE <T06590030100,10.29.26>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (NP-NOM-PRN-1 (D^N +ta) (N^N wif) (Q^N ealle))
              (ADVP (ADV tog+adere))
              (VBDI gecirdon)
              (. ,)) (ID coorosiu,Or_1:10.29.26.575))
    
    ( (CODE <T06860000400,0.26.2>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hit)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1))
              (BEPI is)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N welig))
              (NP-NOM-PRN-1 (D^N +tis) (N^N ealond))
              (PP (PP (P on)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D w+astmum)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (PP (P on)
                             (NP-DAT (N^D treowum)
                                     (NP-GEN (ADJ^G misenlicra) (N^G cynna))))))
              (. ;)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:0.26.2.181))
    
    
  • in sequences of titles/names for God, each is labelled as appositive on the first
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ ac)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                  (VBPI fara+d)
                  (PP (P to)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))
                  (PP (P to)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D h+alende)
                              (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Criste))))
                  (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:80.1261))
    
    (NODE (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO^N +du) 
    		  (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Drihten)) 
    		  (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N God))
    		  (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G gesceafta))
    			      (N^N scyppend)))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:62.4261))
    
    


Appositives headed by a determiner (case attraction)

In a small number of apparent SE +TE relatives, the determiner is not in the expected case, that is, that of the gap in the relative clause, but rather agrees in case with the antecedant. In the prose, rather than assume case attraction of the relativizer to the antecedant, all such cases are treated as appositives. Many cases of appositives headed by determiners are of this type, since the default is to treat such constructions as relatives as long as the case of the determiner is that of the gap in the clause.
(NP-DAT (antecedant)     
        (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam)
                    (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
			    (C +te)
			    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				    (...)))))

(NODE (PP (P to)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D so+dan) (N^D life)
		  (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam)
			      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
				      (C +te)
				      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					      (PP (P on)
						  (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))
					      (BEPI is))))))
      (. :)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:1.94.6.864))

( (CODE <T06660014500,7.17.17>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (HVP Habbe)
			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
			  (NP (PRO +te))
			  (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L awer))
			  (VBN benumen)
			  (NP-GEN (PRO$^G +tinra) (N^G gifena)
				  (NP-GEN-PRN (D^G +tara)
					      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
							  (C +de)
							  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
								      (PP (P from)
									  (NP (PRO me)))
								      (VBDI comon))))))
              (. ?)) (ID coboeth,Bo:7.17.17.273))

( (CODE <T02760005700,203.130>)
  (IP-MAT (QP-NOM-PRD (Q^N Micel))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                  (N^N mildheortnys))
          (PP (P ofer)
              (NP-DAT (N^D mancynne)
                      (, .)
                      (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam) 
                                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
                                          (C +de)
                                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                  (ADVP (ADV wel))
                                                  (MDPI willa+d))))))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_23:203.130.4509))


Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction

See Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction.



Compound Nouns

Although most compounds are written as single words in the Old English texts, occasionally they are written as two separate words with the first part uninflected. These are parsed with no internal structure and case indicated only on the second word.
     (NP-GEN (NR West) (NR^G Seaxna))

     (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N woruld) (N^D lufe))

     (NP-ACC (N winter) (N^A setl))

     (NP-ACC (N gang) (N^A dagas))

     (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N nor+t) (N^D s+a))

Note that we treat personal names precedes by SANCT- as compounds; that is, SANCT- is labelled NR but is never case-labelled since it does not inflect in a regular way.
     (NP-NOM (NR Sanctus) (NR^N Ecgbryht))

     (NP-NOM (NR Sancte) (NR^N Dunstan))

     (NP-GEN (NR Sanctus) (NR^G Agustinus)

     (NP-GEN (NR Sancte) (NR^G Gregories))

     (NP-DAT (NR Sancte) (NR^D Dunstane))

     (NP-GEN (NR Sancta) (NR^G Marian))

In addition to compounds there are only a few cases in which an NP node dominates more than one potential head:

  • NPs containing conjoined single Ns; these will also contain a conjunction (see Word-level conjunction).
         (NP (N noun) (CONJ &) (N noun))
    
         (NP-NOM (N^N dracon) (CONJ and) (N^N n+addran))
    
         (NP-NOM (N^N wop) (CONJ and) (N^N wanung))
    
         (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Marcus) (CONJ and) (NR^N Marcellianus))
    
    
  • proper names with a title: ALFRED CYNING, AUGUSTINUS MUNUC, etc.; in these NPs both Ns carry case labels
         (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+delbyrht) (N^N cyning))
    
         (NP-NOM (NR^N Laurentius) (N^N m+assepreost))
    
         (NP-NOM (NR Petrus) (N^N munuc))
    
    


Proper nouns

Personal names and names of peoples
Personal names with titles
Place names
Temporal names


Personal names and names of peoples

In general the names of people and peoples inflect fairly consistently according either to an English or Latin pattern. For the purposes of assigning case, personal names and names of peoples are treated like common nouns and case, whether English or Latin, is labelled, unless ambiguous, according to the usual rules.. When a personal name clearly is not inflected as expected in a given context (e.g., Lazarus in object position, alongside the expected Lazarum elsewhere in the text), it is treated as ambiguous and left unlabelled.

     (NP-NOM (NR^N Abram))
     (NP-ACC (NR^A Abram))
     (NP-GEN (NR^G Abrames))
     (NP-DAT (NR^D Abrame))

     (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (NR^N Brettas))
     (NP-ACC (NR^A Brettas))
     (NP-GEN (NR^G Bretta))
     (NP-DAT (NR^D Brettum))

     (NP-NOM (NR^N +Aquitius))
     (NP-ACC (NR^A +Aquitium))
     (NP-GEN (NR^G +Aquities))
     (NP-DAT (NR^D +Aquitie))


( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Eua))
          (VBD cende)
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (N^A firenlust)))
          (. .)) (ID BlHom,HomU_18_[BlHom_1]:1.5))

(NODE (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Euan))  <-- genitive by position
	      (N^N wop))
      (ID BlHom,HomU_18_[BlHom_1]:67.68))

( (CODE <T04560005600,123>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Drihten)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (N^N H+alend)))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VAG miltsiende)
          (NP (NR Euan))           <--- ambiguous
          (. ,)) (ID BlHom,HomS_26_[BlHom_7]:123.1145))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
		  (MDDI woldan)
		  (NP-ACC (NR^A Lazarum))    <-- accusative of Lazarus
		  (RP+VB ofslean))
      (ID BlHom,HomS_21_[BlHom_6]:192.960))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (MDDI woldan)
          (VB geseon)
          (NP (NR Lazarus)                   <--- uninflected name
              (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +tone))
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP-DAT (N^D dea+te)))
                              (VBD awehte))))
          (. .)) (ID BlHom,HomS_21_[BlHom_6]:61.852))


Personal names with titles

Personal names preceded, or more often followed, by an office or title such as CYNING, BISCEOP, MUNUC, ABBOD, etc. have no internal structure, but both parts are case-marked as appropriate. Note that all NPs with a preceding or following single noun of this type are treated this way, even when the noun is not particularly a "title" in the usual sense (e.g., martyr). Two exceptions are the use of SANCT-, always preceding a name: this is treated as part of a compound, since SANCT- does not inflect regularly in all texts, and foreign titles such as DUX, REX, etc. which are labelled FW.

     (NP-DAT (NR^D +Alfstane) (N^D bisceope)))

     (NP-NOM (NR^N Dauid) (N^N cynincg))

     (NP-NOM (NR^N Seuerus) (N^N casere)

     (NP-NOM (NR Sanctus) (NR^N Albanus) (N^N martir))

     (NP-DAT (NR^D +A+telbryhte) (FW rex))        <--- with foreign words
     (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+telhelm) (FW dux))

     (NP-NOM-VOC (N^N bro+dor) (NR^N Ecgberht))   <--- with preceding title

     (NP-NOM-PRN (N^N king) (NR^N Adelstan))

     (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (ADJ^G eadigre) (N^G gemynde))
                 (N^N papa) (NR^N Iohannes))

     (NP-NOM (NR Sancte) (NR^N Dunstan))         <--- with SANCT-

When the title is modified in any way, usually by a determiner, the title is labelled as an appositive.

(NP-NOM (NR^N Chromatius)
        (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N heahgerefa)))


Place names

The following sections apply only to the annotation of prose texts. In the poetry, all names are case-marked and parsed accordingly.

It can be quite difficult to determine the case of place names unless they contain a common second part which inflects (-CEASTER, -FELD, TUN, etc.), at least in part because of overlapping forms between place names and the names of peoples. The names of places therefore do not generally carry case labels, but are treated along the lines of foreign words.

Proper place names in isolation never have a case label. Nor are they case-marked in conjunction with case-marked material or when the appropriate case can be inferred from the construction (e.g., genitive); but note that in these cases the phrasal level carries the appropriate case.

(PP (P to)
    (NP (NR Antiochan)))

(PP (P to)
    (NP (NR Rome)))

(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A halgan) (NR Gerusalem)) 

(PP (P Be)
    (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (N|D gesetnysse)
                    (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR Breotene)) <--- case on phrase but not word
                            (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                                   (NP-GEN (NR Hibernia)
                                           (NP-GEN-PRN (NP-GEN (NR|G Scotta))
                                                       (N|G ealandes))))))))

When the name ends in a common noun, it is labelled for case according to the common part; in the usual way, if the common part is ambiguous for case, case is not added. Some common nouns as part of names do not inflect, and thus are never case-marked.

     (NP-ACC (NR^A Englaland))

     (NP-DAT (NR^D Bretonlande))

     (NP-DAT (NR^D Wippedesfleote))

     (NP-ACC (NR^A Cerdicesford))

     (PP (P in)                            
         (NP (NR Dorcesceastre)))         <--- ambiguous for case

     (PP (P +at)
         (NP (NR Wintanceastre)))

Another type sometimes clearly contains a genitive (NOR+TYMBRA LOND land of the Northumbrians, CERDICES ORAN Cerdic's shore), but the name is often ambiguous or potentially ambiguous (ASIA LAND, ROME BYRIG) or has no (?overt) inflection (MOAB LOND). Thus, while at one end of the scale are clear genitives of the names of people/peoples, and at the other are fairly clear compounds although written as two words (e.g., BRETON LAND, rather than inflected BRETONE LAND), in the middle are many unclear cases, either because inflection is absent or unidentifiable, or because it is unclear whether the name is that of a people or a place.

There is no good solution to this problem that is not seriously time-consuming and we have not been particularly successful in solving it. Our solution is a compromise in which all of these cases are given the external structure of an NP with a genitive complement, but the name itself may or may not be labelled for case, depending on whether it seems to be the name of a place or a people. In large numbers of cases this is difficult to determine, and, in practice, the default tends to be that if the name ends in -A (but not -IA), it is taken as genitive plural and therefore (in most cases) the name of a people.

(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Westseaxna))
        (N^A lond))

(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Nor+tanhymbra))
        (N^A lond))

(PP (P to)
    (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Seaxna))
        (N rice)))

(PP (P on)
    (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Wihtgara))
            (N^D byrg)))

(NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Woddes))
        (N^D beorge))

(NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Cerdices))
            (N^N ora))

(NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR Natan))    <--- no case label
            (N^N leaga))

(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR Wihte)) 
        (N^A ealond))

(PP (P on)
    (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR Rome))
            (N^D byrig)))

Proper names themselves can also be compounds, usually including EAST, WEST, etc.; as usual the first part has no case label.
(NP-GEN (NR West) (NR^G Seaxna))

Cases with a determiner like ROME +T+ARE BYRIG are always treated as appositives, including when the first or both parts are potentially genitive and one could be taken as dependent on the other (i.e., they are always interpreted as ROME, THE CITY rather than THE CITY OF ROME). Although in general appositives pick up case from their antecedants and vice versa (see Case on appositives), in the case of place names, the proper name is not labelled for case even if the case of the appositive is clear. However, if the proper name is the head of the construction, the dominating NP exceptionally picks up case from the appositive.
(NP-DAT (NR Rome)                            <--- case on NP from appositive
        (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +t+are) (N^D byrig)))

(PP (P ofer)
    (NP-ACC (NR Nilus)
            (NP-ACC-PRN (D^A +ta) (N^A ea))))

(PP (P of)
    (NP-DAT (NR Alexandria)
            (, ,)
            (NP-DAT-PRN (NP-GEN (NR^G Egypta))
                        (N^D burge))))

(NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N igland)
        (NP-PRN (NR Deprobane)))

(PP (P buton)
    (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D iglande)
            (NP-PRN (NR Taprabane))))


Temporal names

The names of the days of the week and months are labelled NR. Days of the week written as two words (S+ATERNES D+AG, WODNES D+AG) are treated as compounds despite their genitive inflection.
     (NR^A Friged+ag) 
     (NR^A Wodnesd+ag) 
     (NR^A $Monand+ag) 
     (NR^A $S+aternesd+ag)
     (NR^A $+Tunresd+ag)
     (NR^A Tiwesd+ag)

     (NP-ACC (NR S+aternes) (N^A d+ag))

     (NP-DAT (NR Wodnes) (N^D d+age))

Month names from Latin, like personal names are treated as native words except when in sequence with other Latin words.
( (CODE <T22710035700,1.3.43>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-LFD (NR^N Ianuarius) (CONJ and) (NR^N Augustus) (CONJ and) (NR^N December))
          (, ,)
          (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N +ta))
          (HVPI habba+d)
          (NP (NUM XIX))
          (PP (P +after)
              (NP (FW idus)))
          (. ,)) (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:1.3.43.491))

( (CODE <T22710035600,1.3.40>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So+dlice))
          (NP-NOM (Q^N ealle) (D^N +ta) (N^N mon+das)
                  (PP *ICH*-1))
          (HVPI habba+d)
          (NP (NUM IIII) (FW nonas))
          (PP-1 (P butan)
                (NP-DAT (NR^D Martio) (CONJ and) (NR^D Maio) (CONJ and) (NR^D Iulio) (CONJ and) (NR^D Octobre)))
          (. ;)) (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:1.3.40.487))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Aprilis)
                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
          (ADVP (ADV so+dlice))
          (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (NR^N Iulius)) 
          (HVPI habba+d)
          (NP-ACC (NUM^A ane) (N^A rihtinge))
          (. ;)) (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:1.3.57.504))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (VBI gif)
          (NP-DAT (NR^D Martio))) 
  (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:1.4.34.550))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (VBI cwe+d)
          (, :)
          (QTP (FW Martius) (FW quinque))
          (. .)) (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:1.4.34.551))

(PP (P On)
    (NP (FW kalendas) (FW Septembris)))

(PP (P on)
    (NP (FW VI) (FW kalendas) (FW October)))

Note that the names of massdays and DOMES D+AG when written as two words are treated as common.
(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (N^G hlafm+assan))
        (N^A d+ag))

(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (N^G domes))
        (N^A d+ag)))

The names of feastdats, festivals and liturgical seasons (EASTER, PENTECOST, etc.) are labelled NR. For the purposes of case labelling, they are treated like common nouns.
( (CODE <T03160001800,49>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI com)
          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (ADJ^N halige) (NR^N Eastertid))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Mark]:49.3232))

( (CODE <T06980029100,15.39.15>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P Fram)
              (NP (NR Pentecosten)))
          (PP (P o+t)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Lenctenes))
                      (N^D anginne)))
          (NP-ACC-TMP (Q^A +alce) (N^A niht))
          (PP (P +at)
              (NP (N uhtsange)))
          (BEPS sy)
          (NP-NOM (N^N Alleluia))
          (VBN gecweden)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (NUM syx) (ADJ^D +aftrum) (N^D sealmum)))
          (. ;)) (ID cobenrul,BenR:15.39.15.521))




Prepositional phrases (PP)

Multi-word prepositions (MID +TY, BE SU+TAN, TO MIDDES, etc.)
Particle plus preposition sequences
Preposition plus preposition sequences
Preposition plus adverb sequences
Other compound prepositions (ON/IN/TO MIDDAN, TO MIDDES)
Prepositions with empty objects (RPX, (NP *))
Elements in specPP
NPs in specPP
ADVPs in specPP
Comparative clauses

Table of contents


Prepositions take NP complements, free relative complements (CP-FRL) and comparative clause complements (CP-CMP). See also Case with prepositions.

(PP (P on)
    (NP-DAT (PRO$^D eowrum) (N^D gereorde)))  <-- NP complement

(PP (P +turh)
    (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A gast)))

( (CODE <T06290005000,7.19>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD ferde)
          (NP-GEN-TMP (N^G nihtes))
          (PP (P to)
              (CP-FRL (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +t+ar))  <-- free relative complement
                      (C 0) 
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N $fynd))
                              (VBDI wicodon))))
          (. ,)) (ID cootest,Judg:7.19.5694))


( (CODE <T03020002400,54>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (Q^N Sume))
          (BEPI syndan)
          (VAG creopende)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (N eor+dan)))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (N^D lichoman)))
          (, ,)
          (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)  <-- comparative clause complement
              (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (N^N wurmas))
                              (VBPI do+d))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:54.41))

In the YCOE, unlike in the PPCME2, subordinating conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses are included within the CP-ADV rather than taking it as a complement, although they are still labelled as prepositions. This is done purely to facilitate searching and has no theoretical import. Note that only adverbials (CP-ADV) are treated in this way; comparative clauses, for instance, are not. See Adverbial clauses headed by a preposition.



Multi-word prepositions (UP ON, BE SU+TAN, ON UFAN, ON MIDDAN, TO...WEARD, etc.)

There are a number of common sequences including at least one preposition (UP ON, BE SU+TAN, ON UFAN, ON MIDDAN, TO...WEARD, etc.) taking an NP complement that are sometimes written as one word and sometimes as two. When written as a single word they are labelled as prepositions. When written as two words they are either treated as prepositions taking a complement PP, or as compound prepositions. The difference depends on the part-of-speech of the two words. There are thus three classes, the first two having the same structure although the word-level labels differ, while the third has a different structure.
At least some members of the first two classes occur in all three possible orders:
particle - preposition - noun
noun - particle - preposition
particle - noun - preposition

preposition - adverb - noun
noun - preposition - adverb
preposition - noun - adverb
All versions are given the same structure, with just the order of elements changing.
(PP (RP on) 
    (P uppan)
    (NP noun))

(PP (RP on)
    (NP noun)
    (P uppan))

(PP (NP noun)
    (RP on) 
    (P uppan))

(PP (P on) 
    (ADV ufan)
    (NP noun))

(PP (P on)
    (NP noun)
    (ADV ufan))

(PP (NP noun)
    (P on) 
    (ADV ufan))

The preposition + preposition sequences occur either before or on either side of the noun. There are no cases where both prepositions follow the noun.
(PP (P foran)
    (PP (P to)
	(NP noun)))

(PP (P to)
    (PP (NP noun)
	(P weard)))


Particle plus preposition sequences

All sequences of two prepositions for which the first preposition also functions as an adverbial particle are analyzed as particle+preposition sequences unless the particle clearly doesn't go with the PP (e.g., they walked around in the park). The particle is included in the dominating PP in specPP position. Sequences for which the first preposition does not also function as a particle are treated as preposition plus preposition sequences.

(PP (RP up) (P to)
    (NP ...))

( (CODE <T03070005100,203>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (VBD eode)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (PP (RP ut) (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D earmum) (N^D wodum)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:203.1612))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (VBDI hnah)
          (PP (RP adune) (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Sebastianes))
                      (N^D fotum)))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D fullum) (N^D geleafan)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:90.1267))

Certain common collocations may appear (rarely) following the noun, or more commonly split on either side. The most common split cases are YMB...UTAN, ON...UPPAN, and ON...INNAN. Note that YMBUTAN is never written as two words when it precedes the NP, so is always labelled P in this position.
(NODE (PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
          (RP on)
          (P innan))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:62.4261)) 

(NODE (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (RP on)
          (P uppon))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_16:307.8.2925)) 

(NODE (PP (RP embe)
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A midne) (N^A d+ag))
          (P utan))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:80.2323)) 

(NODE (PP (RP mid)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (FW cristallum))
          (P ingemong))
      (ID coalex,Alex:8.16.52)) 

(NODE (PP (RP ymb)
          (NP-ACC (N^A honcred))
          (P utan))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:24.338.23.3397)) 

(NODE (PP (RP on)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A neb))
          (P foran))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:16.36.20.663)) 

(NODE (PP (RP on)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (P innan))
      (ID cocura,CP:4.37.17.192)) 

Preposition plus preposition sequences

Most potential sequences of preposition-preposition are treated as particle + preposition sequences (e.g., UP ON, IN TO, etc.). But when the first preposition is not on the adverbial particle list (e.g., FORAN TO), then the sequence is treated as a preposition taking a prepositional phrase complement. We do not distinguish those with more idiomatic meaning (e.g., FORAN TO opposite) from those with compositional meaning (FRAM OFER S+A from over the sea).

(NODE (PP (P foran)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                  (N +trowunga))))
      (ID coblick,HomS_10_[BlHom_3]:27.21.375)) 

(NODE (PP (P o+d)
          (PP (P ofer)
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A midne) (N^A d+ag))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:338.677)) 

(NODE (PP (P fram)
          (PP (P begeondan)
              (NP (N s+a))))
      (ID cochronC,ChronC_[Rositzke]:1041.3.1799)) 

(NODE (PP (P eac)
	  (PP (P to)
	      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))))
      (ID cochronD,ChronD_[Classen-Harm]:905.12.958)) 

(NODE (PP (P geond)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-ACC (N^A d+ag))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:1.28.28.217)) 

Note that a small number of the double preposition cases may appear split on either side of their complement, the most common involving WEARD, but also +AT...FORAN, and BE...TWEONUM.
(PP (P to)
    (PP (NP noun)
	(P weard)))

(NODE (PP (P wi+d)
          (PP (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
              (P weard)))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_15:1.2133)) 

(NODE (PP (P to)
          (PP (NP-DAT (N^D eastd+ale))
              (P werd)))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_22:181.3381)) 

(NODE (PP (P be)
	  (PP (NP-RFL (PRO us))
	      (P tweonum)))
      (ID coverhom,HomM_11_[ScraggVerc_14]:113.1817)) 


Preposition plus adverb sequences

When the second element is not a preposition, it is labelled literally according to its part-of-speech, and both it and the preposition are immediately dominated by the same PP node in the parsing. Two types occur, those in which the second element is a determiner, (MID +TY, FOR +TI, etc.), which only occur with clauses (see Adverbial clauses) and those in which it is an adverb (ON UFAN, BE SU+TAN, etc.), which take NP complements. When these sequences are written as a single word, they are labelled as prepositions if they take a complement and adverbs otherwise.
(PP (P prep) (ADV adverb)
    (NP ...))

(PP (P be) (ADV su+tan)
    (NP-DAT (N^D ...)))

(PP (P wi+t) (ADV nor+tan)
    (NP (N ...)))

(PP (P to) (ADV eac)
    (NP-DAT (N^D ...)))

The BE SU+TAN type occurs in the following configurations:
(PP (P besu+tan)
    (NP-DAT (N^D noun)))

(PP (P be) (ADV su+tan)
    (NP-DAT (N^D noun)))

(ADVP-DIR (ADV^D besu+tan)) "to the south"

(PP (P be)
    (ADVP (ADV su+tan)))

(NODE (PP (P be) (ADV su+taneastan)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D porte)))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_1:1.9.23.122))

(NODE (PP (P be) (ADV nor+tan)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) 
		  (NP-GEN (NR Gandes)) 
		  (N^D mu+tan)))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_1:1.9.25.123))

(NODE (PP (P on)
          (ADV westan)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D cirican)))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:14.202.31.2069)) 

(NODE (PP (P $to)
          (ADV eac)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am)))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:34.87.3.1672)) 

(NODE (PP (P to)
          (ADV ecan)
          (NP-GEN (PRO$^G mines) (N^G sares)))
      (ID cogregdC,GDPref_1_[C]:6.20.42)) 

(NODE (PP (P on)
          (ADV ufan)
          (NP-DAT (N^D h+arfest)))
      (ID cochronA-2c,ChronA_[Plummer]:923.1.1338)) 

Some collocations also occur after the NP (only with pronouns), and split on both sides. The most common in both orders is ON UFAN

(NODE (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (P +at)
          (ADV hindan))
      (ID cochronE,ChronE_[Plummer]:1016.74.2011)) 

(NODE (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (P on)
          (ADV ufan))
      (ID cogregdH,GD_1_[H]:9.62.30.606)) 

(NODE (PP (P on)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam))
          (ADV ufan))
      (ID coalex,Alex:8.8.41)) 

(NODE (PP (P on)
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A earm))
          (ADV ufan))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:1.156.16.1498)) 

(NODE (PP (P be)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D wigbede))
          (ADV su+dan))
      (ID cobede,Bede_5:17.464.17.4687)) 

(NODE (PP (P on)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A elpend))
          (ADV hindan))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_4:1.85.12.1735)) 


Other compound prepositions (ON/IN/TO MIDDAN, TO MIDDES)

ONMIDDAN, etc. when written as a single word is labelled P with a complement or ADV^L without. When written as two words MIDDAN is taken for MIDDUM and parsed as part of the complement NP when it agrees (i.e., when the complement is masc/neut dative). It can appear before or after the head.
(NODE (PP (P to)
	  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D middan) (D^D +tam) (N^D wyrhtum)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:160.1582))

(NODE (PP (P on)
          (NP-DAT (ADJ^D middan) (PRO$^D urum) (N^D wintra)))
      (ID cotempo,+ATemp:4.53.186))

(NODE (PP (P to)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D feldan) (ADJ^D middan)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Vincent]:235.7961)) 

When the complement is feminine, it is treated as a variant of the preposition ONMIDDAN and parsed as follows:

(NODE (PP (P on) (ADJ middan)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D s+a)))
       (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_28:223.62.4931))

(NODE (PP (P on)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D s+a))
	  (ADJ middan))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_21:115.3139)) 

MIDDAN alone as the complement or with a genitive is labelled ADJ^D.
(PP (P on)
    (NP-DAT (ADJ^D middan)))

(NODE (PP (P in)
	  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D middan)
		  (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (VAG^G byrnendan) (N^G fyres))
			  (CONJP (CONJ &)
				 (NP-GEN (D^G +d+as) (ADJ^G unadw+ascedan) (N^G leges))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_5:13.424.30.4277)) 

(NODE (PP (P wi+d)
	  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D middan)
		  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G su+dwages))))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_34:468.98.6757)) 

Likewise TOMIDDES as a single word is labelled P, with a complement or ADV^L without, while the two cases of separated TO MIDDES plus complement are treated as follows:

(PP (P to)
    (NP-GEN (N^G middes)))

(NODE (PP (P to)
          (NP-GEN (N^G middes)
		  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D ise))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:145.2568))

(NODE (PP (P to)
          (NP-GEN (N^G middes)
		  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D gebeorum))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Oswald]:228.5526))


Prepositions with empty objects

When a preposition/particle has no overt complement, but the meaning seems to require a complement, and one is implicit in the context (either from the previous token, or another clause in the same token), it is not clear whether these should be taken as prepositions or particles. Thus they are labelled RPX, and no complement is indicated. When the preposition does not also function as a particle, or when elision has taken place in conjunction with another PP, an empty NP complement (NP *) is added.
( (CODE <T06720050300,10.78.24>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (N^N wer))
          (VBDI nam)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A hors))) 
  (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:10.78.24.876))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (NP-ACC (NUM^A healfne) (D^A +tone) (N^A weg))
          (RPX on)        <-- ON +T+AT HORS
          (VBD geferde)
          (. .)) 
  (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:10.78.24.877))

( (CODE <T06880032500,13.200.11>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (AXDI ongunnon)
          (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N nedlingas))
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N scipmen))))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A oncras))
          (RP upp)
          (VB teon)
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:13.200.11.2032))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P in)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A s+a)))
          (VBDI syndon) 
          (. ;)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:13.200.11.2033))
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (MDDI woldon)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A scip))
          (RPX mid)           <-- MID +TA ONCRAS
          (VB gef+astnian)
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:13.200.11.2034))

          (. ,)) (ID Bede,Bede_3:13.200.11.2026))

( (IP-MAT (NP-GEN-1 (D^G +tara)) 
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN *ICH*-1)
                  (NUM syx))
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N st+alhranas)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N +da))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                      (BEPI beo+d)
                                      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swy+de) (ADJ^N dyre))
                                      (PP (P mid)
                                          (NP-DAT (NR^D Finnum)))
                                      (, ,)
                                      (CP-ADV (P for) (D^D +d+am)
                                               (C 0) 
                                               (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hy))
                                                       (VBPI fo+d)
                                                       (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A wildan) (N^A hranas))
                                                       (RPX mid))))))  <--MID ST+ALHRANAS 
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_1:1.15.9.256))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ $&)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (NP (Q $feala)
              (NP-GEN (N^G $wundra)))
          (NP-DAT (N^D $mannum))
          (VBD cy+dde)
          (. ,)) (ID coverhom,HomS_40.3_[ScraggVerc_10]:25.1365))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P beforan) 
              (NP *))     <-- MANNUM
          (VBD worhte)
          (. ,)) (ID coverhom,HomS_40.3_[ScraggVerc_10]:25.1366))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$^N +din) (N^N $wyrd))
                  (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
                  (ADVP (ADV swa))
                  (PP (PP (P be)
                          (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +tinum) (N^D heafde)))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (PP (P fore)
                                 (NP *))))  <-- elision
                  (HVPI hafa+d)
                  (VBN ar+aded))
      (ID coalex,Alex:37.4.472)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (NP-ACC (Q^A aht)
                      (ADJP-GEN (ADJ^G sti+tlices)))
              (VBPS spr+ace)
              (PP (P ongean)
                  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A abbod)))
              (, ,)
              (PP (NEG+CONJ nau+ter) (NEG+CONJ ne)
                  (PP (P binnan)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D mynstre)))
                  (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
                         (PP (P butan)
                             (NP *)))))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:3.16.2.231)) 


Elements in specPP

NPs in specPP
Adverbs in specPP


There are a number of cases where an element can appear before the head in a PP. Commonly this is a modifying adverb, particle, or, rarely, quantifier but it can also be an NP, either the complement of the preposition or a modifying element, usually an NP of extent. The elements taken to occupy specPP position are shown as sisters of the head. As usual single word modifiers, including negation (NA/NOHT/etc), do not project a phrase.

(PP (RP particle) (P prep)
    (NP complement))

(PP (NEG+ADV na) (P prep)
    (NP complement))

(PP (ADV adverb) (P prep)
    (NP complement))

(PP (Q quantifier) (P prep)
    (NP complement))

(PP (ADVP (ADV adverb) (ADV adverb))
    (P prep)
    (NP complement))

(PP (NP-EXT noun)
    (P prep)
    (NP complement))

( (CODE <T03040001200,36>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P +After)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (N^G geares))
                      (N^D fyrste)))
          (VBD ferde)
          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (PP (RP ongean) (P to)  <-- particle + preposition
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D ealdan) (N^D lareowe)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:36.468))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (VBP fare)
              (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N orsorh))
              (PTP-NOM (PP (P mid)
                           (NP-DAT (N^D rodetacne)))
                       (VBN^N gescyld))
              (, ,)
              (PP (PP (NEG+ADV na)   <-- negation
                      (P mid)
                      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D readum) (N^D scylde)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (PP (P mid)
                             (NP-DAT (N^D helme)))))
              (PP (P +turh)
                  (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G heres))
                          (N^A werod)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:110.6048))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
              (PP (ADV hwene) (P +ar)  <-- adverb 
                  (NP-DAT (N^D +afenne)))
              (RP+VB oferfaran)
              (NEG ne)
              (MDDS mihten))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:7.38.10.314))

( (CODE <T06860010100,7.40.2>)
  (IP-MAT (BEDI W+as)
          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N stow))
          (PP (Q hw+athwugu) (P on)  <-- quantifier
              (NP-DAT (NUM^D healfre) (N^D mile)))
          (PP (PP (P fram)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G ceastre))
                          (N^D wealle)))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (CONJ &)
                     (PP (P fram)
                         (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D burnan)
                                 (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                         (C +te)
                                         (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
                                                 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                                 (NP-DAT-ADT (ADJ^D drigum) (N^D fotum))
                                                 (RP+VBD ofereode)))))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:7.40.2.327))


NPs in specPP

There are a number of constructions in which an NP appears before the head preposition in a PP. In the first type the complement of the preposition appears before it. In most, but not all, cases this is a pronoun. Full NP complements of prepositions preceding the preposition are treated in the same way. In the other cases the pre-preposition NP is not the complement of the preposition, which occurs in its usual position following the preposition. The two types of non-complement NPs that occur in this position are NPs of extent and the genitive determiner +T+AS (see Time expressions with +T+AS). The former is distinguished by extended label -EXT indicating its function as an extent modifier, while the latter is traced to the NP complement.

(PP (NP (N complement))
    (P prep))

(PP (NP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))  <-- time expression 
    (P prep)
    (NP (NP-GEN *ICH*-1)
	(N complement)))

(PP (NP-DAT-EXT (N^D noun)) <-- with extent NP
    (P prep)
    (NP (N complement)))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))  <-- pronoun complement in specPP
		  (P to))
	      (VBDS come))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:152.1301))

( (CODE <T03060011700,359>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI sang)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
              (P ofer))
          (NP (NP (FW pater) (FW noster))
              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                     (NP (N credan))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:359.1426))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
	      (NP-DAT-TMP (Q^D gehw+a+tere) (N^D tide))
	      (PP (CONJ ge)
		  (PP (P on)
		      (NP-ACC (N^A d+ag)))
		  (CONJP (CONJ ge)
			 (PP (P on)
			     (NP-ACC (N^A niht)))))
	      (NP-ACC (Q^A micel) (N^A yfel))
	      (PP (NP-DAT (N^D monnum))  <-- NP complement in specPP
		  (P toweard))
	      (VBDI tacnedon))
      (ID cobede,Bede_5:21.476.10.4777))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO^D hire))
	      (VBDI arn)
	      (NP-NOM (N^N blod))
	      (PP (P geond) 
		  (NP-ACC (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM feower) (N^D geare)) <-- extent NP in specPP 
			  (N^A f+ac))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:8.2171))

( (CODE <T03030002100,72>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (PP (NP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))   <-- +t+as in specPP position 
              (P on)
              (NP-ACC (NP-GEN *ICH*-1)
                      (N^A mergen)))
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N m+assepreost))
          (VBDI abead)
          (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G m+adenes))
                  (N^A word))
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D m+aron) (N^D bisceope))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:72.231))


ADVPs in specPP

R-pronoun complements of prepositions (+T+AR FRAM, HER ABOUE, etc.) are labelled as adverbs and appear in specPP. In this case there is no NP complement following the preposition. Adverbs preceding a preposition with an NP complement are modifying. As usual they project a phrase when multi-word but not when alone.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))  <-- adverbial complement 
              (P on))
          (VBD gedyde)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A +dryddan) (N^A d+al)
                  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G deorwur+dan) (N^G husles)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:125.535))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBDI s+at)
          (PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
              (P onuppan))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:23.2885))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N attor))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (ADVP (ADV swi+de))
          (VBD +treade)
          (PP (ADV fornean) (P to)  <-- modifying adverb
              (NP-DAT (N^D dea+de)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:196.6097))

(NODE (PP (ADV eallunga) (P +turh)
	  (NP-ACC (ADJ^A rihtne) (N^A dom)))
       (ID cogregdH,GD_2_[H]:23.151.8.1488))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
              (PP (ADV hwene) (P +ar) 
                  (NP-DAT (N^D +afenne)))
              (RP+VB oferfaran)
              (NEG ne)
              (MDDS mihten))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:7.38.10.314))

(NODE (PP (ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV ra+te)) <-- multi-word modifier with ADVP
	  (P +after)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)))
      (ID cochronC,ChronC_[Rositzke]:914.1.3.1075)) 

Cases other than those listed above (as for e.g., She came often, especially on Saturdays) are treated as elision structures.
( (CODE <T06440030900,7.10>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Eft))
                    (CP-ADV (P +ta)
			    (C 0)
			    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N gebro+dru))
				    (VBDI foron)))
                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                    (VBDI for)
                    (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                    (ADVP (ADV eac))
                    (PP (P to)
                        (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D freolsd+age))))
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT=0 (ADVP (NEG+ADV n+as) (NEG+ADV na))
		     (ADVP (ADV openlice)))
          (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Jn_[WSCp]:7.10.6218))

( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (BEPS sie)
                    (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
                    (ADVP (ADV eac))
                    (NP-NOM (N^N lufu)))
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT=0 (ADVP (NEG+ADV n+as))
		     (ADVP (ADV +deah))
		     (ADJP-NOM (ADV to) (ADJ^N hnesce)))
          (. ;)) (ID cocura,CP:17.127.1.856))

( (CODE <T22010048000,897.17>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +Ty) (ADJ^D ilcan) (N^D geare))
                    (VBDI drehton)
                    (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N hergas)
                            (PP (PP (P on)
                                    (NP-DAT (NR East) (NR^D Englum)))
                                (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                       (PP (P on)
                                           (NP-DAT (NR^D Nor+dhymbrum))))))
                    (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR West) (NR^G Seaxna)) 
                            (N^A lond))
                    (ADVP (ADV swi+de))
                    (PP (P be)
                        (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D su+dst+a+de)))
                    (PP (P mid)
                        (NP-DAT (N^D st+alhergum))))
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT=0 (ADVP (QP-GEN (Q^G ealra))
                           (ADVS swi+tust))
                     (PP (P mid)
                         (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (N^D +ascum)
                                 (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                         (C +te)
                                         (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
                                                 (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                                 (ADVP-TMP (NP-EXT (Q fela)
                                                                   (NP-GEN (N^G geara)))
                                                           (ADV^T +ar))
                                                 (VBDI timbredon))))))
          (. .)) (ID cochronA-2b,ChronA_[Plummer]:897.17.1125))




WH-phrases

Table of contents


Wh-words are labelled as follows. See the POS manual: Wh-words for details. See Subordinate clauses for the use of wh-phrases.

HWILC          WADJ (^N, ^A, ^G, ^D, ^I)
HWA, etc.      WPRO (^N, ^A, ^G, ^D, ^I)
HU             WADV
HW+AR          WADV^L
HWONNE         WADV^T
HWIDER/HWONAN  WADV^D
HW+A+DER       WQ or WADJ (^N, ^A, ^G, ^D, ^I)

Wh-words project phrases in the usual way. A WADJ projects a WADJP, a WPRO, a WNP, etc. WQ, which is the label for HW+A+DER (and not for a wh-quantifier), does not project a phrase. Quantifiers modified by wh-words (how much, etc.) project a wh-quantifier phrase WQP.
(WNP-NOM (WPRO^N hw+at))

(WADJP-NOM (WADJ^N hwylc))

(WADVP (WADV hu))

(WQ hwe+der)   <-- WHETHER does not project a phrase

(WNP-NOM (WQP-NOM (WADV hu) (Q^N mycel)) <-- wh-quantifier phrase
	 (N^N god))

In relative clauses, wh-phrases are headed by demonstratives and +T+AR (rarely +TONNE) rather than wh-words. In free relatives both wh- and non-wh- types occur.
(WADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))

(WNP-NOM (D^N +t+at))

(WNP-NOM (D^N se))

Wh-phrases may also be empty, in which case they contain a zero (0).
(WNP-NOM 0)

(WNP 0)

(WADJP 0)

(WADVP 0)

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI b+ad)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gelome))
          (PP (P +at)
              (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                          (VBD geswutelode)
                          (CP-QUE (WADJP-NOM-1 (WADJ^N hwylc)) <-- WADJP
                                  (C 0) 
                                  (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *T*-1) 
                                          (NP-NOM (NR^N Basilius))
                                          (BEDS w+are)
                                          (PP (P on)
                                              (NP-DAT (N^D wur+dscype)))
                                          (PP (P mid)
                                              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))))))

( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))
          (VBDI axodon)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))  <-- WNP
                  (C 0) 
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDS w+are)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))

( (CODE <T03040012300,411>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD s+ade)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (N^D wope)))
          (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV hu)) <-- WADVP
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (VBN beswican)
                          (BEDI wear+d)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:411.731))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD axode)
          (ADVP (ADV smealice))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJS^A yldostan) (N^A preostas))
          (NP (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G martyres))
                  (N naman))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)
                     (CP-QUE (WADVP-TMP-1 (WADV^T hw+anne)) <-- temporal WADVP
                             (C 0)
                             (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                     (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                     (VBN gemartyrod)
                                     (BEDS w+are)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:346.6191))

( (CODE <T03040015000,473>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N bisceop))
          (VBD wyste)
          (CP-QUE (WADVP-LOC-1 (WADV^L hw+ar)) <-- locative WADVP
                  (C 0) 
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDI w+as)))
          (ADVP (ADV ful) (ADV geare))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:473.790))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI axodon)
          (PP (P +at)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D hiwum)))
          (CP-QUE (WQ hw+a+der)  <-- WHETHER
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (NR^N Petrus))
                          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                          (NP (N wununge))
                          (HVD h+afde)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:109.2346))

( (CODE <T02660008000,143.186>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI befran)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Pilatus))
          (, .)
          (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G folces))
              (N menigu))
          (, .)
          (CP-QUE (WNP-ACC-1 (WADJ^A hw+a+derne) <-- inflected WHETHER
                             (NP-ACC-PRN *ICH*-2))   "which of two"
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                          (VBDI gecuron)
                          (, .)
                          (NP-ACC-PRN-2 (N^A h+alend) (CONJ o+d+de) (NR^A Barraban))))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_14.1:143.186.3188))

Note that wh-quantifiers are labelled as quantifiers; indefinite adverbs (HW+AR any/some/everywhere, HWONNE at any/some time, etc) likewise do not have a wh-label but are simply tagged ADV.

( (CODE <T02720002100,175.52>)
  (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P Gif)
                   (C 0)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N hwa))  <-- anyone 
                           (ADVP (ADV elles))
                           (VBPS secge)))
          (, .)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
          (VBPI sceota+d)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_19:175.52.3876))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NEG ne)
          (VBDI geseah)
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
          (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L hw+ar))  <-- anywhere
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:253.614))

HWILC is tagged WADJ even when used substantively; at phrasal level it is contained in a WNP, however (cf. other adjectives used substantively, blind, etc.). In certain contexts, as for example copular questions, HWILC alone can mean either WHICH ONE (essentially nominal), or OF WHAT SORT, (essentially adjectival). The default is to label it WADJP unless it fills an argument position. See also Wh-operators and traces and Questions.
( (CODE <T03300017100,704>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD s+ade)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (CP-QUE (CP-QUE (WADJP-NOM-1 (WADJ^N hwilc)) <-- adjectival HWILC
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N wlitu))
                                  (BEDI w+as)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (CP-QUE (WADVP-2 (WADV hu))
                                 (C 0)
                                 (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
                                         (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                         (BEDI w+aron)
                                         (VBN^N gescrydde)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:704.6434))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (WADJ^N hwylc)) <-- nominal HWILC (subject)
                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				  (BEPI is)
				  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-NOM (PRO$^N min) (N^N modor))
					      (CONJP (CONJ &)
						     (NP-NOM (PRO$^N mine) (N^N gebro+tru))))))
          (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Mk_[WSCp]:3.33.2351))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
		  (VBPS geceose)
		  (NP-RFL-ADT (PRO +te))
		  (NP-ACC (NUM^A +anne)
			  (PP (P of)
			      (NP-DAT (PRO^D us) (NUM^D +trym)))
			  (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WADJ^A hwilcne))  <-- nominal HWILC (object)
				      (C 0)
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
						  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
						  (MDP wille)
						  (NP-RFL-ADT (PRO +te))
						  (PP (P to)
						      (NP-DAT (N^D a+dume)))
						  (HV habban)))))
      (ID coapollo,ApT:19.12.394))




Interjection Phrases (INTJP)

Table of contents


Single words tagged INTJ are not given an INTJP label.


(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (INTJ Eala)
		  (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO^N +du)
			      (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Eugenia)))
		  (, ,)
		  (NEG ne)
		  (BEPH beo)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
		  (VBN afyrht))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:406.436))

(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI Eart)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                              (INTJ la)
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N God))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:72.2209))

The INTJP label is used in three cases.
  • When a single word not POS-tagged INTJ, such as HW+AT, is used as an interjection
    ( (CODE <T03030003700,125>)
      (IP-MAT (INTJP (WPRO Hw+at))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Eugenia))
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D hym) (Q^D eallum))
              (VBD gebysnode)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D goddre) (N^D gedrohtnunge)))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                          (N^D +teowdome)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:125.264))
    
    ( (CODE <T06660029900,14.29.12>)
      (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (INTJP (WADV Hu)) 
    			  (NEG ne)
    			  (BEPI is)
    			  (NP-NOM (D^N $+t+at))
    			  (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N se) (ADJS^N f+ageresta) (N^N d+al)
    				      (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
    					      (N^G gesceafta))))
                  (. ?)) (ID coboeth,Bo:14.29.12.503))
    
    
    A special case is +TONNE when it interrupts an initial free relative. Both +TA and +TONNE are pretty clearly used as discourse markers (interjections in our system) in Old English, but because of the difficulty of distinguishing interjection from adverbial use, the default is to label all such cases as adverbs, and thus they appear at IP-level. The position +TONNE takes with initial free relatives, however, makes it difficult to trace the separated part because it lacks a phrase label. In this case, and one case in which +TONNE separates SWA from +T+AT in an adverbial clause, +TONNE is labelled as an INTJP. This is not meant to indicate that these cases of +TONNE are interjections and others are not; it is simply a device to facilitate parsing.
    
    ( (CODE <T06560220900,54.425.26>)
      (IP-MAT (CP-FRL-LFD (WNP-NOM-1 (ADV Swa) (WPRO^N hwa))
                          (INTJP (ADV^T +donne))
                          (C swa)
                          (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N synna))
                                          (VBPI hreowsa+d)) 
                                  (, ,)
                                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                         (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                 (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                                                 (ADVP (ADV swa+deah))
                                                 (NEG ne)
                                                 (VBPI forl+at)))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N se))
              (VBPI gedref+d)
              (NP (PRO$ his) (N heortan))
              (. ,)) (ID cocura,CP:54.425.26.2978))
    
    (NODE (CP-ADV (P swa)
    	      (INTJP (ADV^T +tonne))
    	      (, ,)
    	      (C +t+at)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N nige+da) (N^N sealm))
    			      (CONJP (CONJ and)
    				     (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N seofonteo+da)))
    			      (IP-MAT-PRN *ICH*-1))
    		      (BEPS syn)
    		      (RP+VBN tod+aled)
    		      (PP (P on)
    			  (NP-ACC (NUM^A twegen) (NR^A Glorian)))
    		      (, ,)
    		      (IP-MAT-PRN-1 (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
    				    (BEPI is)
    				    (XP (XP (FW Confitebor))
    					(CONJP (CONJ and)
    					       (XP (FW Diligam) (FW te)))))))
          (ID cobenrul,BenR:18.42.7.557))
    
    ( (CODE <T06560028500,11.73.3>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N Se)
                          (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +donne))            <-- +TONNE labelled as adverb 
              (CP-REL-2 (WNP-NOM-1 (NP-NOM (D^N se)))  with traced relative clause
                        (C 0) 
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                (BEPI bi+d)
                                (VBN^N healede)))
              (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he))
              (NEG ne)
              (MDPI m+ag)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D weorce)))
              (VB begean)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A scondlicnesse))
              (. ,)) (ID cocura,CP:11.73.3.478))
    
    
  • To group two or more words used as an interjection; one or more of these may be, but doesn't have to be, tagged INTJ
    
    ( (CODE <T04520000800,12>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (VBDI cw+a+d)
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Caifas))
              (, :)
              (IP-MAT-SPE (INTJP (WPRO Hw+at) (INTJ la))
                          (, ,)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N $ge))
                          (BEPI syndon)
                          (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N unwise) (N^N men)))
              (. .)) (ID coverhom,HomS_24_[ScraggVerc_1]:12.13))
    
    ( (CODE <T05350001100,16>)
      (CP-QUE-SPE (INTJP (INTJ Wa) (INTJ la))
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (VBDI cw+a+d) 
                              (NP-NOM (D^N sio) (ADJ^N synfulle) (N^N sawl)))
                  (, ,)
                  (WNP-DAT-1 (WPRO^D hwam))
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-DAT *T*-1)
                          (MDPI sceal)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                          (VB gelyfan)
                          (PP (P +after)
                              (NP-RFL (PRO me))))
                  (. ,)) (ID coverhom,HomU_7_[ScraggVerc_22]:16.2816))
    
    
  • interjections may take a clause; EALA takes a question (behold how...!) or that-clause, while WALA(WA) takes a that-clause (alas that...)
    
    ( (CODE <T04950001300,161.29>)
      (INTJP (INTJ Eala)
             (CP-QUE (WADJP-NOM-1 (WADV hu) (ADV swi+te) (ADJ^N eadge))
                     (C 0)
                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                             (BEDI w+aron)
                             (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N +a+telan) (N^N $cennende)
                                     (NP-GEN (NR Sancte) (NR^G Iohannes))
                                     (, ,)
                                     (CP-REL (WNP-DAT-2 (D^D +t+am))
                                             (C 0)
                                             (IP-SUB (NP-DAT *T*-2)
                                                     (NEG ne)
                                                     (VBD sce+tede)
                                                     (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N n+anig) (N^N scyld)
                                                             (NP-GEN (D^G +tisse) (ADJ^G sce+twracan) (N^G worlde))))))))
             (. ,)) (ID coblick,LS_12_[NatJnBapt[BlHom_14]]:161.29.2059))
    
    ( (CODE <T06660019400,9.21.8>)
      (INTJP (INTJ Eala)
             (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                     (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nanwuht)
                                     (NP-GEN *ICH*-1))
                             (NEG+BEPI nis)
                             (NP-GEN-1 (PTP-GEN (ADVP (ADV f+aste))
                                                (VAG^G stondendes))
                                       (N^G weorces))
                             (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T a))
                             (VAG wuniende)
                             (PP (P on)
                                 (NP (N worulde)))))
             (. .)) (ID coboeth,Bo:9.21.8.348))
    
    ( (FRAG (CONJ ac)
            (INTJP (INTJ wala)
                   (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                           (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                   (ADVP (ADV to) (ADV ra+de))
                                   (VBDI (VBDI bugon) (CONJ and) (VBDI flugon)))))
            (. .)) (ID cochronC,ChronC_[Rositzke]:999.1.1296))
    
    




X phrases (XP)

XP glosses (XP)
XP predicates (XP-PRD)
XP appositives (XP-PRN)
XP subjects (XP-SBJ)

Table of contents


The XP label is primarily a device to allow a mismatch between the grammatical category of a phrase and its use in the clause.



XP glosses

XP with no extended label is used to mark the gloss in a matrix parenthetical +T+AT IS type. See Parenthetical THAT IS glosses for details.
( (CODE <T03020004300,100>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (NUM^A Tw+agen) 
                  (NP-GEN (D^G +tissera) (N^G d+ala))
                  (IP-MAT-PRN *ICH*-1))
          (HVPI habba+d)
          (NP-NOM (N^N deor) (CONJ and) (N^N nytenu))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP (PRO us)))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-PRN-1 (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                        (BEPI is)
                        (XP (NP-ACC (N^A gewylnunge) (CONJ and) (N^A yrre))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:100.79))

( (CODE <T03020006600,152>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P Mid)
              (NP-DAT (NUM^D twam) (N^D wur+dscipum))
	      (IP-MAT-PRN *ICH*-1))
          (VBD gegl+angde)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N +almihtiga) (N^N scyppend))
          (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G mannes))
              (N sawle))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-PRN-1 (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                        (BEPI is)
                        (XP (PP (P mid)
                                (NP (N eccnysse) (CONJ and) (N eadignysse)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:152.120))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hit))
	      (BEPI is)
	      (VBN awryten)
	      (, ,)
	      (QTP-x (FW Omnia) (FW nimia) (FW nocent)
		     (, ,)
		     (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
				 (BEPI is)
				 (XP (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (Q^N ealle) (RP+VBN^N oferdone) (N^N +ting))
						 (VBPI d+aria+d))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:162.127))


XP predicates (XP-PRD)

Outside of glossing and naming constructions, only nominal (including adjectival, quantifier, and number) predicates are overtly marked (with -PRD) in order to distinguish them from non-predicates of the same category, particularly subjects or separated modifiers. Other categories, such as PP, CP-THT, etc. used with BE verbs (she was in the park, the first point is that... are not so marked. In relative clause glosses and independent (rather than parenthetical) main clause glosses, however, all categories (including PP, CP-THT, etc.) are labelled XP-PRD. this position.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N tima))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VBN gecweden)
          (XP-PRD (PP (P under)           <-- PP in naming construction
                      (NP (N .+a.))))
          (PP (P o+d)
              (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                  (N tocyme)
                  (PP (P on)
                      (NP (N menniscnysse)))))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_12.1:110.8.2372))

(NODE (PP (P in)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D +teodlonde)
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
			  (C +te)
			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				  (BEPI is)
				  (VBN nemned)
				  (XP-PRD (PP (P in)
					      (NP (NR Feppingum))))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:15.222.31.2285))

( (CODE <T06210033500,16.14>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (PP (P for)
              (NP-DAT (D^I +ti)))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +done) (N^A w+aterpytt))
                  (XP-PRD (PTP-GEN (PTP-GEN (VAG^G Libbendes)) 
                                   (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                          (PTP-GEN (VAG^G Seondes)
                                                   (NP (PRO Me)))))))
          (. ;)) (ID cootest,Gen:16.14.623))

( (QTP (FW Psallam) (FW spiritu) (FW psallam) (FW et) (FW mente)
       (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:191.152))
( (CODE <T03020008900,193>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +T+at))  <-- independent matrix gloss
          (BEPI is)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A +anglisc)))
          (, ,)
          (XP-PRD (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic)) <-- finite IP
                              (VBP singe)
                              (PP (P mid)
                                  (NP-DAT (N^D gaste)))))) 
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:193.153))

(NODE (NP-ACC (D^A +tis) (NUM^A an) (ADJ^A dyrne) (N^A word)
	      (, ,)
	      (XP-PRN (FW Effeta)
		      (, :)
		      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at)) <-- relative clause gloss
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				      (BEPI is)
				      (PP (P on)
					  (NP-ACC (ADJ^A Englisc)))
				      (, ,)
				      (XP-PRD (IP-INF (TO to)  <-- infinitive
						      (VB^D geopenigenne)))))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_18:30.2524))

( (QTP (FW saule) (, ,) (FW saule) (, ,) (FW quid) (FW me) (FW persequeris)
       (, ;)
       (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +d+at))
		   (C 0)
		   (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
			       (BEPI is)
			       (PP (P on)
				   (NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
			       (, :)
			       (XP-PRD (CP-QUE-SPE (NP-VOC (NR Saule)) <-- question
						   (, ,)
						   (NP-VOC (NR Saule))
						   (, ,)
						   (WADVP-2 (WADV hwi))
						   (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-2)
							       (VBPI ehtst)
							       (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
							       (NP-GEN (PRO^G min))))))) 
       (. ?)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_26.3:1.3922))


XP appositives (XP-PRN)

Appositives that are of a different category/case than their antecedent (apart from nominative appositives on non-nominative antecedants) are labelled XP-PRN. Note that foreign language appositives are labelled XP because they are not arguments in this case.
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
		  (VBD geecte)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
		  (PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
		      (P to))
		  (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A word) <-- different case
			  (XP-PRN (NP-GEN (PRO$^G +tines) (N^G mu+des))))
		  (...))
      (ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:16.139.7.1669))

( (CODE <T03170006100,246>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Nu))
          (BEPI synd)
          (NP-NOM (NUM^N +dreo) (N^N heahm+agnu)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                          (C +de)
                          (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
                                  (MDPI sceolan)
                                  (HV habban)))
                  (, ,)
                  (XP-PRN (FW Fides) (, ,) (FW Spes) (, ,) (FW Caritas) <-- Latin
                          (, ,)
                          (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                                      (BEPI is)
                                      (XP (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (N^N geleafa))
                                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                                         (NP-NOM (N^N hiht)))
                                                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                                         (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (ADJ^N so+de) (N^N lufu))))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Memory_of_Saints]:246.3466))


XP subjects (XP-SBJ)

There are two cases of non-nominal constituents acting as subjects; one is a matrix clause and the other a PP. They are labelled XP-SBJ.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +deah))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (N^D bocum)))
          (BEPI is)
          (VBN geteald)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (N^D d+age)))
          (XP-SBJ (PP (P fram)   <-- PP subject
                      (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +d+are) (N^G sunnan))
                              (N^D upgange)))
                  (CP-ADV (P o+d) (D^A +t+at)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
                                  (VBPS becume)
                                  (CP-FRL-LOC (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +t+ar))
                                              (C 0) 
                                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                                      (RP+VBDI uppstah))))))
          (. ,)) (ID cotempo,+ATemp:1.24.44))

( (CODE <T02440004800,478.76>)
  (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-2 (WPRO^N Hw+at))
          (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-2)
                    (BEPI is)
                    (, :)      <-- matrix clause subject
                    (XP-SBJ (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (PRO$^N mine) (N^N fearras))
                                            (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                                    (BEPI sind)
                                    (RP+VBN^N ofslegene)
                                    (, .)
                                    (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
                                             (NP-NOM (PRO$^N mine) (VBN^N gem+astan) (N^N fugelas)))))
                    (, .)
                    (CP-ADV (P buton)
			    (C 0)
			    (IPX-SUB=0 (PP (P swilce)
					   (CP-CMP (WADVP-3 0)
						   (C 0)
						   (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-3)
							   (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
							   (VBDS cw+ade)
							   (, .)
							   (IP-MAT-SPE (VBI behealda+d)
								       (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G ealdf+adera))
                                                                                
									       (N^A drohtnunga))))))))) 
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_35:478.76.6959))




Quotation Phrases (QTP)

Table of contents


Direct speech is indicated in two ways in the corpus. IPs and CPs have an extended label -SPE added; but other sequences, either a phrase alone or any group of constituents, is labelled QTP. QTPs are generally the direct complement of a verb of saying, but like direct speech IPs and CPs, they may also appear as their own token in long sequences of speech. Complements of verbs of saying which consist of foreign words are labelled QTP. See also foreign phrases acting as arguments, and non-arguments.

( (CODE <T03090006100,163>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Agathes))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, ,)
          (QTP (NP-NOM (NR^N Crist)            <-- single phrase QTP
                       (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                   (N^N sunu))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:163.2116))

( (CODE <T03120007900,255>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI cw+adon)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (QTP (INTJ amen))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:255.2647))

( (CODE <T03020009700,212>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P Be)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)))
          (VBDI cw+a+t)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Crist))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D godspelle)))
          (, ,)
          (QTP (FW Tunc) (FW iusti) (FW fulgebunt)
               (FW sicut) (FW sol) (FW in) (FW regno)
               (FW patris) (FW eorum))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:212.168))

( (CODE <T03020000700,11>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBD andwyrde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP (ADV +tus))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.9))
( (QTP (FW Ego) (FW sum) (FW principium) (, ,) (FW qui) (FW et)
       (FW loquor) (FW uobis)
       (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.10))

Note that QTP replaces FRAG (fragment) in speech contexts; that is, constituents that would be grouped by FRAG in non-speech contexts are grouped by QTP in speech contexts.
( (CODE <T03040016800,520>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD s+ade)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N biscop))
          (, ,)
          (QTP (INTJ eala)   <-- QTP instead of FRAG
               (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
			   (C 0)
			   (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
				       (HVD h+afde)
				       (NP-ACC (PRO$^A +tine) (N^A synna) (FP ana)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:520.823))

( (CODE <T03310004100,150>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (VBD andwyrde)
          (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N heafod))
          (, ,)
          (QTP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L Her))
               (, ,)
               (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
               (, ,)
               (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Edmund]:150.7060))




Foreign phrases, non-argument (LATIN)

Table of contents


Foreign phrases at IP-level which do not act as arguments are labelled LATIN and are not otherwise integrated in the clause. Note that speech is taken as a complement of verbs of saying, and thus foreign language speech is labelled as a quotation phrase (QTP) rather than LATIN. Also Latin phrases in construction with native nouns (usually of the type +TY FEOR+TAN D+AGE IDUS MARTIARUM) are as complements labelled NP. Latin appositives are labelled XP-PRN. See also Foreign phrases acting as arguments.

( (CODE <T22010014900,616.8>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +tyses) (N^G cinges))
                      (N^D dagum)))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Laurentius) (N^N ercebiscop)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI was)
                                  (PP (P on)
                                      (NP (NR Cent)))
                                  (PP (P +after)
                                      (NP-DAT (NR^D Agustine))))))
          (RP+VBD for+tferde)
          (LATIN (FW iiii) (FW Nonae) (FW Februarii))) <-- Latin date
  (ID cochronA-8,ChronA_[Plummer]:616.8.287))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
          (VBD gehalgode)
          (LATIN (FW IN) (FW UIGILIA) (FW Sancti) (FW Andree)) <-- Latin PP
      (. .)) (ID cochronA-4,ChronA_[Plummer]:963.3.1399))

( (CODE <T04110000900,30>)
  (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P +Tonne) 
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N sacerd))
			  (VBPI cristna+d)))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (VBPI or+da+t)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A man)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P +tonne)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
			  (ADVP (ADV swa))
			  (VBPI gebyra+d)))
          (, ,)
          (LATIN (FW in) (FW modum) (FW crucis)) <-- Latin PP
          (. ,)) (ID cowulf,WHom_8c:30.602))

(NODE (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A boc)
		      (XP-PRN (FW de) (FW uirginitate))) <-- latin appositive 
	      (CONJP (CONJ &) (ADV eac)
		     (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+dra) (Q^A manega))))
      (ID cobede,BedeHead:5.24.7.136))

(NODE (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A heofenlican) (N^A lofsangas)
	      (XP-PRN (LATIN (FW Alleluian))
		      (, .)
		      (CONJP (CONJ and) 
			     (LATIN (FW Gloria) (FW in) (FW excelsis)
				    (FW deo)))))
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_5:50.255.1039))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N lichama))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VBN bebyriged)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (NP-GEN (NR Sancte) (NR^G Petres))
                  (N cyricean)))
          (PP (P beforan)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D husulportice)))
          (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D feor+tan) (N^D d+age)
                      (NP (FW idus) (FW Martiarum))) <-- latin complement of noun
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:1.94.6.865))

Isolated latin verses and titles (such as those introducing homilies, etc.) are treated as separate tokens and labelled LATIN. LATIN generally only dominates foreign words (POS tag FW), but glosses when present, are included in the parenthesese labelled LATIN.
( (CODE <T03020000200,1>)
  (LATIN (FW NATIUITAS) (FW DOMINI) (FW NOSTRI) (FW IESU) (FW CHRISTI)
         (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:1.3)) <-- latin title 

( (LATIN (FW Mane)
         (. .)
         (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at)) <-- "that is" gloss
                     (BEPI is)
                     (XP (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
                                 (HVPI h+af+d)
                                 (VBN (VBN geteald)
                                      (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                                 (NP-ACC (PRO$^A +tin) (N^A rice))
                                 (, .)
                                 (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (VBN geendod)))))
         (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_33:254.152.5671))

( (LATIN (FW In) (FW principio) (FW erat) (FW Verbum) (, ,) (FW ET) (FW RELIQVA)
         (, :)
         (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at)) <-- relative clause gloss
                 (C 0)
                 (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                         (BEPI is)
                         (PP (P on)
                             (NP-DAT (ADJ^D Engliscre) (N^D spr+ace)))
                         (, ,)
                         (XP-PRD (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
                                             (NP-DAT (N^D angynne)))
                                         (BEDI w+as)
                                         (NP-NOM (N^N Word))))))
         (. ,))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:23.11)) 




Sentence fragments (FRAG)

Table of contents


The FRAG label is only used for grammatical fragments. Fragments that arise from textual problems, scribal error, etc. are labelled X (see Text problems).

( (CODE <T03360010400,455>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +D+at) (N^N godspell))
          (VBPI geenda+d)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tisum) (N^D wordum)))
          (ADVP (ADV +tuss))
          (. :)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:455.235))
( (FRAG (QP (Q Eall))
        (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A fulne))
        (PP (PP (P mid)
                (NP (N gyfe)))
            (CONJP (CONJ &)
                   (PP (P mid)
                       (NP (N so+df+astnysse)))))
        (. .)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:455.236))

( (CODE <T03540005300,244>)
  (FRAG (NP-NOM (N^N Wa))
        (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)
                        (VAG^D eacniendum)
                        (PP (P on)
                            (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D yfelum) (N^D dagum))))
                (, ,)
                (CONJP (CONJ and)
                       (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)
                               (VAG^D fedendum)
                               (PP (P on)
                                   (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D frecednysse))))))
        (. .))
  (ID coaelhom,+AHom_19:244.2805))

( (FRAG (CONJ ac)
        (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                        (VBD cydde)
                        (NP (N gecy+dnesse))
                        (PP (P be)
                            (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D leohte)))))
        (. .))
  (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:41.25))




Text problems (X)

Table of contents


Ungrammaticallity that arises from textual problems, such as missing lines, is labelled X. It is often accompanied by a comment indicating the problem. Within an X, constituents that are complete are labelled to the extent possible. Note that the label X is not in anyway related to the label XP.

( (CODE <T05090009500,257>)
  (X  (CODE <COM:conjectured_text_omitted>)
      (NP-GEN (N^G $Muneces))
      (CONJ and)
      (PP (P for)
          (NP-DAT (NR^D Drihtne)))
      (CODE <COM:conjectured_text_omitted>)
      (NP-DAT (N^D $middanearde))
      (CONJ and)
      (PP (P for)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D me) 
                  (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D synfullum))))
      (C +t+at)
      (NP (PRO me))
      (NEG ne)
      (BEPS wur+de)
      (CODE <COM:conjectured_text_omitted>)
      (N^N $geswinc)
      (NP-GEN (D^G +tises) (N^G si+df+ates))
      (, ,)
      (CONJ and)
      (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N weg)) 
      (QP-GEN (ADV swa) (Q^G myccles))
      (CODE <COM:conjectured_text_omitted>)
      (. .)) (ID comary,LS_23_[MaryofEgypt]:257.175))




Arguments vs. adjuncts

Datives and genitives in copular constructions and with +TYNCAN

Table of contents


NPs are divided into two main classes in the YCOE, arguments and adjuncts. Adjuncts of most types have the extended label -ADT. Sub-classes of adjuncts that are more specifically labelled are temporals, locatives and directionals (-TMP, -LOC, -DIR), left-dislocations (-LFD), and vocatives (-VOC). Arguments are distinguished by the lack of an -ADT (or other adjunct) label; i.e., any NP not carrying an -ADT/-TMP/-DIR/-LOC/-LFD label is an argument. In general the only extended label arguments have is a case label (although if the head of the NP is not case-marked, not even this will be present), but the following finer distinctions among arguments are also made:

  • resumptive pronouns are labelled -RSP (e.g., NP-NOM-RSP)
  • reflexives are labelled -RFL (e.g., NP-DAT-RFL)
  • predicates are labelled -PRD (e.g., NP-NOM-PRD)
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))             <-- case-marked argument NP
          (VBD bediglode)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A d+ada)) <-- case-marked argument NP
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D casere) <-- case-marked argument NP
                  (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Dioclitiane))
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G deofles)) <-- case-marked predicate NP
                                              (N^N biggencga)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1215))

( (CODE <T03060000500,8>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T d+aghwamlice))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD gefylde)
          (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (NR^G Drihtnes)) <-- non-case-marked argument NP
              (N +tenunge))
          (ADVP (ADV geornlice))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1214))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                      (N^D herungum)))
          (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hi)              <-- reflexive argument NP
                      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfe)))
          (VBDI gebysgodon)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:148.1299))

( (CODE <T03080008600,234>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D +T+at) 
                      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
				  (C 0)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
					      (VBD gelyfde))))
              (NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at))        <-- resumptive argument NP
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (VBP geseo)
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:234.1870))

( (CODE <T03020007900,182>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Heo))
          (BEPI is)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (N^D bocum)))
          (NP-DAT-ADT (Q^D manegum) (N^D naman)) <-- case-marked adjunct NP
          (VBN gecyged)
          (PP (P be)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (PRO$ hyre) (N^G weorces))
                      (N^D +tenungum)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:182.138))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-ADT (PRO us))       <-- non-case-marked adjunct NP
          (VBDI bearn) 
          (NP-NOM (D^N +tis))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (N^A mod)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:232.2426))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (HVD h+afde)
          (VBN gecoren)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D hyre))   <-- reflexive adjunct NP
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (N brydguman)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:349.401))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO$^N Min) (N^N modor)  <-- vocative adjunct NP
                          (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Claudia)))
              (, ,)
              (NP (PRO me))
              (HVPI h+af+d)
              (VBN gebroht)
              (NP-NOM (PRO$^N min) (N^N h+alend)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Crist)))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G halgena))
                      (N blysse)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:415.445))


Datives and genitives in copular constructions and with +TYNCAN

In copular constructions and with the verb +DYNCAN seem, a dative is labelled as an argument of the verb by default. Genitives in copular constructions are almost always complements of adjectives or nouns, or act as predicates. Exceptions include adverbial genitives, e.g, (UN)GEWEALDES, +TINES +TANCES, etc., which are labelled as adjuncts in this context NP-GEN-ADT. But note some common genitives used adverbially (e.g. SYLFWILLES) are labelled as adverbs (see Pos Manual: Adverbial use of nouns and adjectives ).
(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D +te))   <-- dative argument in copular construction 
		  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N bly+de))
		  (BEPS beon))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:130.1015))

( (CODE <T03020009900,215>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Witodlice))
          (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N arleasan))
          (BEPI beo+d)
          (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (ADJ^D yfelum) (N^D weorcum))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gelice))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:215.170))

( (CODE <T06080012200,13.22>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Tes) (N^N cniht))
          (, ,)
          (NP-GEN-ADT (D^G +t+as)        <-- genitive adjunct 
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1) 
                                      (NP (PRO me))
                                      (VBPI +ting+d))))
          (, ,)
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$^N min) (N^N gelica))
          (. .)) (ID coapollo,ApT:13.22.243))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N se) (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N wela))
		  (NP-GEN-ADT (PRO$^G $+tines) (N^G +dances)) <-- genitive adjunct
		  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swa) (ADJ^N diore))
		  (BEPS seo)
		  (, ,)
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D +te))
		  (PP (P for)
		      (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D agenre) (N^D gecynde))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:13.27.23.468))




Subjects

Subjects in tensed clauses
Subjects in non-tensed clauses
Presentational THERE
Expletive IT
Clausal subjects

Table of contents


Subjects in tensed clauses

The function SUBJECT is not explicitly labelled in most types of clauses. Because of the importance of distinguishing subjects from other arguments, however, we go to some trouble to ensure in the annotation of the prose texts that all tensed clauses except imperatives and UTON clauses have one and only one element that can be identified as the subject. In general this will be the nominative NP (NP-NOM) of which there will be only one (predicate nominative NPs are labelled as predicates NP-NOM-PRD). If no subject is present an empty subject is added. Subjects are not added in clauses with elision in which more than just the subject is elided.
( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))  <-- subject 
          (VBDI axodon)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
                  (C 0) 
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDS w+are)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))

( (CODE <T03020000700,11>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBD andwyrde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP (ADV +tus))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.9))

( (CODE <T03020002200,51>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Da) (N^N gesceafta)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (D^N +t+as) (NUM^N an) (N^N scyppend)) 
                                  (VBDI gesceop))))
          (BEPI synden)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N m+anigfealde))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (NP-GEN (ADJ^G mislices) (N^G hiwes))))) 
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:51.38))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)  <-- empty subject added
          (ADVP (ADV ungelice))
          (VBPI fara+d)
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:51.39))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (CP-ADV (P gif)
                   (C 0)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                           (VBN geworht)
                           (BEDS w+are)))
          (NEG ne)
          (BEDS wurde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))                        <-- subject
          (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
          (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N +almihtig) (NR^N God))  <-- predicate nominal
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:66.54))   distinguished from
	                                                 subject by -PRD


Subjects in non-tensed clauses

Subjects in non-tensed clauses are treated as follows:
  • subjects are not indicated in infinitives unless the subject is overt or elided under conjunction; accusative subjects in the accusative and infinitive construction are also labelled -SBJ to distinguish them from complement accusatives. Overt subjects in infinitives are always labelled accusative when nom/acc ambiguous, but empty subjects are not labelled for case, since they have the -SBJ label.
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBDI het)
              (IP-INF (VB asmi+digen)      <-- no overt subject
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP-DAT (ADJ^D sm+atum) (N^D golde)))
                      (NP (PRO$ hyre) (N anlycnysse)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:112.255))
    
    ( (CODE <T03020007500,174>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (ADJ^N welwillende) (N^N scyppend))
              (VBPI l+at)
              (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi))   <-- overt accusative subject
                      (HV habben)
                      (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (ADJ^G agenes) (N^G cyres))
                              (N^A geweald)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:174.133))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBDI het)
              (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +ta))  <-- overt subject
                              (VB ontendan)
                              (PP (P for)
                                  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (Q^D micclum) (N^D teonan)))
                              (NP-ACC (QP-ACC (ADV swy+de) (Q^A micel))
                                      (N^A fyr)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*)   <-- subject elided under conjunction
                                     (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                                     (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L tomiddes))
                                     (VB besceofan))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:216.1861))
    
    
    Note this is different from the PPCME2 where arbitrary PRO subjects are always indicated with ECM verbs.

  • In small clauses and absolutes, non-nominative subjects are labelled -SBJ. Subjects in small clauses are labelled accusative when nom/acc ambiguous. As in infinitives empty subjects are not labelled for case since they have the -SBJ label.
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD gemette)
              (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                      (VAG^A libbendne))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:430.1472))
    
    ( (CODE <T03050002900,75>)
      (IP-MAT (INTJP (WPRO Hw+at))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Iulianus))
              (ADJP-ACC-PRD-1 (ADJ^A ungew+ammede))
              (VBDI heold)
              (IP-SMC (ADJP-ACC-PRD *ICH*-1)
                      (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N^A bryde)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:75.983))
    
    ( (CODE <T06980001500,3.15>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N We))
              (VBPI gehyra+t)
              (PP (P +after)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +disse) (N^D +ascan)))
              (IP-SMC (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (NR^A Drihten))
                              (VAG^A andswariendne))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *con*)  <-- subject elided under conjunction
                                     (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A weg)
                                             (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G eardunge)))
                                     (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                                     (VAG^A t+acendne))))
              (. :)) (ID cobenrul,BenR:3.15.39))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD eode)
              (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
              (RP for+d)
              (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D +tanon))
              (PP (P ofer)
                  (NP-ACC (NUM^A twa) (N^A mila)))
              (, ,)
              (PTP-DAT-ABS (NP-DAT-SBJ (D^D +tam) (N^D mannum)) <-- dative subject
                           (RP+VAG^D onlocigendum))                 with dative absolute
              (, ,)
              (PTP-NOM (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (NR^A Drihten))
                       (VAG^N herigende)
                       (PP (P mid)
                           (NP-DAT (ADJ^D halgum) (N^D lofsangum))))
              (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Denis]:291.5955))
    
    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (ADJ^N +agyptisce) (N^N folc))
    	      (, ,)
    	      (PTP-DAT-ABS (VBN^D forl+atenum)
    			   (NP-DAT-SBJ (N^D gedwylde)))
    	      (, ,)
    	      (VBD gelyfde)
    	      (PP (P on)
    		  (NP-ACC (NR^A Drihten))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:278.358))
    
    
  • among participle phrases, only absolutes (PTP-case-ABS) have an overt subject and empty subjects are only added when elided under conjunction
    
    ( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (ADVP (ADV for+ti))
              (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D agenum) (N^D naman))
              (VBN geciged)
              (BEPI is)
              (, ,)
              (PTP-DAT-ABS (PTP-DAT-ABS (VAG^D gese+dendum)
                                        (NP-DAT-SBJ (N^D apostole)))
                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                  (PTP-DAT-ABS (NP-SBJ *con*)   <-- elided subject
                                               (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                                               (VAG^D cwe+dendum))))
              (. :)) (ID cobenrul,BenR:2.10.11.165))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N sunu))
              (BEPI is)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin))
              (PTP-NOM (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))  <-- no overt subject
                       (PP (P of)
                           (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D f+ader)))
                       (VBN^N acenned))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:35.25))
    
    (NODE (IP-SUB-CON (PTP-DAT-ABS (VBN^D geworhtum)
    			       (NP-DAT-SBJ (N^D beacne)))
    		  (PTP-NOM-ABS (NP-NOM (PRO^N hy)) <-- nominative subject 
    			       (PP (P butan)           not labelled -SBJ
    				   (NP (N elcunge)))
    			       (VAG^N arisende))
    		  (ADVP (ADV caflice))
    		  (NP-NOM (Q^N gehwylc))
    		  (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+terne))
    		  (RP+VBPS forest+appe))
          (ID cobenrul,BenR:22.47.9.609))
    
    


Presentational THERE

+T+AR is always treated as locative in the YCOE, and as a result there are no presentational expletive subjects; +T+AR is simply labelled ADVP-LOC and the accompanying nominative NP is taken as the subject of the clause whatever its position.
( (CODE <T03060002500,77>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +T+ar))
              (BEPI is)
              (NP-NOM (N^N wop) (CONJ and) (N^N wanung))) 
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:77.1254))

( (CODE <T03060001500,40>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +T+ar))
          (VBDI comon)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N magas)))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:40.1234))

Similar cases lacking +T+AR are treated in the same way.

( (CODE <T06880020300,9.182.15>)
  (IP-MAT (BEPI Is)
          (NP-NOM (ADJ^N +a+dele) (N^N mynster))
          (PP (P in)
              (NP (NR Lindesse)))
          (. ;)) (ID Bede,Bede_3:9.182.15.1807))

( (CODE <T03250000500,25>)
  (IP-MAT (BEDI Wear+d)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (NP-NOM (Q^N mycel) (N^N angsumnyss))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (D^D +tam) (N^D folce)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (PP (P on)
                                          (NP-ACC (NR^A God)))
                                      (VBDI gelyfdon)))))
          (, ,)
          (PP (P for)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D gramlicum) (N^D d+adum)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:25.4851))


(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N wer) <-- "there was a man who..."
		      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
	      (BEDS w+are)
	      (CP-REL-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0) 
			(C +te)
			(IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
				(NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A wif))
				(VBD fors+ade)
				(, ,)
				(CP-ADV (P swa)
					(C +t+at)
					(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
						(MDD sceolde)
						(NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hi))
						(ADVP (ADV sceandlice))
						(VB forlicgan))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:180.2801))

See PPCME2: Presentational there for differences in the treatment of THERE.



Expletive IT

Overt expletive HIT is not specially marked except in combination with an extraposed subject clause when both the clause and HIT have an index -x. Otherwise it is not distinguished from non-expletive subject HIT. Note that only HIT is treated as expletive. With a +T+AT subject in similar constructions the associated clause is is treated as an appositive. See Expletive constructions for uses of expletives.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Hur))
          (VBDI heold)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A o+dre))
          (CP-ADV (P o+t+t+at)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit)) <-- "it became evening"
			  (VBD +afnode)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:23.2887))

( (CODE <T03220003300,123>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (ADJ^N untruma))
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (VBD wacode)
          (CP-ADV (P o+d+t+at)
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                          (MDD wolde)
                          (VB dagian)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:123.4294))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))  <-- it with a cleft
	      (BEDS w+are)
	      (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Swy+dun))
	      (CP-CLF (CP-CLF (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
			      (C +de)
			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
				      (VBD l+arde)
				      (PP (P mid)
					  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D lare)))))
		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
			     (CP-CLF (WNP-ACC-2 (D^A +tone))
				     (C +de)
				     (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					     (VBDI geseah)
					     (PP (P on)
						 (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D cyrcan)))
					     (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-2)
						     (ADJP-ACC-PRD 
						      (ADV swa) (ADJ^A f+agerne))))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:388.4470))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hit))  <-- with an extraposed that-clause
          (VBDI gelamp)
          (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N gedwola))
                            (VBDI rad)
                            (PP (P on)
                                (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D wucan)))
                            (PP (P ymbe)
                                (NP-ACC (Q^A sum) (N^A +arende)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:50.2729))

Expletive coindexing is done slightly differently in the PPCME2, using an index numbers rather than -x.



Clausal subjects

In situ (i.e., pre-verbal) clausal subjects are labelled -SBJ. There are only a very small number of examples, and not all of them are very convincing examples. In addition, free relatives acting as subjects are labelled -SBJ in any position, since in our system they are treated as nominals. Extraposed clausal subjects are co-indexed with an overt or empty expletive; see Expletive constructions. In one case of a matrix clause acting as a subject in a non-expletive environment, it is labelled XP-SBJ.
(NODE (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (VB Fulwian)
                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                          (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (VAG^A cennende) (N^A wiif))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+te)
                                         (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A bearn)
                                                 (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                                         (C +t+at)
                                                         (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
								 (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))                                                      (VBN acenned)
                                                                 (BEPI bi+d)))))))
	      (...)
              (NP-DAT-ADT (NEG+Q^D n+anige) (N^D gemete))
              (BEPI is)
              (VBN bewered)
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.76.19.709)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (CP-QUE-SBJ (WADJP-NOM-1 (WADJ^N Hwylc))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO$ hire) (N^N m+agen))
                                  (BEDS w+are)))
              (, ,)
              (QP-ADT (QR ma))
              (PP (P +after)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ hire) (N^D dea+de)))
              (VBN gecy+ded)
              (BEDI w+as)
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:6.176.2.1718)) 

	                                <-- initial free relative subject
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (ADV swa) (WPRO^N hwa))
				  (C swa)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ungemyndig)
                                                            (NP-GEN *ICH*-2))
                                              (BEPS sie)
                                              (NP-GEN-2 (N^G rihtwisnesse))))
		  (, ,)
		  (VBPS gecerre)
		  (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine))
		  (PP (P to)
		      (NP (PRO$ his) (N gemynde))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:35.95.19.1852))

( (CODE <T03200004300,172>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Yfele))
          (VBPI de+d)
          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him)
                          (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D sylfum)))
          (CP-FRL-SBJ (WNP-NOM-1 0)   <-- non-initial free relative subject
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (PP (P mid)
                                  (NP-DAT (N^D swicdome)))
                              (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
                              (VBPI tila+d))) 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:172.4107))

( (CODE <T02440004800,478.76>)
  (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-2 (WPRO^N Hw+at))
          (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-2)
                    (BEPI is)
                    (, :)         <-- matrix clause subject labelled XP-SBJ
                    (XP-SBJ (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (PRO$^N mine) (N^N fearras)) 
						 (CONJP *ICH*-1))
					 (BEPI sind)
					 (RP+VBN^N ofslegene)
					 (, .)
					 (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
						  (NP-NOM (PRO$^N mine) (VBN^N gem+astan) (N^N fugelas)))))
                    (, .)
                    (CP-ADV-SPE (P buton)
				(C 0)
				(IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (PP (P swilce)
						   (CP-CMP-SPE (WADVP-3 0)
							       (C 0)
							       (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-3)
									   (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
									   (VBDS cw+ade)
									   (, .)
									   (IP-MAT-SPE (VBI behealda+d)
										       (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G ealdf+adera))
                                                                                
											       (N^A drohtnunga))))))))) 
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_35:478.76.6959))




Non-subject arguments

Reflexives (-RFL)
Foreign words and phrases
Predicates
Verbs which take a -PRD argument
Passive verbs taking predicates
Predicates in non-finite clauses

Table of contents


The function of arguments is generally not explicitly indicated; rather case-information is provided when it is clear. Arguments themselves are indicated by a lack of the -ADT label which indicates an adjunct.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))             <-- case-marked argument NP
          (VBD bediglode)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A d+ada)) <-- case-marked argument NP
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D casere) <-- case-marked argument NP
                  (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Dioclitiane))
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G deofles)) <-- case-marked predicate NP
                                              (N^N biggencga)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1215))

( (CODE <T03060000500,8>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T d+aghwamlice))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD gefylde)
          (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (NR^G Drihtnes)) <-- non-case-marked argument NP
              (N +tenunge))
          (ADVP (ADV geornlice))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1214))

( (CODE <T03080008600,234>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D +T+at) 
                      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
				  (C 0)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
					      (VBD gelyfde))))
              (NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at))        <-- resumptive argument NP
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (VBP geseo)
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:234.1870))


Reflexives (-RFL)

Any NP containing a non-possessive pronoun that is coreferential with the subject of its clause is labelled -RFL no matter where they appear in the clause. The -RFL label follows case, but precedes -ADT (for adjuncts). Note that this does not apply across clause boundaries; thus subjects of infinitives and small clauses coreferential with the matrix subject are not labelled -RFL.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                      (N^D herungum)))
          (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hi)              <-- reflexive argument NP
                      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfe)))
          (VBDI gebysgodon)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:148.1299))


( (CODE <T03020005400,119>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N Seo) (N^N sawul))
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N lif)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N edwist))))
          (BEPI synd)
          (VBN^N gecw+adene) 
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D hyre)
                          (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D sylfra)))) 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:119.95))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
              (NEG+MDPI nella+d)
              (QP-ADT (NEG+Q nateshwon))
              (NP-RFL (PRO us))
              (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
              (RP+VB totweman)
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:66.230))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (HVD h+afde)
          (VBN gecoren)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D hyre)) <-- reflexive adjunct with -ADT label
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (N brydguman)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:349.401))

The reflexive pronoun commonly present with the verbs ONDR+ADAN and BIDDAN is labelled as an argument, but reflexive pronouns with verbs of motion are labelled as adjuncts, as are pronouns in the HE HIMSELF construction. See Dative adjuncts.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-RFL (PRO eow))  <-- argument reflexive with ONDR+ADAN
              (NEG ne)
              (VBI ondr+ada+d) 
              (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G h+a+denra))
                  (N wita)
                  (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEPI synd)
                                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N hwilwendlice)))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:126.2557))

( (CODE <T03030012000,386>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBDI geb+ad)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Eugenia))
          (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hi)) <-- argument reflexive with BIDDAN
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D +almihtigan) (NR^D Gode)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:386.423))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N monn) (Q^N hwa))
	      (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him)) <-- adjunct reflexive with 
	      (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D ham))           verbs of motion
	      (VBD ferde)
	      (PP (P from)
		  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D stowe)
			  (, ,)
			  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
				  (C +te)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					  (BEPI is)
					  (VBN nemned)
					  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Wilfares)) 
						      (N^N dun))))))))
          (ID cobede,Bede_3:12.194.16.1960))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (BEPI is)
	      (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))  <-- adjunct with SELF
	      (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf))
	      (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin)
			  (PTP-NOM (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
				   (VBN^N (VBN^N gesceapen) (NEG+CONJ ne) (VBN^N geworht)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:63.50))


Foreign phrases acting as arguments

Latin names of peoples and places are labelled as proper nouns (NR) and so are simply labelled NPs in the usual way in the syntax. Latin non-names or names of things (Cathedra Sancit Petri, etc.), which are labelled FW, as NP arguments are simply given the appropriate phrase label: NP-NOM for subjects, NP-PRD for predicates, and NP for other arguments. Direct speech is labelled QTP. Non-arguments at IP-level are labelled LATIN. Latin appositives are labelled as XP appositives (XP-PRN).
( (CODE <T03110000400,4>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (FW Cathedra))           <-- subject
          (BEPI is)
          (VBN gereht) 
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N bisceopstol))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:4.2264))

( (CODE <T03060011700,359>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI sang)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
              (P ofer))
          (NP (NP (FW pater) (FW noster))      <-- complement
              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                     (NP (N credan))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:359.1426))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (NP (FW priuilegium))      <-- complement
          (VBD sette)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D swutelre) (N^D gewitnysse)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:144.1575))

( (CODE <T03130000200,1>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dysse) (N^D wucan)))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (NR^A Wodnesd+ag)))
          (, ,)
          (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
              (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge) 
                                        (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfe)))
                                (VBPI witon))))
          (, ,)
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM (FW caput) (FW ieiunii)    <-- subject
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEPI is)
                                  (PP (P on)
                                      (NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N heafod) 
                                              (NP-GEN (ADJ^G lenctenes) (N^G f+astenes))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:1.2708))

( (CODE <T03020008100,185>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Heo))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-PRD (FW sensus)                 <-- predicate
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                              (BEPI is)
                              (XP (NP-NOM (N^N andgit) (CONJ o+d+de) (N^N felnyss)))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P +tonne)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
			  (VBPI gefret)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:185.142))


Predicates

Verbs which take a -PRD argument
Passive verbs taking predicates
Predicates in non-finite clauses


In order to distinguish NP/QP/ADJP/NUMP acting as predicates from those in other roles, the extended label -PRD is added.

Although in general non-adverbial QPs and NUMPs are labelled as NPs at IP-level, in copular constructions they are not (see Quantifier phrases for other uses of IP-level QP, and Number phrases for NUMPs). Verbal predicates, including participles, are not labelled -PRD with active verbs, but may be with a passive (see Passive verbs taking predicates).

( (CODE <T03020001000,16>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (N^N f+ader))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin))            <-- nominal predicate
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.13))

( (CODE <T03020003100,71>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ungeworht))    <-- adjectival predicate
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:71.56))

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi)
			(NP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1))
		(BEPI sind)
		(NUMP-NOM-PRD (NUM^N +try))   <-- NUMP predicate
		(PP (P on)
		    (NP-DAT (N^D hadum)))
		(, .)
		(NP-NOM-PRN-1 (NP-NOM (N^N f+ader))
			      (CONJP (CONJ &)
				     (NP-NOM (N^N sunu))) 
			      (, .)
			      (CONJP (CONJ &)
				     (NP-NOM (ADJ^N halig) (N^N gast)))))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_13:284.95.2439))

( (CODE <T02160006700,271.131>)
  (IP-MAT (QP-NOM-PRD (Q^N Micel))             <-- quantifier predicate
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO$^G ures) (N^G h+alendes))
                          (N^N ea+dmodnyss))
                  (, .)
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N ge+dyld))))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tisre) (N^D d+ade)))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_11:271.131.2100))

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NEG+BEPI nis)
          (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
          (VBN acynned))          <-- no -PRD with participles
  (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_1:179.17.21))

Non-nominative NPs are generally not predicates, although genitives may be, as in the following examples. Accusatives may be predicates in small clauses and infinitives only.
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (P Nu)
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
					  (NP-ADT (PRO me))
					  (VBN geworht)
					  (BEPI is)))
		  (, ,)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (VBP wene)
		  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
					  (NP-GEN-PRD (PRO^G min)) <-- genitive predicate
					  (BEPS beo))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Thomas]:179.7664))

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (BEDI W+as)
		(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
		(NP-DAT-ADT (ADJ^D lichomlicre) (N^D gebyrde)) 
		(NP-GEN-PRD (ADJ^G +a+deles) (N^G cynnes)))
      (ID cobede,Bede_2:7.116.32.1117))

( (CODE <T06870021700,9.126.13>)
  (IP-MAT (BEDI W+as)
          (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N +tis) (N^N godgespr+ace))
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (NP-NOM (D^N +teos) (N^N onwrigenis))))
          (NP-GEN-PRD (D^G +tisses) (N^G gemetes))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:9.126.13.1192))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
	      (MDD sceolde)
	      (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))   <-- acc. predicate in small clause
		      (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A cucene) (CONJ +te) (ADJ^A deadne))))
      (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:De31,A.1.4))

PPs and ADVPs are never labelled as predicates following our policy of using minimal labelling with these categories because of the difficulties in distinguishing types consistently, nor are clauses, apart from free relatives. In glosses categories not generally labelled as predicates may be labelled as XP predicates (XP-PRD).



Verbs which take a -PRD argument

The most common verb taking a predicate is of course BE, but it is also used with a few other verbs, namely:
BECUMAN, HATTE (be called), L+ATAN (regard, consider), LIFAN (remain) (+TURH)WUNIAN (remain), +TYNCAN (seem)
( (CODE <T03020001000,16>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (N^N f+ader))
          (BEPI is)          <-- BE
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:16.13))

( (CODE <T03190000200,1>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Saul))
          (VBD hatte)         <-- HATTAN
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N forma) (N^N cyning)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (PP (P ofer)
                                      (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                              (N^A folc)))
                                  (VBD rixode))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:1.3664))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
          (VBPI wuna+d)        <-- WUNIAN
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ungeendod))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:71.57))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*) 
	      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
	      (VBD +tuhte)     <-- +TYNCAN
	      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N sarlic))
	      (, ,)
	      (CP-ADV (P gif)
		      (C 0)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			      (NEG ne)
			      (VBDS gehulpe)
			      (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D earman))
				      (CONJP (CONJ &)
					     (NP-DAT 
					      (D^D +tam) (VBN^D astyptan) (N^D wife)))))))
      (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:2.18.9.171))


Passive verbs taking predicates

Some verbs are treated as taking predicates in the passive. These include:
CWEDAN, ONGIETAN, RECCAN (interpret), SECGAN, SEON, TELLAN, +TYNCAN, (GE)WEOR+DAN, the verbs of naming: HATEN, CIGAN, NAMAN, and BERAN in the construction "be born X"
( (CODE <T06860008100,7.36.22>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N dema)))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N yrre)) 
          (BEN geworden)           <-- GEWEOR+DAN
          (. ;)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:7.36.22.301))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                          (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Dere))
                          (VBN^N nemde)   <-- NAMAN
                          (BEDI w+aron)))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:1.96.26.901))

( (CODE <T03190013400,434>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Mannases))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VBN gecyged)             <-- CIGAN
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Ezechias))
                  (N^N sunu))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:434.3979))

( (CODE <T03110000400,4>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (FW Cathedra))
          (BEPI is)
          (VBN gereht)              <-- RECCAN
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N bisceopstol))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:4.2264))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N +tis) (N^N fyr))
		  (BEPS sy)
		  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N egeslic) (CONJ &) (Q^N micel))
		  (VBN gesegen))    <-- SECGAN
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:14.214.7.2175))

( (CODE <T04120002800,114>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO$ His) (N^N word) 
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (NX-NOM (N^N weorc))))
          (BEPI beo+d)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gode))
          (VBN^N ge+duhte)      <-- +TYNCAN
          (NP-DAT (ADJ^D unweran) (N^D mannum))
          (. ,)) (ID cowulf,WHom_9:114.749))

( (CODE <T04060001400,37>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Crist))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G bearna)
                                (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
                        (ADJS^N betst))
          (VBN geboren)        <-- BERAN
          (CP-REL-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                    (C +te)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
                            (VBN geboren)
                            (BEDS wurde)))
          (. ,)) (ID cowulf,WHom_5:37.189))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (D^N +tas))
          (BEPI synd)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N +ta) (ADJS^N fyrmestan))
          (ADVP (ADV +deh))
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP (N h+a+denscipe)))
          (VBN^N getealde)    <-- TELLAN
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P +teah)
		  (C +de)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hy))
			  (ADVP (ADV fulice))
			  (VBDI leofodon)
			  (PP (P on)
			      (NP (N worulde)))))
          (. .)) (ID cowulf,WHom_12:81.1210))

Although participial predicates with BE receive no additional label or phrase structure (beyond the word-label VBN, etc.), in the passive it is necessary to distinguish the non-finite main verb from a participial predicate. For this reason, participial predicates with passives are given a participial phrase label (PTP) plus case and -PRD.
(NODE (CP-ADV-SPE (D^I +ty) (P l+as)
		  (C +de)
		  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
			      (BEP beo)
			      (PTP-NOM-PRD (VAG^N gylpende)) <-- participial
			      (VBN ge+duht)))                    predicate
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_13:131.118.2867))

( (CODE <T22300034900,Ap24,A.4>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N +T+at) (N^N hus)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
                              (C 0) 
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                      (BEDI w+as)
                                      (PP (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                          (P on))
                                      (VBN acenned))))
          (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N +t+at))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (PTP-NOM-PRD (VAG^N byrnende)) 
          (VBN ges+awen)
          (NP-DAT-ADT (Q^D eallum) (D^D +t+am) (N^D neahmonnum))
          (. ,)) (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:Ap24,A.4.597))

( (IP-SUB (CP-ADV (P for) (D^I +dan)
		  (C +te)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
			  (BEDI w+aron)
			  (PP (P +turh)
			      (NP-ACC (N^A synna)))
			  (VBN^N +alfremede)
			  (PP (P fram)
			      (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))))
          (, :)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (BEDS wurde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (PTP-NOM-PRD (VBN^N +alfremede) 
                       (PP (P fram)
                           (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D englum))))
          (VBN^N getealde)
          (. :)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_2:194.141.397))


Predicates in non-finite clauses

In non-finite clauses (small clauses and infinitives) predicates are labelled in the same way as in finite clauses. For the case of the predicate in these cases, see Case on predicates.

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
                  (VBDI (VBDI b+ad)
                        (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                  (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                          (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A cristenne))
                          (BE beon))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (ADV eac) (VBDI ab+ad)))
      (ID cobede,BedeHead:1.6.12.5)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBDI het)
              (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A us))
                      (BE beon)
                      (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A mildheorte))
                      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (N^D mannum))
                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T symble))
                      (, ,)
                      (PP (P mid)
                          (NP-DAT (Q^D ealre) (N^D godnysse)))
                      (, ,)
                      (PP (ADV swa)
                          (P swa)
                          (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N God) (ADJ^N sylf))
                                            (BEPI is)))))
              (. ;))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_14:54.2031)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (VBPH do)
              (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A +te))
			  (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A gearowne)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:43.2293))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI gemetton)
          (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                  (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A untrumne)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:256.1364))




Adjunct NPs

Dative adjuncts
Genitive adjuncts
Accusative adjuncts
Non-subject/predicate NPs in copular constructions
Temporal, locative and directional NPs
Time expressions with+T+AS
Left-dislocated NPs
Repeated subject pronouns
Vocatives
NPs of extent (-EXT)
Instrumental determiners and quantifiers with comparatives
Genitive determiners and quantifiers with comparatives

Table of contents


NPs which are not arguments are labelled -ADT or with a more specific adjunct label. Case, if marked, comes before the adjunct label.

-TMP       temporal
-DIR       directional
-LOC       locative
-LFD       left-dislocation
-VOC	   vocative
-ADT	   other adjuncts

( (CODE <T03060012600,379>)
  (IP-MAT (INTJP (WPRO Hw+at))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Tiburtius))
          (ADVP (ADV bealdlice))
          (VBD eode)
          (PP (P ofer)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (VAG^A byrnendan) (N^A gleda)))
          (, ,)
          (NP-DAT-ADT (ADJ^D unforb+arnedum) (N^D fotum))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:379.1439))

( (CODE <T03060011300,349>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (NR^A Sebastianum))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD gesette)
          (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO^D him) (Q^D eallum))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (N mundboran)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:349.1420))

( (CODE <T03040000300,9>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD wunode)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N cn+aplingc))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D Cappadoniscre) (N^D byrig)))
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM fif) (N^A gear))    <-- temporal adjunct NP
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (N lare)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:9.456))

( (CODE <T03040017500,539>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N Se) (NR^N God)  <-- left-dislocation
                          (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
				      (C +te)
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
						  (NP (PRO me))
						  (VBDI forgeaf)
						  (NP-ACC (D^A +tis) (ADJ^A gode) (N^A ge+tanc)))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N se))
              (MDP wyle)
              (NP-ACC-2 (PRO^A +te))
              (VB gehyran)
              (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-2)
			  (NP (PRO me))
			  (VAG +tingiende)
			  (PP (P to)
			      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))))
             (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:539.839))

Many of the functional labels used in the PPCME2 are not used in YCOE since case information is provided instead. In particular the class of adjuncts is less finely divided.


Dative adjuncts

Aside from copular constructions, in which all datives are labelled as arguments, datives are labelled as adjuncts unless the verb clearly takes a dative argument. No distinction is made between types of adjunct (datives of possession, interest, instrument, etc.). While in many cases distinguishing dative adjuncts from arguments is fairly straightforward (double object verbs, etc.), there are some difficult cases. While we have tried to consistently label datives with particular verbs either as arguments or adjuncts, there may be some variability in this. Users may also disagree with our categorization of datives with certain verbs as either argument or adjunct. Such categorizations should be verified by the user in any investigation for which this distinction is crucial. See also POS Manual: Ambiguities among oblique cases for the rules regarding the marking of dative case in formally ambiguous cases.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (MDDI sceoldon)
          (VB geoffrian)
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ heora) (N^A lac))
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D godum))           <-- dative argument 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:369.412))  with double object verb

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N brydbedd))
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D me)) <-- dative argument in copular construction
              (BEPI is)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gearo))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T iu))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D dreamum)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:42.1736))

( (CODE <T03110002600,68>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI het)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (NR^N Petrus))
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                          (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO^D him)) <-- dative of interest
                          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A hus))
                          (VBDI gerymdon)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:68.2309))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (HVD h+afde)
          (VBN gecoren)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D hyre))            <-- dative of possession
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (N brydguman)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:349.401))

Genitive adjuncts

The most common type of genitive adjuncts are as follows.
  • manner adverbials, but note that SYLFWILLES is labelled as an adverb (see POS Manual: Adverbial use of nouns and adjectives)
    (NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                  (VBDI gefretewodon)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A f+amnan))
                  (PP (P mid)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D golde)))
                  (NP-GEN-ADT (PRO$ hyre) (N^G un+tances))
                  (. ,))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:253.341)) 
    
    (NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM *con*)
                      (ADVP (ADV swa))
                      (PP (P +turh)
                          (NP (PRO me)))
                      (VBPS geoffrige)
                      (NP-GEN-ADT (PRO$^G mines) (N^G unwilles)))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:86.2219)) 
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D him))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T si+d+dan))
              (ADVP-DIR (ADVP (ADV^D +tanon)))
              (VBD gew+ande)
              (NP-GEN-ADT (D^G +t+as) (N^G weges) <-- "by the way that he came"
                          (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                          (VBDI com))))
              (. .))
          (ID coapollo,ApT:13.27.249)) 
    
    
  • degree phrases
    (NODE (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (N^A So+d))
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                  (VBDI s+adon)
                  (NP-GEN-ADT (D^G sumera) (N^G +tinga)) <-- "somewhat" 
                  (. :))
          (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_12:279.131.2299)) 
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (NEG ne)
              (MDD mihte)
              (NP-GEN-ADT (NEG+Q^G nanra) (N^G +tinga))  <-- "at all"
              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A w+ater))
              (RP+VB tod+alan)
              (. .))
          (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:2.19.15.190)) 
    
    
  • temporal genitives are labelled -TMP, including time expressions with +T+AS
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD ferde)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D preostum)))
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D flode)))
              (NP-GEN-TMP (N^G nihtes))
              (. .))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:267.2657)) 
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (NP-GEN-TMP (N^G deges) (CONJ and) (N^G nihtes))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D deorwur+dum) (N^D halgum)))
              (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                  (N lare))
              (VBD beeode)
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:333.392))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-GEN-TMP (D^G +t+as)
                          (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                                  (C +de)
                                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                          (QP-ADT (Q hwon))
                                          (VBN^N gereorde)
                                          (BEDI w+aron))))
              (, ,)
              (VBDI aras)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (ADVP (ADV hra+de))
              (. ,))
          (ID cobede,Bede_3:3.162.4.1554)) 
    
    


Accusative adjuncts

Accusative adjuncts of time are labelled -TMP (see Temporal, locative and directional NPs). Apart from the degree types, other accusative adjuncts are difficult to characterize. They basically comprise any accusative NP that isn't an argument.

(NODE (IP-MAT (NEG Ne)
              (VBPI dera+d)
              (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N fyr))
              (NP-ACC-ADT (NEG+Q^A nan) (N^A +ting)) <-- degree "at all"
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D rihtwisum)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                      (PP (P fram)
                                          (NP-DAT (N^D synnum)))
                                      (VBN^N gecl+ansode)
                                      (BEDI w+aron))))
              (. :))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_40:529.147.8002)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ &)
                (NP-NOM *con*)
                (RP+VBDI to+atecton)
                (NP (N lengeo)
                    (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G +tryh)))
                (NP-ACC-ADT (NP-GEN (NUM^G twegra) (N^G fingra))
                            (N^A gemet))) <-- by the measure of two fingers
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:14.296.20.2991)) 

(NODE (NP-GEN (D|G +t+as) (ADJ|G halgan) (N|G wyrhtan)
	      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-4 0)
		      (C +te)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-4)
			      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hie))
			      (NP-ACC-ADT (PRO$ his) (N^A hand)) <-- by/with
			      (VBD geworhte))))                      his hand
      (ID coblick,LS_25_[MichaelMor[BlHom_17]]:205.145.2620)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NEG Ne)
              (MDD mihte)
              (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N wana))
              (BE beon)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D welwillendan) (N^D H+alende))
              (NP-ACC-ADT (Q^A +anig) <-- with respect to any of his limbs?
                          (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G limena)))
              (PP (P +after)
                  (NP (PRO$ his) (N +ariste)))
	      (...))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_7:156.1135)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (VBI draga+d)
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)
                      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A niwelne)))
              (NP-ACC-ADT (PRO$ his) (N^A neb) <-- with his face to the earth
                          (PP (P to)
                              (NP (N eor+dan))))
              (PP (P geond)
                  (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (D^A +das) (N^A str+at)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (NX-ACC (ADJ^A st+anene) (N^A wegas)))))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[George]:151.3165)) 


Temporal, locative and directional NPs

Adjunct NPs with temporal, locative and directional meaning are labelled with -TMP, -LOC, -DIR in the same way as ADVPs. Case, if indicated, precedes the adjunct label. While temporal NPs are very common, locative and especially directional NPs (one example) are quite rare and the few examples there are are not particularly solid.
( (CODE <T03040010000,343>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD wacode)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Basilius))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (N^D gebedum)))
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM^A ane) (N^A niht)) <-- temporal NP
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D geleaffullan) (N^D folce)))) 
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:343.679))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
              (P binnan))
          (VBD wunode)
          (NP-TMP (NUMP (NUM fif) (CONJ and) (NUM twentig)) <-- temporal NP
                  (NP-GEN (N^G geara)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:7.2268))

( (CODE <T06740010800,3.109.31>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBD (VBD +trowode))
              (NP-LOC (NR Damasco))  <-- locative adjunct "in Damascus"
              (NP (N ehtnesse))
              (. ;)) (ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:3.109.31.1256))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (NP-NOM (N^N abies)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N +t+at) (N^N treowcyn)
                                  (NP-GEN (ADJ^G ungemetlicre) (N^G gryto)
                                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                                 (NX-GEN (N^G micelnysse))))))
              (NP-DAT-LOC (D^I +ty) (N^D clyfe)) <-- "on the cliff"
              (VBDI (VBDI weox) (CONJ &) (VBD wridode))
              (. .))
      (ID coalex,Alex:12.13.103)) 

A number of masculine/neuter temporal nouns, especially D+AG, but also, MORGEN, +AFEN, and perhaps MONA+D, have an endingless dative (locative) form (cf. Campbell p.244). The feminine NIHT also alternates between zero and -E in the dative. The endingless forms are common with a single quantifier or adjectival modifier, and rare to non-existent when a determiner is present.
(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I +alce) (N^D d+age))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I +Alce) (N^D d+ag))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I sume) (N^D d+ag))

(NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D ilcan) (N^D d+ag))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I +alce) (N^D morgen))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I +alce) (N^D +afen))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I +Alce) (N^D mona+d))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^D sumre) (N^D neahte))

(NP-DAT-TMP (Q^D sumere) (N^D niht))

With the feminine NIHT, forms such as SUME NIHT(E), +ALCE NIHT(E), commonly occur where a dative might be expected, i.e., where the common form for masculines/neuters is SUME D+AG(E), +ALCE D+AG(E). Mitchell speculates (p.595) that these may in fact be dative singulars; however given the variation in use of dative/accusative case for duration and point of time, we label them according to form only, with the result that they are accusative.
(NP-ACC-TMP (Q^A +alce) (N^A niht))

(NP-ACC-TMP (Q^A sume) (N^A nihte))

(NP-ACC-TMP (Q^A +aghwelce) (N^A niht))


Time expressions with +T+AS

We take +T+AS in conjunction with time expression to mean something like from this point. The various constructions involving +T+AS are parsed as follows:
  • +T+AS alone or modified by an adverb (usually SONA or RA+DE)
    
    (NP-GEN-TMP (ADV^T sona) (D^G +t+as))
    
    (NP-GEN-TMP (ADV ra+de) (D^G +t+as))
    
    
  • +T+AS + PP/NP
    
    (PP (NP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))
        (P ymb)
        (NP-ACC (NP-GEN *ICH*-1)
    	    (NUM iii) (NUM^A niht)))
    
    (NP-DAT-TMP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as))
                (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D +afterran) (N^D geare))
    
    
  • PP/NP + +T+AS
    
    (PP (P ymb)
        (NP-ACC (NUM^A +treo) (N^A niht)
                (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as))))
    
    (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +Ty) (ADJ^D +afterran) (N^D geare)
                (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as)))
    
    
  • PP/NP + +T+AS +TE + clause

    The +T+AS +TE clause is treated as a time relative.

    
    (PP (P ymb)
        (NP-ACC (NUM x) (N^A gear)
                (CP-REL (WNP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-TMP *T*-1)
                                he us fulwiht send))))
    
    
    
    (NP-TMP (NUMP (NUM ccc) (CONJ &) (NUM xcvi))
            (NP-GEN (N^G wintra))
            (CP-REL (WNP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))
                    (C +te)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-TMP *T*-1)
                            (...))))
    
    


Left-dislocated NPs

The -LFD label is used for any full NP at or near the left edge that is resumed by another item in the same clause; the resumption is labelled -RSP. The term "left-dislocation" is used rather loosely, and it should not be assumed that all constructions in this class are linguistically of the same type. Both labels apply after case, if present. Special case-marking rules apply for left-dislocations. The RSP label is also used for resumptive pronouns in relative clauses, and for repeated subject pronouns. For non-nominal left-dislocations, see Left-dislocation.
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N $se)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
                              (C $+de)
                              (CODE <TEXT:se+de>)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                                      (VBPI forl+at))))
          (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he))
          (VBPI losa+d)
          (ADVP (ADV witodlice))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:299.2677))

( (CODE <T03080008600,234>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D +T+at) 
                      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                                      (VBD gelyfde))))
              (NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (VBP geseo)
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:234.1870))

Sometimes the resumptive element is contained within another constituent, usually as a possessive pronoun. In these cases the -RSP label appears on the containing constituent.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N +da)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
                                      (RP+VBN^N ofslagene)
                                      (BEDI w+aron))))
          (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO$ heora) (N^N sawla)) <-- resumptive HEORA
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (VBN^N gehealdene)
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:268.3020))

The resumptive element is usually a pronoun or determiner, but the identity between the pair is sometimes less exact.
(NODE (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N +t+at) (ADJ^N gode) (N^N s+ad)
                            (, ,)
                            (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                    (C +te)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
                                            (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
                                            (VBPI s+aw+d)
                                            (PP (P on)
                                                (NP-DAT (N^D mancynne))))))
                (, ,)
                (NP-NOM-RSP (Q^N sum))
                (VBPI ber+d)
                (NP-ACC (ADJ^A +trittigfealdne) (N^A w+astm)))
      (ID colsigef,+ALet_5_[Sigefyrth]:172.62))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ond)
          (NP-LFD (NUM +tritig)
                  (NP-GEN (N^G aldormonna) (CONJ &) (N^G heretogena))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +ta))
                          (C +de)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (NP-DAT-ADT (D^D +tam) (N^D cyninge))
                                  (PP (P to)
                                      (NP-DAT (N^D fultome)))
                                  (VBDI cwomon))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-NOM-RSP (QP-NOM (ADV lytesne) (Q^N ealle)))
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (RP+VBN^N ofslegene)
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:18.236.10.2410))

In some texts such pairs occur in apparent subordinate clauses.
( (CODE <T03170010000,368>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Seo) (ADJ^N eahteo+de) (N^N miht))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N seo) (ADJ^N so+de) (N^N eadmodnyss))
          (, ,)
          (PP (CONJ ge)
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
              (CONJP (CONJ ge)
                     (PP (P to)
                         (NP-DAT (N^D mannum)))))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP (NP-GEN (N^G modes))
                  (N hluttornysse)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P for+dan)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N $se)
				      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
					      (C $+de) (CODE <TEXT:se+de>)
					      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
						      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N wis
									 ))
						      (BEPI by+d))))
			  (, ,)
			  (NEG ne)
			  (BEPI wur+d)
			  (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he))
			  (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
			  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N modig))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Memory_of_Saints]:368.3527))

Occasionally there is more than one LFD/RSP pair. Alternatively these might be analyzed as a type of matrix clause restart.
( (CODE <T06560028100,11.71.20>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Sua))
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N sio) (N^N gitsung))
          (NP-LFD (D +d+at) (N mod)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +d+at))
                          (C 0) 
                          (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hio))
                                  (VBPI gebinde+d)
                                  (PP (P mid)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D lustfulnesse))))))
          (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hio))
          (NP-ACC-RSP (PRO^A hit))
          (VBPI gewunda+d)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P +donne)
                   (C 0)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hio))
                           (VBPI wyrp+d)
                           (PP (P on)
                               (NP-ACC (D^A +d+at) (N^A ge+doht)))
                           (IP-INF (NP-ACC (Q^A hw+athugu))
                                   (TO to)
                                   (VB^D $bigietenne))))
          (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:11.71.20.473))

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-ACC-LFD (D^A +Tysne))
              (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N se) (ADJ^N +almihtiga) (NR^N God))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (P +teh)
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                              (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
                              (VBDS (VBDS swunge) (CONJ &) (VBDS +treade))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he))
              (NP-ACC-RSP (PRO^A hine))
              (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teh))
              (VBD gescylde)
              (PP (P fram)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D ecan) (N^D swinglan))))
      (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_4_[C]:11.274.6.3988)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N Se)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A synnen))
                                                  (VBPI adilga+d))
                                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                                 (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                             (NP-ACC (PRO^A heo))
                                                             (VBPI scune+d)))
                                          (, ,)
                                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                                 (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM-RSP-1 (PRO^N he))
                                                             (NP-ACC (PRO^A heo))
                                                             (ADVP (ADV halewendlice))
                                                             (VBPI andette+d))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-LFD (NR^N God)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                          (NP-DAT (PRO^D hire))
                                          (BEPI by+d)
                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
                                          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N gewite)))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he))
              (NP-GEN-RSP-3 (PRO^G heora))
              (BEPI by+d)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
              (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN-RSP *ICH*-3)
                          (N^N werigend))
              (. .))
      (ID coalcuin,Alc_[Warn_35]:348.246)) 

Left-dislocations may be extracted from subordinate clauses to either the left-edge of IP, or to the specCP position. From either position they are traced to the clause of origin.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD-1 (D^N +t+at)   <-- at left edge of matrix clause
                            (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-2 (D^A +t+at))
					(C 0)
					(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-2)
						    (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
						    (VBD gecl+ansode))))
              (, ,)
              (NEG ne)
              (VBI cw+a+d) 
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
              (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-1)  <-- trace
				      (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hit))
				      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ful))
				      (BEPS sy)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:92.2336))

(NODE (CP-THT (CP-THT (C +t+at)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N leahterfullan))
			      (NEG+BEDI n+aron)
			      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NEG+Q^G nanre) (N^G miltsunge))
					    (ADJ^N wur+de))))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (CP-THT (NP-NOM-LFD-2 (D^N +ta)   <-- in specCP
					   (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
						   (C +te)
						   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
							   (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ane))
							   (VBDI aslidan))))
			     (, ,)
			     (C +t+at)
			     (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-2)  <-- trace
				     (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hi))
				     (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
				     (NEG ne)
				     (MDDI sceoldon)
				     (PP (P +at)
					 (NP-DAT (NR^D Drihtne)))
				     (HV habban)
				     (NP-ACC (Q^A +anigne) (N^A miltsunge))))))


Repeated subject pronouns

When a subject pronoun is repeated within the same clause, the original pronoun is labelled NP-NOM and the second as NP-NOM-RSP. See also Restarts and Appositives for pronoun subjects followed by a coreferential full NP.

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du)) <-- first pronoun
		    (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A mangengan))
			    (CONJP (CONJ &)
				   (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A wi+tfeohtend)))
			    (CONJP (CONJ &)
				   (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A forhycgend)
					   (NP-GEN (PRO$^G ura) (N^G goda)))))
		    (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N +du)) <-- second pronoun
		    (NP (PRO me))
		    (VB helan)
		    (MDDI woldest)
		    (, ,)
		    (ADVP (ADVR swy+dor)
			  (PP (P +tonne)
			      (CP-CMP-SPE (WADVP-1 0)
					  (C 0)
					  (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (ADVP *T*-1)
							 (NP-DAT (PRO$^D 
								       minum) (N^D +degnum))
							 (VB secgean))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:7.36.3.288))

( (CODE <T06880036000,14.206.5>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))   <-- first pronoun
          (, ,)
          (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
              (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (ADJ^N so+dsagal) (N^N st+arwritere)))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A +ting)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                  (PP (PP (P be)
                                          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                                             (PP (P +turh)
                                                 (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))))
                                  (BEN^N gewordene)
                                  (BEDI w+aron))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N ic))  <-- repeated pronoun
          (VBDI awrat)
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:14.206.5.2089))


Vocatives

Vocative NPs are labelled -VOC. They are either nominative, or have the Latin vocative inflection (-e). In the latter case they have no case label.
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (INTJ Eala)
		  (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO^N +du)
			      (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Eugenia)))
		  (, ,)
		  (NEG ne)
		  (BEPH beo)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
		  (VBN afyrht))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:406.436))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N We))
		  (VBDI budon) 
		  (NP (PRO +te))
		  (NP-NOM-VOC (N^N Casere))
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-GEN-1 (D^G +tes))
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-GEN *T*-1)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N we)
						  (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfa)))
					  (VBPI bruca+d)))) 
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:218.594))

( (CODE <T03040012500,413>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (N^N wy+tersaca))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                      (MDP wylle)
                      (VB *)
                      (ADVP (ADV georne)) 
                      (NP-NOM-VOC (ADJ^N leof)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:413.733))

(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hwi))
		  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (NEG+MDPI nelt)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                              (INTJ la)
                              (NP-NOM-VOC (NR^N Effrem))
                              (, ,)
                              (CP-ADV-SPE (P nu)
					  (C 0)
					  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
						      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swa) (ADJ^N arwur+de))
						      (BEPI eart)))
                              (, ,)
                              (BE beon)
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N m+assepreost))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:517.821))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
		  (VBD come)
		  (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D hider))
		  (, ,)
		  (NP-VOC (NR Maure))  <-- Latin vocative
		  (, ,)
		  (PP (P to)
		      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D uncu+dum) (N^D earde))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:304.1674))

( (CODE <T03150001100,33>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Datianus))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                      (VBPI dwelast)
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-VOC (NR Geori))) 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[George]:33.3080))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (BEPS Sy)
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D +te))
              (NP-NOM (N^N syb))
              (NP-VOC (NR Marce)
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (PRO$^N ure) (N^N godspellere)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Mark]:73.3257))


NPs of extent (-EXT)

Instrumental determiners and quantifiers with comparatives
Genitive determiners and quantifiers with comparatives


The function "extent" is only annotated on phrases used as modifiers of other categories, never at IP-level. Extent phrases at IP-level are labelled as ordinary adjuncts. Extent phrases are always NPs or QPs and mostly modify adjectives, adverbs, quantifiers, PPs, and adverbial clauses (CP-ADV). Potential extent NPs on NPs (e.g., two year(s) delay) are only labelled -EXT if the modifying NP is dative or accusative (2 egs). If it is or could be taken as genitive, it is simply labelled genitive.

(NODE (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NUM^G +treora) (N^G daga)) <--  no -EXT because gen.
              (N^A f+areld))
      (ID cootest,Exod:3.18.2385))

(NODE (NP-ACC (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM feower) (N^D geare)) <-- -EXT because dative
              (N^A f+ac))
       (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:8.2171))

(NODE (NP-ACC-TMP (NP-EXT (NP (NUMP (NUM +treo) (NUM hund))
			      (NP-GEN (N^G geara)))
			  (CONJP *ICH*-5))
		  (N^A f+ac)
		  (CONJP-5 (CONJ &)
			   (NP (NUMP (NUM twa) (CONJ &) (NUM hundseofantig))
			       (NP-GEN (N^G geara))))))
       (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_16_[App]:534.34.3060))

The most common types of extent phrases are:
  • measures of time or distance modifying adverbs and PPs; note that especially with PPs/CP-ADVs the NP of extent may follow the PP rather than precede it. These are most commonly dative, but there are some accusatives. Gen/dat ambiguity is resolved as dative in this context, and acc/gen ambiguity is resolved as accusative, but acc/dat is not resolved. As usual when headed by a number or other caseless category, the extent phrase is not labelled for case.
    (NODE (ADVP-TMP (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^I ane) (N^D geare))  <-- modifying ADV
    		(ADV^T +ar))
           (ID cochronA-1,ChronA_[Plummer]:885.13.945))
    
    (NODE (CP-REL-1 (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
    		(C +te)
    		(IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
    			(NP-ACC (NR^A Iacobum))
    			(RP+VBDI ofslog)
    			(PP (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^I ane) (N^D geare))  <-- modifying PP
    			    (P +ar)
    			    (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D agnum) (N^D dea+te)))))
          (ID cochronA-1,ChronA_[Plummer]:46.1.75))
    
    ( (CODE <T22010002000,0.45>)
      (IP-MAT (PP (P AER)
                  (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                      (N gefl+ascnesse))
                  (NP-EXT (NUM lx)             <-- modifying a PP, following
                          (NP-GEN (N^G wintra))))  no case
              (, .)
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Gaius) (NR^N Iulius)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N Casere)))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADVS^T +arest)
                        (NP-GEN (NR^G Romana)))
              (NP-ACC (NR^A Bretenlond))
              (VBD gesohte)
              (. .)) (ID cochronA-1,ChronA_[Plummer]:0.45.52))
    
    ( (CODE <T06590022200,5.23.19>)
      (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P +Ar) (D^D +dam)
    		  (C +de)
    		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Romeburh))
    			  (VBN getimbred)
    			  (BEDS w+are))
    		  (NP-EXT (NUMP (NUM eahta) (NUM $hund)) <-- modifying a clause,
    			  (NP-GEN (N^G wintra))))            following, no case
              (, ,)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (NR^D Egyptum)))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM syfan) (N^A gear))
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N ungemetlica) (N^N eor+dwela))
              (. ,)) (ID coorosiu,Or_1:5.23.19.464))
    
    ( (CODE <T22010046500,896.1>)
      (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
                  (NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D ylcan) (N^D gere)))
              (VBD worhte)
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (RP+VBN^N foresprecena) (N^N here))
              (NP-ACC (N^A geweorc))
              (PP (P be)
                  (NP (NR Lygan)))
              (PP (NP-EXT (NUM xx)         <-- distance, modifying a PP
                          (NP-GEN (N^G mila)))
                  (P bufan)
                  (NP-DAT (NR^D Lundenbyrig)))
              (. .)) (ID cochronA-2b,ChronA_[Plummer]:896.1.1100))
    
    (NODE (PP (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^D +trim) (N^D milum))
    	  (P fram)
    	  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR Rome)) 
    		  (N^D byrig)))
          (ID coblick,LS_32_[PeterandPaul[BlHom_15]]:193.385.2508))
    
    (NODE (PP (NP-ACC-EXT (NUM^A twa) (N^A mila))  <-- accusative of extent
    	  (P of)
    	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D byrig)))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:310.6167))
    
    (NODE (PP (NP-ACC-EXT (NUM syx) (N^A mila))  <-- acc/gen ambiguous 
              (P fram)                               labelled accusative
              (NP (NR Rauenna)))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Apollinaris]:186.4679)) 
    
    (NODE (PP (NP-EXT (N hwile))                 <-- acc/dat ambiguous
              (P +ar)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (N^D mete)))
          (ID colaece,Lch_II_[2]:65.1.13.3405)) 
    
    
  • measures of distance modifying adjectives like BRAD, LANG, WIDE, etc. These are genitive or, when the extent phrase is headed by a caseless number (or other category unlabelled for case, e.g., FELA), unlabelled for case. In this context dat/gen or acc/gen ambiguity is resolved as genitive.
    
    ( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N wudu))
              (BEPI is)
              (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D eastlang) (CONJ &) (ADV^D westlang))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (NP-GEN-EXT (NUM^G hundtwelftiges)
                                                  (NP-GEN (N^G mila)))
                                      (ADJ^N lang) 
                                      (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)
                                             (ADJX-NOM (ADJR^N lengra))))
                            (, ,)
                            (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                   (ADJP-NOM (NP-GEN-EXT (NUM^G +tritiges) 
                                                         (NP-GEN (N^G mila)))
                                             (ADJ^N brad))))
              (. ;)) (ID cochronA-2a,ChronA_[Plummer]:893.5.1013))
    
    ( (CODE <T06210017100,7.20>)
      (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-NOM (D^N +d+at) (N^N w+ater))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN-EXT (NUM fyftyne) (N^G f+a+dma))
                            (ADJ^N deop))
              (PP (P ofer)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJS^A heahstan) (N^A duna)))
              (. .)) (ID cootest,Gen:7.20.320))
    
    (NODE (ADJP-NOM (NP-GEN-EXT (NUM twelf) (N^G mila)) <-- acc/gen ambiguous
    		(ADJ^N brad))                           labelled genitive
          (ID cobede,Bede_1:3.30.26.244))
    
    
  • dative measures of exent with comparative adjectives and adverbs; see also Instrumental determiners and quantifiers with comparatives
    (NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM seofon) (N^D si+dum))
                        (ADJR^N beorhtre)     <-- comparative adj
                        (PP (P +donne)
                            (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
                                            (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
                                            (BEPI is)))))
          (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:Ma21,A.3.396)) 
    
    (NODE (ADJP-NOM (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^D +trym) (N^D mundum))
                    (ADJR^N hierra)
                    (PP (P +tonne)
                        (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G huses))
                                                  (N^N flor))))))
          (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:Ma27,A.14.498)) 
    
    (NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^D twam) (N^D f+a+dmum))
                        (ADJR^N l+angre)
                        (PP (P +tonne)
                            (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                    (C 0)
                                    (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
                                            (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N imet))
                                            (BEDS were)))))
          (ID corood,LS_5_[InventCrossNap]:368.358)) 
    
    (NODE (ADVP-TMP (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM feower) (N^D pricum))
                    (ADVR^T lator))         <-- comparative adverb
          (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_6:230.198.1183)) 
    
    (NODE (ADVP (NP-EXT (NUM C)
    		    (NP-GEN (N^G si+da)))
                (ADVR selor)
                (PP (P +tonne)
                    (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                    (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                    (VBD dyde)))))
          (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:Oc8,A.13.1929)) 
    
    


Instrumental determiners and quantifiers with comparatives

Instrumental determiners and quantifiers in conjunction with comparative adjectives and adverbs are treated as extent modifiers (although this is not necessarily the right analysis (see Mitchell (1985) for an analysis of +TY as comparative THAN THAT)). The determiner type is never itself modified (although it may co-occur with +T+AS), and thus never projects a phrase. The quantifier MICLE may be modified (SWA MICLE, etc.) and in these cases projects a QP-DAT-EXT phrase (for dative for instrumental, see Dative and instrumental case).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *exp*)
          (QP-ADT (Q^I mycle) (QR l+as))  <-- Q modifying QR
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)
                  (NP-DAT-PRN *ICH*-1))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VBN alyfed)
          (, ,)
          (NP-DAT-PRN-1 (D^D +tam)
                        (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                                (C +te)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                        (ADVP (ADV niwan))
                                        (VBDI com))))
          (. ,)) (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:4.28.34.302))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
	      (NEG ne)
	      (BEPI by+t)
	      (ADVP (D^I +ty) (ADVR hra+tor))  <-- D modifying ADVR
	      (RP onweg)
	      (VBN adrifen)
	      (PP (P fram)
		  (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G heortan))
		      (N +amtignesse))))
      (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:4.35.12.384))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
	      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +te) (ADJR^N beteran)) <-- D modifying ADJR
	      (BEPS beon)
	      (, ,)
	      (PP (P +turh)
		  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A boclican) (N^A lare))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maurice]:119.5757))

(ADVP (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV sua) (Q^I micle))
      (ADVR ungest+a+d+delicor))

(ADJP-NOM (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV sua) (Q^I micle))  <-- QP modifying ADJR
	  (ADJR^N beteran))

(ADVP-LOC (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV sua) (Q^I micle))
	  (ADVR^L fur+dur))

(QP-ADT (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV sua) (Q^I micle))
	(QR ma))


Genitive determiners and quantifiers with comparatives

The genitive type takes two forms: +T+AS, usually with +TY/+TE, and EALLES with TO (EALLES TO ADJ/ADV).
( (CODE <T06430017400,5.15>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Witodlice))
          (QP-ADT (D^G +t+as) (D^I +te) (QR ma))
          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N spr+ac))
          (PP (P be)
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
          (VBD ferde)) (ID cowsgosp,Lk_[WSCp]:5.15.3887))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic)) 
              (BEPS beo)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^G +t+as) (D^I +te) (ADJR^N geleaffulra))
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (VAG^D lifigendan) (NR^D Gode))
              (NP-DAT-TMP (Q^D eallum) (PRO$^D minum) (N^D dagum))
              (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
			  (C 0)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
				      (VBPI de+d)
				      (NP-ACC (D^A +tis))
				      (PP (P +turh)
					  (NP (PRO +te)))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:331.4434))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (N^N men))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (VBPI lufia+d)
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                      (VBDI cw+a+d))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP (Q^G ealles) (ADV to) (ADV swy+de))  <-- EALLES TO 
          (NP-ACC (D^A +tas) (ADJ^A swicolan) (N^A woruld))) 
  (ID cowulf,WHom_5:16.169))

The very rare appearance of a single modifying +T+AS with an adjective or adverb is taken as an extent item, but as a single-word modifier it doesn't project a phrasal node.

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan))
		  (NEG+BEPI nis)
		  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^N welig) 
				(CP-DEG-SPE (C +t+at)
					    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))   
				                        (NP-GEN (Q^G sumes) (N^G eacan))
							(NEG ne)
							(MDPS +tyrfe)))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:33.75.3.1400))

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
		  (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)) 
		  (ADVP (D^G +d+as) (ADVS heardost))
		  (VBD langode)
		  (CP-FRL-TMP (WADVP-TMP-2 (WADV^T hwanne))
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-2)
				      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
				      (PP (P of)
					  (NP-DAT (D^D +disse) (N^D worlde)))
				      (MDD moste))))
      (ID coblick,LS_17.1_[MartinMor[BlHom_17]]:225.271.2906))




Empty categories

Empty subjects
Subjects elided under conjunction
Empty expletive subjects
Other empty subjects
Empty complementizers
Traces
WH-operators and traces
Scrambling and extraposition
Raising to subject
The generic empty category
Empty NPs
Empty verbs or VPs
Empty quantifiers
The position of traces and other empty categories

Table of contents


There are six basic types of empty categories: empty subjects, empty wh-operators and complementizers, wh-traces, traces of scrambling and extraposition, the trace of raising to subject, and a generic empty category used as a last resort in certain difficult cases.

empty subjects:        (NP-NOM *con*)        subject elided under conjunction
                       (NP-NOM *exp*)	     expletive subject
		       (NP-NOM-x *exp*)	     coindexed expletive subject
		       (NP-NOM *pro*)        all other empty subjects

empty wh-operators     (WXP-1 0)             where WXP is any wh-phrase
                                             and -1 is any number
empty complementizer   (C 0)

wh-trace               (XP *T*-1)            where XP is any phrase
                                             and -1 is any number

traces of scrambling   (XP *ICH*-1)          where XP is any phrase
and extraposition                            and -1 is any number

trace of raising to    (XP *-1)		     where XP is NP-SBJ or NP
subject                                      and -1 is any number

generic                (XP *)		     where XP is any phrase


Empty subjects

Subjects elided under conjunction
Empty expletive subjects
Other empty subjects


All complete finite clauses in the corpus have a subject; if an overt subject is not present, an empty subject of the appropriate type is added. Small clauses and absolute participials also always have a subject. Infinitives, however, only have a subject when it is overt, or elided under conjunction. Arbitrary PRO (*arb*) subjects are not indicated in infinitives as in the PPCME2.



Subjects elided under conjunction

Subjects elided under conjunction contain *con*. Elided subjects are indicated in both conjoined subordinate clauses and in main clause tokens since subjects are obligatory in most types of clauses in our system. The empty subject in a matrix clause is coreferential with the subject of the previous token. Elided objects could be treated in the same way, but haven't been indicated in the corpus, since many cases are unclear.
( (CODE <T03060000700,13>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (VBD gesette)
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (N^D ealdre)))
          (PP (P ofer)
              (NP-ACC (NUM^A an) (N^A werod)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:13.1218))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)  <-- HE elided
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T symble))
                  (BE beon)
                  (PP (P +atforan)
                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N gesih+de))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:13.1219))

Note that no overt conjunction is necessary for the use of *con*.
( (CODE <T03060000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (VBD lufode)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +done) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A w+ar))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:11.1216))
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (NEG+VBD nyste)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (VBD gelyfde)
                          (PP (P on)
                              (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (VAG^A lifigendan) (NR^A God)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:11.1217))

Empty *con* subjects are also included in non-finite clauses (infinitives, small clauses, dative absolutes). Note that in these clauses they are labelled NP-SBJ without case, even if the antecedant subject has case.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI b+ad)
          (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi) (Q^A ealle))
                          (VB wacian)
                          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                          (PP (P on)
                              (NP-ACC (N^A niht)))
                          (PP (P mid)
                              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*) <-- HI EALLE elided
                                 (VB +dingian)
                                 (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D earman) (N^D men))
                                 (PP (P to)
                                     (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D +almihtigan) (NR^D Gode))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:437.764))

( (CODE <T03070008100,324>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Maurus))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (VBDI geseah)
          (IP-SMC (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (NUM^A +anne) (VAG^A scinende) (N^A engel))
                          (PP (P wi+d)
                              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))
                          (VAG standende))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *con*)  <-- subject elided
                                 (NP-ACC (D^A +tas) (N^A word))
                                 (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                                 (VAG secgende))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:324.1682))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (PTP-DAT-ABS (PTP-DAT-ABS (NP-DAT-SBJ (PRO^D him))
					(ADVP (ADV swa))
					(VBN^D gelettum)) 
			   (CONJP (CONJ &)
				  (PTP-DAT-ABS (NP-SBJ *con*)
					       (ADVP (ADV swa))
					       (VBN^D genyddum))))
	      (VBDS (VBDS forgeafe) (CONJ &) (VBD gedyde))
	      (NP-ACC (Q^A hw+athugu) (N^A get+ase)
		      (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G gewinnes))))
      (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:4.39.22.444))


Empty expletive subjects

Empty expletive subjects are indicated by *exp*. See Expletive constructions.



Other empty subjects

When the empty subject of a clause is not the same as that of the previous (conjoined) clause, it contains *pro*. In some cases this may represent ``small pro'' i.e., true pro-drop. However, the use of *pro* is not meant to indicate a syntactic analysis, but simply that for whatever reason (including in some cases such things as scribal error), the empty subject of a clause is not coreferential with that of the previous parallel clause. Cases in which the subject of a clause is (partially) coreferential with the subject of the previous, but the number changes (singular to plural or vice versa) are indicated by *pro*, although some inconsistently may be found here.
( (CODE <T03250009000,335>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Iudas))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (VBD gehyrte)
          (NP (PRO$ his) (N geferan))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (N^D wordum)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:335.5063))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *pro*) <-- IUDAS and HIS GEFERAN
          (VBDI f+aston)
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM^A +anne) (N^A d+ag))
          (PTP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G fultumes))
                   (VAG^N biddende)
                   (PP (P +at)
                       (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D +almihtigan) (NR^D Gode)))
                   (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                           (IP-SUB ...))))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:335.5064))

( (CODE <T03220001100,43>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N bisceop))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM *pro*)  <-- "let him go..." 
                      (VBPS Gange)
                      (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
                      (PP (P to)
                          (NP-DAT (PRO$^D minre) (N^D byrgene))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:43.4247))

A *pro* subject is added in cases in which a formally unambiguous subjunctive is used as an imperative.
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *pro*)
          (VBPS gefylle)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (N ren) (N^D w+atere)))
          (. .)) (ID colaece,Lch_II_[1]:2.1.12.167))
( (CODE <T22790005600,2.1.14>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *pro*)
          (PP (P +After)
              (NP-DAT (D^I +ton)))
          (VBPS aweorpe)
          (RP of)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A finul))) 
  (ID colaece,Lch_II_[1]:2.1.14.168))


Empty complementizers

Empty complementizers are indicated by (C 0). A complementizer position is included in every type of CP except direct questions, yes/no questions, and V1 conditionals. In all other types of CPs, if the complementizer is not overt, the position is marked by an empty complementizer.
( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))
          (VBDI axodon)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))  <-- indirect question
                  (C 0) 
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDS w+are)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))

( (CODE <T03020002400,54>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (Q^N Sume))
          (BEPI syndan)
          (VAG creopende)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (N eor+dan)))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (N^D lichoman)))
          (, ,)
          (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)               <-- comparative clause
              (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (N^N wurmas))
                              (VBPI do+d))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:54.41))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (CP-ADV (P gif)                     <-- adverbial clause
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			  (VBN geworht)
			  (BEDS w+are)))
          (NEG ne)
          (BEDS wurde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
          (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N +almihtig) (NR^N God))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:66.54))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (VBPS lufige)
	      (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)
		      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at)) <-- relative clause
			      (C 0) 
			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
				      (BEPI is)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:90.72))


Traces

WH-operators and traces
Scrambling and extraposition
Raising to subject


WH-operators and traces

Wh-operators are indicated by (WXP 0) where WXP is any wh-phrase. They are coindexed with a trace of the same category in the constituent from which they are extracted.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV hra+de)
                (PP (P swa)
                    (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0) <-- empty wh-operator
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)  <-- trace
                                    (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                    (VBPI gehyr+d)
                                    (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G burge))
                                        (N naman)
                                        (CP-REL (WNP-2 0) <-- empty wh-operator
                                                (C +te)
                                                (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)  <-- trace
                                                        (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                                        (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                                        (MDD cu+de))))))))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV hra+de))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (MDPI m+ag)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A burh)
                  (CP-FRL-PRN *ICH*-4))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ hire) (N^D ge+tohte)))
          (VB gescyppan)
          (CP-FRL-PRN-4 (WADJP-NOM-3 (WADJ^N hwylc))  <-- overt wh-phrase
                        (C 0) 
                        (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *T*-3)  <-- trace
                                (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                (BEPI bi+d)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:128.104))

The following rules apply for marking case on wh-traces.
  • Non-overt wh-phrases and their traces are only labelled for case when they are nominative subjects. Non-subjects have no case label. Non-nominative subjects have only the -SBJ label. Nominative predicates have only the -PRD label.
    
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-NOM *con*)
                  (NEG ne)
                  (MDPI cunnon)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A o+der)
                          (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0) <--- case on empty subject wh-
    				  (C +te)
    				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
    					      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
    					      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N endeleas))
    					      (BEPI bi+d))))
                  (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:61.1249))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta)
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
              (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))
              (VBD gebrohte)
              (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0)     <-- no case on empty non-subject wh-
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)
                                (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N deofol))
                                (VB +atbredan)
                                (MDD wolde)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:21.1225))
    
    (NODE (PP (P wi+d)
    	  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (Q^A mycclan) (N^A ea)
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) <-- no case on non-nominative subject
    			  (C +te)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
    				  (VBPI hata+d)
    				  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)  <-- -SBJ
    					  (NP-PRD (NR Liger)))))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:157.1581))
    
    (NODE (NP-NOM (D^N +tes) (ADJ^N fyrena) (N^N swer)
    	      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-3 0) <-- no case on non-nominative subject
    			  (C +te)
    			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
    				      (VBPI gesyhst)
    				      (IP-INF-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-3) <-- -SBJ 
    						  (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
    						  (VB standan)))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:499.810))
    
    (NODE (NP-NOM (ADJ^N swilce) (N^N halgan)
    	      (PP (P swylce) 
    		  (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)  <-- no case on predicate
    			  (C 0)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)  <-- -PRD
    				  (NP-NOM (D^N +t+as) (ADJ^N halga) (N^N cyning))
    				  (BEPI is)))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Edmund]:259.7116))
    
    
  • Overt wh-phrases are given case labels when appropriate; function labels are only used on the trace, unless the function is lexically based (see next item)
    ( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))
              (VBDI axodon)
              (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
              (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at)) 
                      (C 0) 
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (BEDS w+are)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD s+ade)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D ceastergewarum))
              (CP-QUE (WNP-ACC-1 (WPRO^A hw+at))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (VBDI geseah)
                              (PP (P be)
                                  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:92.511))
    
    
    ( (CODE <T22010057700,941.1>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L Her))
              (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+telstan) (N^N cyning))
              (RP+VBD for+dferde)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP (FW vi) (FW Kalend+a) (FW Novembris)))
              (, .)
              (PP (P ymbe)
                  (NP (NUM xli)          
                      (NP-GEN (N^G wintra))
                      (PP (P butan)
                          (NP-DAT (NUM^D anre) (N^D niht)))
                      (CP-REL (WNP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as)) <-- case on overt wh- 
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-TMP *T*-1) <--function marked on trace only
                                      (NP-NOM (NR^N +Alfred) (N^N cyning))
                                      (RP+VBD for+tferde)))))
              (. ;)) (ID cochronA-3,ChronA_[Plummer]:941.1.1358))
    
    
  • Wh-phrases, overt or empty, are given function labels when the function labels are lexically based; that is, -TMP, -LOC, -DIR. See also Temporal and locative relatives.
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD s+ade)
              (CP-QUE (WADVP-LOC-1 (WADV^L hw+ar))  <-- overt wh- with function
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N lichama))
                              (VBDI l+ag)
                              (PP (P on)
                                  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D adelan)))))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:461.1490))
    
    ( (CODE <T03030006200,195>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (VBDI com)
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N d+ag)
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)      <-- empty wh- with function
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N dema))
                                      (VBD ges+atte))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:195.310))
    
    (NODE (PP (P mid)
    	  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D ylcan) (N^D anrednysse)
    		  (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-1 0)
    			  (C +te)
    			  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
    				  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
    				  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
    				  (RP+VBD onwunode)))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:286.6157))
    
    
  • The trace of a non-overt wh-phrase is given the appropriate function label for its role in the clause if this is clear, but not case. This applies primarily to predicates (-PRD), but also when the trace is clearly not an argument, -ADT is added.
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBDI befran)
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T si+d+dan))
              (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO hw+at))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)  <-- predicate function marked
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$ hire) (N^N f+ader))
                              (VBD hatte)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:1112.6711))
    
    ( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ and)
                (NP-NOM *con*)
                (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G ma+dma))
                (NEG ne)
                (VBD rohte)
                (QP-ADT (D^I +te) (QR ma) 
                        (CP-CMP (WQP-1 0) 
                                (C +te)
                                (IPX-SUB=0 (QP-ADT *T*-1) <-- adjunct quantifier
                                           (NP-GEN (VAG^G reocendes) (N^G meoxes)))))
                (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:17.1723))
    
    ( (CODE <T06480014600,246>)
      (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WPRO^A Hw+at)) 
                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC-ADT *T*-1) <-- HW+AT = "why"
    			  (RP+VBPI ondr+adest)
    			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
    			  (NP-RFL (PRO +te))
    			  (IP-INF-SPE (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A H+alend)
    					      (NP-ACC-PRN *ICH*-2))
    				      (TO to)
    				      (RP+VB^D onfone)
    				      (, ,)
    				      (NP-ACC-PRN-2 (PRO$^A minne) (N^A wi+derwinne))))
                  (. ?)) (ID conicodC,Nic_[C]:246.242))
    
    


Scrambling and extraposition

The trace of scrambling and extraposition is indicated by *ICH*. The source position of these movements is only indicated if the constituent has crossed a constituent boundary. Scrambling or topicalization of an object within the same IP is not indicated. Likewise extraposition of IP-level constituents to a later position in the same IP is not indicated. Traces of scrambling are the first item in the constituent they are extracted from, while traces of extraposition are the last item. See The position of traces.
( (CODE <T03020000800,13>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic)
                      (CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-1))  <-- trace of extraposed CP-REL
              (BEPI eom)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N anginn))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-SPE-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0)    <-- extraposed CP-REL
			    (C +te)
			    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
					(PP (NP (PRO eow))
					    (P to))
					(VBP spr+ace)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:13.11))

( (CODE <T03020003400,76>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Swa))
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G +almihtigan) (NR^G Godes))
                  (N^N sunu)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1)) <-- trace of extraposed appositive
          (BEPI is)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
          (PP (P of)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D f+ader)))
          (VBN acenned)
          (, ,)
          (NP-NOM-PRN-1 (NP-NOM (ADJ^N so+d) (N^N leoht)) <-- extraposed
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)                     appositive
                               (NP-NOM (ADJ^N so+d) (N^N wisdom))))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:76.63))

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-DAT-1 (PRO^D him)) <-- scrambled pronoun
                  (VB gelangian)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A gelyfeden) (N^A men))
                  (PP (NP-DAT *ICH*-1)   <-- trace of scrambled pronoun
                      (P to)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:92.510))

( (IP-MAT (NEG+CONJ ne)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (NP-GEN-1 (NEG+Q^G nanes) (N^G +tinges)) <-- scrambled genitive
          (NEG+BEPI nis)
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN *ICH*-1) <-- trace of scrambled genitive
                  (N^N neod+tearf))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:47.35))

Note that the index number on the scrambled/extraposed constituent indicates that it is not a member of the constituent in which it is situated. Thus in the following two examples, the constituent labelled NP-ACC-1 is not a constituent of the IP which immediately dominates it, but of the IP dominating the trace. See also Raising to subject.

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
              (VBP hate)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (NP-ACC-1 (PRO^A eow)) <-- scrambling from a small clause
              (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
              (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1)
			  (NP-PRD (N +teowan))) 
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:84.238))

( (CODE <T03030011100,361>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-ACC-1 (NR^A Eugenian)) <-- scrambling from an infinitive
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1)
                          (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D godum))
                          (VB geoffrian))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (IP-SUB-CON (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
				     (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
				     (PP (P mid)
					 (NP-DAT (N^D wytum)))
				     (ADVP (ADV welreowlice))
				     (VBD acwealde))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:361.407))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-ACC-1 (D^A +tas) (N^A +ting))   <-- scrambling from a
              (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hyt))                  finite CP
              (VBD gebyrede)
              (CP-THT-SPE-x (C +t+at)
			    (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *ICH*-1) <-- trace
						    (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
						    (VBDI dydon))
					(CONJP (CONJ &)
					       (IP-SUB-CON-SPE (NP-NOM *con*)
							       (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A o+dre))
							       (NEG ne)
							       (VBDI forletun)))))
              (. .))
  (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:23.23.1592)) 


Raising to subject

A matrix subject that is coreferent to the empty subject of a small clause or infinitive is coindexed to an empty category (NP-SBJ *) in that position. Note that unlike in the case of scrambling and extraposition the index on the subject in this case does not indicate that it is not a constituent of the clause in which it appears.
( (CODE <T02050006300,183.136>)
  (IP-MAT (NEG+BEDI N+aron)
          (NP-NOM-1 (PRO^N hi))
          (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N blinde)))
          (VBN^N gesceapene)
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_1:183.136.132))

( (CODE <T02080014500,215.276>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So+dlice))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sy+d+dan))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM-1 (PRO$ his) (N^N byrgen))
          (VBN gemet)
          (, :)
          (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
                  (PP (P mid)
                      (NP (FW manna)))
                  (VBN afylled))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_4:215.276.882))

( (CODE <T06860040400,16.88.3>)
  (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P Gif)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
			  (PP (P mid)
			      (NP (N +toncmeotunge) (CONJ &) (N +treodunge)))
			  (VBPI ge+teafa+d)))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (BEPI bi+d)
          (VBN ongyten)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
          (NP-NOM-1 (N^N syn))
          (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *-1)
                  (VBN gefremed)
                  (BE beon))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.88.3.798))

In active infinitives with passive meaning the object may also be coreferent with the subject of the matrix.
( (CODE <T06850012100,5.22.18>)
  (CP-THT (C +D+at)
          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-1 (NR^N Ceadwala) 
                            (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (NR^G Westseaxna))
                                        (N^N cyning)))
                  (IP-INF-NCO (NP *-1)  <-- "to be baptized"
                              (TO to)
                              (VB^D gefulliane))
                  (VBDI com)
                  (PP (P to)
                      (NP (NR Rome))))
          (. :)) (ID cobede,BedeHead:5.22.18.124))

( (CODE <T03050005100,139>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +Teos) (N^N race))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N langsum)
                        (IP-INF-NCO (NP *-1)
                                    (ADVP (ADV fullice))
                                    (TO to)
                                    (VB^D gereccenne)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:139.1022))

The same notation is used in "tough movement" and similar constructions.
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-1 (N^N bere))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N earfo+de)
                        (IP-INF (NP *-1)
                                (TO to)
                                (VB^D gearcigenne)))
          (. :)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_12:278.91.2268))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM-1 (Q^N micel) (N^N g+ars))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D stowe)))
          (, :)
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N myrige)
                    (IP-INF (PP (NP *-1)
                                (P on))
                            (TO to)
                            (VB^D sittenne))))
  (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_12:275.16.2194))


The generic empty category

Empty NPs
Empty verbs or VPs
Empty quantifiers


There are a number of situations, mostly arising from elision, in which it is not possible to use the usual rules for indicating elided material (see Elision), but in which it is necessary to indicate the elided material in order to preserve structure. In these cases we use a generic empty category (XP *). There are three types: (NP *), (VB *) and (Q *).



Empty NPs

There are two types of empty NP. Subjects are added when the subject of a small clause is elided under identity with some NP in a previous conjoined clause, or is missing for any other reason.
( (CODE <T06590003800,1.11.8>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ &)
                    (CP-FRL-LOC (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +t+ar))
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                        (NP-NOM (PRO^N hio))
                                        (ADVP-TMP (ADVS^T +arest))
                                        (RP up)
                                        (VBPI wiel+d)))
                    (NP-ACC-2 (PRO^A hie))
                    (VBPI hata+d)
                    (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N landmen))
                    (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-2)
                            (NP-PRD (NR Nuchul))))
          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                 (IPX-MAT=0 (NP-NOM (Q^N sume) (N^N men))
                            (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *) <-- subject place-holder
                                    (NP-PRD (NR Dara)))))
          (37 . .))
  (38 ID coorosiu,Or_1:1.11.8.153))

Empty NP complements are added when the entire complement of the preposition in a second or subsequent PP conjunct has been elided. When only the head has been elided leaving a complement, an
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (NP-ACC (Q^A aht) 
		      (ADJP-GEN (ADJ^G sti+tlices)))
	      (VBPS spr+ace)
	      (PP (P ongean)
		  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A abbod)))
	      (, ,)
	      (PP (NEG+CONJ nau+ter) (NEG+CONJ ne)
		  (PP (P binnan)
		      (NP-DAT (N^D mynstre)))
		  (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
			 (PP (P butan)
			     (NP *)))))  <-- elided complement of prep.
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:3.16.2.231))

This applies only when the entire complement has been elided. When only the head has been elided leaving a complement or other constituent, an empty NP node is added round it.
(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
              (VBPS wunien)
              (PP (PP (P on)
                      (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                          (N gesyh+te)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (PP (P on) <-- "and in [the sight] of his angels"
                             (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G engla)))))))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:19.45.9.584)) 


Empty verbs or VPs

Normally the elision of verbs is taken care of using equal-sign coindexing (see Elision in conjoined clauses), but when a verb or entire VP is elided under identity with a verb or VP in an inaccessable position an empty category (VB *) is added. This may stand for just the non-finite verb, but more usually covers the entire VP. This type of elision most often occurs in a matrix clause under identity with a previous subordinate clause. The point of the empty category is to indicate that the modal is not being used as a main verb in these cases.
( (CODE <T03130002100,69>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I sume) (N^D d+ag))
          (VBDI b+ad)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +tone) (N^A bisceop)
                              (NP-ACC-PRN (NR^A +Alfeh)))
                  (VB bl+atsian)
                  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A ful)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:69.2739))
( (CODE <T03130002200,70>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (NEG+MDD nolde) 
          (VB *)  <-- refers to "bl+atsian" in IP-INF in previous token 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:70.2740))


Empty quantifiers

In a few cases (3 egs.) a quantifier head taking a PP complement is understood. When such a construction fills an argument position, an empty (Q *) is inserted. The same process may be at work with partative genitives, but we do not indicate it in these cases (probably?). See also POS Manual: Focus particles for the NE...BUTON construction.
( (CODE <T03070004800,186>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P +After)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tysum)))
          (AXDI ongunnon)
          (NP-NOM (Q *) 
                  (PP (P of) 
                      (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D gegaderwyrhtum))))
          (VB t+alan)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +done) (N^A halgan)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (VBD geh+alde)
                                  (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A preost)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:186.1605))

(NODE (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
	      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
	      (MDPI sculon)
	      (VB $healdan)
	      (NP (Q *) 
		  (PP (P of)
		      (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D husle)
			      (, ,)
			      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
				      (C +te)
				      (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
					      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
					      (VBPI halgia+d)
					      (NP-GEN-TMP (D^G +t+as) (N^G d+ages))))))))
      (...)
      (ID colwstan2,+ALet_3_[Wulfstan_2]:37.41))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N swurd))
          (NEG ne)
          (MDD mihte)
          (NP-ACC (FP buton) (D^A +ta) (N^A hyde)) <-- NE ... BUTON
          (VB ceorfan)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P +teah)
                  (C +te)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (ADVP (ADV hetelice))
                          (VBDS sloge)))
          (. .))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:211.2819)) 


Position of traces and other empty categories

Traces of all types always appear at the edge of phrases, at the left edge if the antecedent precedes the trace (as, for example, with all wh-traces and the trace of scrambling), or at the right edge if the antecedent follows the trace (as with rightward extraposition).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD bediglode)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A d+ada))
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D casere)
                  (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Dioclitiane))
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1) <-- left-edge wh-trace
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G deofles))
                                              (N^N biggencga)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1215))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta)
                  (CP-REL *ICH*-1))  <-- right-edge trace of extraposition
          (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))
          (VBD gebrohte)
          (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0) 
                    (C +te)
                    (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)
                            (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N deofol))
                            (VB +atbredan)
                            (MDD wolde)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:21.1225))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (BEDI wear+d)
          (NP-DAT-1 (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (PP (NP-DAT *ICH*-1)  <-- left-edge trace of scrambling
              (P tomiddes))) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:50.1241))

Empty subjects appear as early in the clause as possible after the following elements: wh-traces, conjunctions, interjections, vocatives, left-dislocations, clausal adjuncts, and constituents topicalized out of lower clauses.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *pro*)  <-- empty subject following conjunction
              (VBPI g+a+d)
              (PP (RP ut)
                  (P +turh)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A mu+d)))
              (. .))
      (ID coadrian,Ad:23.2.56)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (INTJP (WPRO Hw+at))
              (NP-NOM *exp*)  <-- following an interjection
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (VBN gecydd)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)
                      (N^D cyninge)
                      (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Antioche)))
              (PP (P embe)
                  (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Iudan))
                      (N sige)))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:328.5058)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-VOC (NR^N Drihten))
                  (, .)
                  (NP-NOM *pro*) <-- following a vocative
                  (VBPS geh+ale)
                  (NP (PRO me)))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_18:323.163.3560)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-DAT-LFD (D^D +tam)
                          (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C +te)
                                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
                                                  (NEG+MDPI nella+d)
                                                  (VB forgifan))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM *exp*)  <-- following a left-dislocation
              (NP-DAT-RSP (D^D +tam))
              (NEG ne)
              (BEPI beo+d)
              (VBN^N forgifene)
              (. .))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_7:53.1092)) 

Although the elements of finite clauses are usually contiguous (but see Extraction to specCP in clauses headed by +T+AT, Extraction in adverbial clauses headed by a preposition, and Topicalization from subordinate clauses), the elements of non-finite clauses (e.g., small clauses and infinitives) are often more mobile. In these cases, the verb or predicate of the clause is taken as representing the position of the clause, and all separated constituents are traced to this position.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
              (VBP hate)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (NP-ACC-1 (PRO^A eow)) <-- subject traced to the position
              (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))        of the predicate of the small clause
              (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1)
			  (NP-PRD (N +teowan))) 
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:84.238))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (IP-INF (RP+VB oftorfian)
                      (NP-ACC *ICH*-1)  <-- all constituents of infinitive
                      (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-2)    traced to position of the verb
                      (PP *ICH*-3))
              (VBPS hete)
              (NP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at) (N^A wif))
              (ADVP-TMP-2 (ADV^T +ta))
              (PP-3 (P mid)
                    (NP-DAT (N^D stanum))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_14:206.2111)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBD funde)
              (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO^D him))
              (ADVP (ADV eac))
              (IP-INF-NCO (VB geferan)
                          (PP *ICH*-1)
                          (PP *ICH*-2))
              (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (NUM feower) (ADJ^A o+dre) (N^A munecas))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NP-ACC (Q^A sume) (ADJ^A l+awede) (N^A menn))))
              (PP-1 (P to)
                    (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D lande)))
              (PP-2 (P mid)
                    (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:64.1532)) 




Conjunction

Conjunction with shared modifiers
Shared pre-head modifiers
Shared post-head modifiers
Empty CONJP
Balanced conjunction
Word-level conjunction
Conjunction of unlike constituents
EAC, SWYLCE, SAMOD, EFT, etc.
+AG+TER GE...GE, O+TER +TE...+TE
HW+A+TER...+TE...+TE
SWA...SWA
Conjoined structures with NEALLES and/or NA
NEALLES +T+AT AN +T+AT...

Table of contents


The basic form of conjunction is as follows. In this configuration, XP1 is referred to as the root node of the conjunction, XP2 as the first conjunct, and XP3 as the second conjunct.

(XP1 (XP2 first_conjunct)
     (CONJP (CONJ conjunction)
	    (XP3 second_conjunct)))

The conjunction phrase (CONJP) is sister to the first conjunct, while the head of the CONJP (the conjunction) takes the second conjunct as a complement. This applies to the conjunction of all phrasal categories except complete matrix IPs, which are separated, each forming its own token. Conjunction of word-level categories (e.g., verbs) and cases with potential shared modifiers are also treated slightly differently. See Word-level conjunction and Conjunction with shared modifiers.
(NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (N^N anginn))
        (CONJP (CONJ &)
               (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (ADJ^N +almihtig) (NR^N God))))


(ADJP-NOM (ADJP-NOM (NP-DAT (PRO^D us))
                    (ADJ^N unasecgendlic))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                 (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N halig)
                           (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D halgum)))))

(ADVP (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV wynsumlice))
      (CONJP (CONJ and)
             (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV werodlice))))

Subsequent conjuncts after the second are also sisters to the first conjunct.
(PP (PP (P be)
        (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G H+alendes))
            (N acennednysse)))
    (, ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ +ag+der) (CONJ ge)
           (PP (P be)
               (NP (PRO$ his) (N godcundnysse))))
    (CONJP (CONJ ge)
           (PP (P be)
               (NP (PRO$ his) (N menniscnysse)))))

One or more conjunctions preceding the first conjunct are included under the root node.
(NP-ACC (CONJ ge)
	(NP-ACC (ADJ^A godne) (N^A wyllan))
	(CONJP (CONJ and) 
	       (NP-ACC (ADJ^A yfelne))))

(PP (CONJ +ag+der) (CONJ ge)
    (PP (P on)
	(NP-DAT (NR^D Sunnondagum)))
    (CONJP (CONJ ge)
	   (PP (P on)
	       (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (N^D dagum)))))


Conjunction with shared modifiers

Shared pre-head modifiers
Shared post-head modifiers


Modifiers which are or may be shared by conjoined constituents both precede and follow the conjuncts. These two situations are dealt with in different ways. See Shared pre-head modifiers and Shared post-head modifiers.


Shared pre-head modifiers

In cases where the first conjunct includes modifiers which may also apply to the second conjunct ( old women and men), and thus the phrase level of the second conjunct is not clear, the following structure is used where YX is NX, ADJX or ADVX. Note that in this case the CONJP is sister to the head of the first conjunct rather than to the first conjunct itself. There is no root node in this configuration
(XP (X first_conjunct)
    (CONJP (CONJ conjunction)
           (YX second_conjunct)))

(NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N unrihtwisnyss)
        (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
               (NX-NOM (N^N yfel))))

(ADJP-NOM (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N leoht)
          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                 (ADJX-NOM (ADJ^N wynsum))))

(ADVP (ADV hwene) (ADVR heardor)
      (CONJP (CONJ &)
             (ADVX (ADVR strongor))))

This also applies in cases of an initial possessive genitive NP (NP-GEN) with conjoined heads following.
(NODE (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (PRO^G heora) (Q^G begra))
                  (N^N Willa)
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (NX-NOM (N^N Lufu))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_6:227.990)) 

(NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
    (N anlicnesse)
    (CONJP (CONJ and)
           (NX (N gelicnesse))))


Shared post-head modifiers

Shared post-head modifiers include, as well as genitives, relative clauses, various kinds of appositives and parentheticals, degree clauses. They are immediately dominated by the root node of the conjunction. Note that this means that the shared modifier is not actually inside any of the conjuncts. Searches for shared post-head modifiers must be carefully constructed.
(XP1 (XP2 first_conjunct)
     (CONJP (CONJ and)
	    (XP3 second_conjunct))
     (YP shared_modifier))

(NODE (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (Q^N micele) (N^N Lufu))
		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
			 (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N mihtiga) (N^N Willa)))
		  (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G F+ader)) <-- genitive NP
			  (CONJP (CONJ and)
				 (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G Suna)))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_7:210.1155)) 

(NODE (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-NOM (ADJ^N gr+adig) (N^N gitsere))
		  (, ,)
		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
			 (PTP-NOM (NP (PRO$ his) (N galnysse))
				  (RP+VBN^N under+teod)))
		  (, ,)
		  (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (N^G deofles)) <-- appositive
			      (N^N +teowetlincg)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:5.2014)) 

(NODE (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D wisum) (N^D bocerum))
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D Sunderhalgum)))
	      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)   <-- relative clause 
		      (C +te)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
			      (VBDI heoldon)
			      (NP (PRO$ his) (N +a)))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_3:89.461)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +T+at) (N^N folc))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (ADV swa) (ADJ^N fagen)
                                      (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G cystignessa)))
                            (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                   (ADJP-NOM (ADV swa) (ADJ^N +tancful)))
                            (CP-DEG (C +t+at)  <-- degree complement
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hig))
                                            (VBDI worhton)
                                            (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO^D him))
                                            (NP-ACC (NUM^A ane) (N^A anlicnesse))
                                            (PP (P of)
                                                (NP-DAT (N^D are))))))
              (. .))
      (ID coapollo,ApT:10.14.178)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
              (HVPI habba+d)
              (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A arodnesse))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A bieldo)))
                      (CP-THT (C +d+at)   <-- that-clause
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                      (MDPI magon)
                                      (NP-ACC (N^A anweald))
                                      (HV habban)))))
      (ID cocura,CP:5.41.17.224)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (NR^A Adam))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NP-ACC (NR^A Efan)))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NP-ACC (PRO$ heora) (N^A ofspring)))
                      (NP-ACC-PRN *ICH*-3))  <-- a constituent may be traced
              (VBDI genam)                       to this position
              (, ,)
              (NP-ACC-PRN-3 (QP-ACC (ADV swi+de) (Q^A micelne))
                            (N^A d+al))
              (, ,)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D manfullum) (N^D deofle))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_4:188.627)) 

Note that a modifier shared by the complements of conjoined PPs still appears immediately dominated by the root of the conjunction, which is the highest PP.
(NODE (PP (PP (P mid)
	      (NP-DAT (N^D wife)))
	  (CONJP (CONJ and)
		 (PP (P mid)
		     (NP-DAT (N^D cildum))))
	  (CONJP (CONJ and)
		 (PP (P mid)
		     (NP-DAT (ADJ^D gesibbum) (N^D mannum))))
	  (CONJP (CONJ and)
		 (PP (P mid)
		     (NP-DAT (N^D +ahtemannum))))
	  (, ,)
	  (NP-PRN (NUMP (Q^G ealles) (NUM twelf) (NUM hundred)
			(CONJP *ICH*-1))
		  (NP-GEN (N^G manna))
		  (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (NUM fifti))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_24:37.3779)) 

(NODE (PP (PP (P on)
	      (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (ADJ^D ealdan) (N^D +a)))
	  (CONJP (CONJ and)
		 (PP (P on)
		     (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (ADJ^D niwan) (, ,) (N^D gecy+dnysse))))
	  (, ,)
	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
		      (BEPI is)
		      (XP (NP (N +a) (CONJ and) (N godspel)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:61.4866)) 


Empty CONJPs

An empty CONJP is used to contain conjuncts when an overt conjunction is not present. This is often in list structures (the girl, the boy, and the dog), and in balanced conjunction structures.
(NODE (NP-NOM-VOC (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G synne))
			  (N^N ontendnys))
		  (, ,)
		  (CONJP (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G leahtras))
				 (N^N foda)))
		  (, ,)
		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
			 (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G dea+des)) 
				 (N^N bigleafa))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:24.1726))

(NODE (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (ADJ^N halig) (N^N mod) (ADJ^N sylfwille))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (NP-NOM (N^N wur+dmynt)
			     (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D welwyllendan) (NR^D Gode))))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G eardes))
			     (N^N alysednyss))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:204.2139))

It is also common for there to be no overt conjunction when the second conjunct is negative. Again an empty CONJP is added. See also Constituent negation and conjunction.
(NODE (PP (PP (P +after)
              (NP-DAT (N^D rihte)))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP (PP (NEG+ADV na)
                     (P mid)
                     (NP (N anwilnysse)))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_9:55.1327)) 


Balanced conjunction

Conjunction in Old English is often structured in a balanced way with parallel sets of conjoined constituents. There are various patterns, but quite often there is overt conjunction within sets, but not between sets. As with lists, an empty CONJP is added in these cases.
(NODE (NP-NOM-PRN-1 (NP-NOM (CONJ ge)
			    (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N hlaford))
                            (CONJP (CONJ ge)
                                   (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N +deowa))))
                    (, ,)
                    (CONJP (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N rica))
                                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N heana))))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_11:400.1693)) 

(NODE (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A hungrinne) (CONJ o+d+de) (ADJ^A +turstigne))
                    (, ,)
                    (CONJP (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (N^A cuman))
                                   (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                                          (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A nacodne)))))
                    (, ,)
                    (CONJP (ADJP-ACC (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A untrumne))
                                     (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                                            (PP (P on)
                                                (NP-DAT (N^D cwearterne)))))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_11:444.1731)) 

(NODE (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (VBN^N alefode))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (NP-NOM (ADJ^N adlige))))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (ADJ^N blinde))
                             (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                    (NP-NOM (ADJ^N healte)))))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                     (NP-NOM (PTP-NOM (PP (P on)
                                          (NP-DAT (N^D handum)))
                                      (VBN^N forscruncene)))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_2:68.283)) 

The general rule we follow for the structure of this type of construction is that overt conjunction defines sets, while non-overt conjunction joins sets. A final single conjunct, however, may always have an overt conjunction.

(NODE (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (N^D +tearfum))
		      (CONJP (CONJ and)      <-- overt conjunction within set
			     (NP-DAT (ADJ^D +al+teodigum) (N^D mannum))))
	      (, ,)                 <-- non-overt conjunction between sets
	      (CONJP (NP-DAT (N^D wydewum) (CONJ and) (N^D wreccum))) 
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)     <-- overt conjunction with final conjunct
		     (NP-DAT (ADJ^D wisum)
			     (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
			     (N^D +teowum))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:52.2201))

(NODE (PP-PRN (PP (PP (P on)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D wisdome)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (PP (P on)
                             (NP-DAT (N^D andgite))))
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (PP (P on)
                             (NP-DAT (ADJ^D wislicum) (N^D ge+teahte)))))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (PP (P on)
                         (NP (NP-GEN (N^G modes))
                             (N anr+adnysse)
                             (PP (P mid)
                                 (NP-DAT (Q^D micelre) (N^D streng+de))))))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (PP (PP (P on)
                             (NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+dum) (N^D ingehyde)))
                         (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP (N arf+astnysse))))))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (PP (P on)
                         (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                             (N ege)
                             (ADVP (ADV eac))
                             (PP (P mid)
                                 (NP (N under+teodnysse)))))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_9:139.1360)) 


Word-level conjunction

If each the conjuncts in a conjunction structure consist of a single word, all internal structure is omitted.
(NP-NOM (NR^N Melchisedech) (CONJ and) (NR^N Aaron))

(NP-DAT (N^D gn+attum) (CONJ &) (N^D fleogum))

(ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D ricum) (CONJ &) (ADJ^D heanum))

(ADVP (ADV gemetlice) (, ,) (ADV rihtlice) (CONJ and) (ADV arf+astlice))

The conjunction of word-level categories (e.g. verbs) is similar, except that the dominating category is also word-level. See Conjunction of unlike constituents.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (, ,)
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N gewittig))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP (ADV wel))
          (VBDI (VBDI spr+ac) (CONJ and) (VBD gehyrde)) <-- conjoined verbs
          (. ,))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_4:7.521)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (NEG ne)
              (BEPI by+d)
              (VBN (VBN gescreadod) (CONJ o+d+de) (VBN bedolfen)) <-- conjoined participles
              (. ,))                                                  
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_3:64.450)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N lichama))
              (MDPS (MDPS mote) (CONJ o+t+te) (MDPS m+age)) <-- conjoined modals
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A synbyr+tenna))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D eor+tscrafe)))
              (VB gebetan))
      (ID coblick,HomU_20_[BlHom_10]:109.52.1389)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (N^N englas))
          (VBDI stigon)
          (RP (RP up) (CONJ &) (RP ofdune)) <-- conjoined particles
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A hl+adre)))
          (. .))
      (ID cocura,CP:16.101.19.666)) 


Conjunction of unlike constituents

Although in general when two unlike constituents are conjoined the dominating phrase will simply be the same as the first conjunct, there are some special cases which arise because of the way in which word-level labels are assigned.
(PP (PP ...)
    (CONJP (CONJ ond)
           (ADVP ...)))

(ADVP (ADVP ...)
      (CONJP (CONJ ond)
             (PP ...)))

The special cases involve subcategories of adjectives and verbs. Some adjectives (MICEL and LYTEL) are for consistency reasons tagged as quantifiers; in conjunction they are treated as (although they are not tagged as) adjectives and conjoin freely with other adjectives under an ADJP label.

(ADJP-DAT (Q^D myclum) (CONJ &) (ADJ^D hefegum))

(NP-NOM (ADJP-NOM (Q^N mycel)
                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
        (N^N wol)
        (CONJP-1 (CONJ &) (ADJ^N grim)))

(NP-DAT (ADJP-DAT (QP-DAT (ADV swa) (Q^D miclum))
                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
        (N^D were)
        (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
                 (ADJP-DAT (ADV swa) (ADJ^D halgum))))))

Likewise participles are often adjectival and in conjunction with adjectives are treated (although not tagged) as adjectives. This includes participle phrases.

(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N snotor) (CONJ and) (VBN^N gelyfed))

(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N eadmod) (CONJ and) (VBN ge+tungen))

(ADJP-NOM (PTP-NOM (PP (P on)
                       (NP (N godnysse)))
                   (VAG^N scinende))
          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                 (ADJP-NOM (PP (P on)
                               (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (N^D +teawum)))
                           (ADJ^N arwur+dful))))

Because verbs are tagged primarily according to form and not function, it is often the case that a formally ambiguous verb (VBD, VBP, etc.) is conjoined to a verb specified for mood (VBDI, VBDS, VBPS, VBPI, etc.). In this case, the more specific tag takes precedence and dominates both forms; but note that cliticized particles and negation are never carried up to the dominating node.
(VBDI (VBD andwyrde) (CONJ and) (VBDI cw+a+d))

(VBDS (VBDS woosce) (CONJ &) (VBD cl+ansode))

(VB (RP+VB onfoon) (CONJ &) (VB +ticgan))


EAC, SWYLCE, SAMOD, EFT, etc.

When necessary, short adverbs that commonly co-occur with conjunctions, such as EAC, SWYLCE, EFT, etc. are treated as part of a CONJP, although they are still labelled ADV. This is generally the case when they are used in conjoining phrases smaller than IP, or when conjoining CPs. When IPs are conjoined, the default is to make the adverb part of the IP rather than the CONJP.
(NP-DAT (NP-DAT (PRO$^D eowrum) (N^D cynedome))
        (CONJP (CONJ and) (ADV eac)               <-- EAC
               (NP-DAT (PRO$^D eowrum) (N^D folce)))))

(NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A sylfrenan))
        (CONJP (CONJ and) (ADV eac) (ADV swilce)  <-- EAC and SWILCE
               (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A gyldenan))))


(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G sunnan))
			  (N^N trio))
		  (VBPI agefe+d)
		  (NP (N ondsware))
		  (PP (PP (P +at)
			  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D upgonge)))
		      (CONJP (CONJ &) (ADV^T eft)  <-- EFT 
			     (PP (P +at)
				 (NP-DAT (N^D setlgonge))))))
      (ID coalex,Alex:35.11.448))

A following EAC, or other adverb meaning more or less together, (as for example, SAMOD, TOSAMNE, ENDEMES, +ATG+ADERE, TOG+ADERE, TOEACAN) or MID, which in this context is tagged as an adverb rather than a particle is treated in the same way although it usually follows rather than precedes the conjunct; that is, it is put at CONJP-level, and does not project a phrase.
(NODE (NP-ACC-SBJ (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Israhela))
			  (N^A folc))
		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
			 (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A facenfullan) (N^A witegan) (Q^A ealle))
			 (ADV endemes))) <-- ENDEMES 
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:94.3724))

(NODE (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N feoh))
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-NOM (NUM twentig)
			     (NP-GEN (N^G penega)))
		     (ADV toeacan)))     <-- TOEACAN
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_11:103.403.2213))

(NODE (NP-TMP (NP (NUM feowertig)
		  (NP-GEN (N^G daga)))
	      (CONJP (CONJ &)
		     (NP (NUM feowertig)
			 (NP-GEN (N^G nihta)))
		     (ADV tog+adere)))
      (ID cootest,Gen:7.4.302))

(NODE (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NUM seofon) (N^N gebro+dra)
		      (ADJP-NOM (ADV swy+de) (ADJ^N gelyfede)))
	      (, ;) 
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N modor))
		     (ADV samod)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:108.4889))

( (CODE <T06640013400,17.142.22>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (PRO^A Hiene))
                  (CONJP *ICH*-1))
          (RP+VBDI ofslogon)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (ADJ^N agene) (N^N men))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP-1 (CONJ &)
                   (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A modor))
                   (ADV mid))            <-- MID
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_6:17.142.22.3013))


Multi-word conjunctions: +AG+TER GE...GE, O+TER O+T+TE...O+T+TE

Sequences of +AG+TER GE...GE and O+TER O+T+TE...O+T+TE are treated as multi-word conjunctions, whether the first two parts appear together or separately, except when the first element has overt inflection. In the latter case, the +AG+TER/O+TER part is treated as a complement of the verb and the conjuncts as appositives on it.
(NODE (NP-NOM (CONJ +ag+ter) (CONJ ge)
	      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (CONJP (CONJ ge)
		     (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N wif))))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_9:255.202.1754))

(NODE (NP-ACC-PRN (CONJ +ag+der) (CONJ ge) (N^A wif) (CONJ ge) (N^A +ahta))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Memory_of_Saints]:184.3439))

(NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (CONJ +ag+der) (CONJ ge) (ADJ^N +alic) (CONJ ge) (ADJ^N godspellic))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Memory_of_Saints]:98.3386))

(NODE (PP (CONJ +ag+der) (CONJ ge)
	  (PP (P on)
	      (NP-DAT (NR^D Sunnondagum)))
	  (CONJP (CONJ ge)
		 (PP (P on)
		     (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (N^D dagum)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:8.2711))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
	      (CONJ o+ter)                  <-- O+TER
	      (VB forleosan)
	      (MDDI woldon)
	      (, ,)
	      (NP-ACC (CONJ o+t+te)         <-- O+T+TE
		      (NP-ACC (PRO$ hira) (ADJ^A agen) (N^A lif))
		      (, ,)
		      (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)  <-- O+T+TE
			     (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Porsennes)	
                                         (NP-GEN-PRN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges)))))))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_2:3.41.7.778))

(NODE (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
			(CONJ o+ter)
			(MDDI woldon)
			(, ,)
			(CONJ o+d+de)
			(QP-NOM (Q^N ealle))
			(VB libban))
	      (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)
		     (IPX-SUB-CON=0 (QP-NOM (Q^N $ealle))
				    (VB licgean))))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_3:10.75.25.1500))

Note that in YCOE conjunctions are not traced back to their logical position when they have floated leftward as they are in the PPCME2.



HW+A+TER...+TE...+TE

When alternatives are given in a WHETHER question, they are generally conjoined by +TE...+TE, but sometimes by +TE...HW+A+TER +TE. When the conjoined constituents are clausal, an embedded HW+A+TER of this sort is labelled WQ and the whole treated as a conjoined question; when the constituents are less than clausal, however, the embedded HW+A+TER is simply labelled as a conjunction. See also WHETHER questions.
( (CODE <T06410071900,21.25>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Hw+a+der)    <-- WHETHER question with +TE...+TE
              (IP-SUB-SPE (BEDI w+as)
                      (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Iohannes))
                              (N^N fulluht))
                      (PP (CONJ +te)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))
                          (CONJP (CONJ +te)
                                 (PP (P of)
                                     (NP-DAT (N^D mannum))))))
              (. ;)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:21.25.1419))

( (CODE <T06410080400,23.19>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (INTJ Eala)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge)
                      (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N blindan)))
              (, ,)
              (WQ hw+a+ter)
              (IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI ys)
                      (QP-NOM-PRD (QR^N mare))
                      (NP-NOM (CONJ +te) 
                              (NP-NOM (N^N offrung))
                              (CONJP (CONJ +te)
                                     (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N weofud)
                                             (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                                     (C +te)
                                                     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                             (VBPI gehalga+d)
                                                             (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A offrunge))))))))
              (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:23.19.1586))

(NODE (CP-QUE-PRN-1 (WQ hwe+der) <-- WHETHER question with HW+A+TER +TE
                    (C 0)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                            (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
                            (PP (P be)
                                (NP-DAT (NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D him)
                                                    (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D seolfum)))
                                        (CONJP *ICH*-2)))
                            (VBD segde)
                            (CONJP-2 (CONJ hwe+der) (CONJ +te)
                                     (PP (P be)
                                         (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum) (N^D men) (Q^D hwylcum))))))
      (ID cochad,LS_3_[Chad]:200.123)) 


(NODE (CP-QUE (WADVP-DIR-1 (WADV^D hwanon) <-- non-WHETHER question with
			   (PP-PRN *ICH*-2))   HW+A+TER +TE...+TE
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
		      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
		      (VBPS cume)
		      (NP-NOM (N^N sawul))
		      (PP-PRN-2 (CONJ hw+a+der) (CONJ +te)
				(PP (P of)
				    (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D f+ader)))
				(, .)
				(CONJP (CONJ +te)
				       (PP (P of)
					   (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D meder)))))))
      (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_1:184.170.176))

( (CP-QUE-SPE (WPP-1 (P +at)      <-- non-WHETHER question with HW+A+TER +TE
                     (WNP-DAT (WPRO|D hwam))
                     (PP-PRN *ICH*-2))
              (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
                      (VBPI nima+d)
                      (NP-NOM (N|N cyningas))
                      (NP-ACC (N|A gafol) (CONJ o+d+de) (N|A toll))
                      (, ,)
                      (PP-PRN-2 (PP (P of)
                                    (NP-DAT (PRO$ hyra) (N|D bearnum)))
                                (CONJP (CONJ hw+a+der) (CONJ +de)
                                       (PP (P of)
                                           (NP-DAT (N|D fremedum))))))
              (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:17.25.1155))

(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-VOC (NR^N Drihten))
                              (, ,)
                              (VBPI segst)      <-- yes/no question with 
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))  HW+A+TER +TE
                              (NP-ACC (D^A +tis) (N^A bigspell))
                              (PP (PP (P to)
                                      (NP (PRO us)))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ hw+a+ter) (CONJ +te)
                                         (PP (P to)
                                             (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum)))))))
      (ID cowsgosp,Lk_[WSCp]:12.41.4663)) 


SWA...SWA

SWA in SWA X SWA Y used to present alternatives is labelled CONJ. It is often followed by a SWA comparative or a SW+A+DER (SWA HW+A+DER) free relative.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (MDPI sceolon)
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+terne) (N^A e+tel)
                  (NP-ACC-PRN *ICH*-1))
          (VB secan)
          (, ,)
          (NP-ACC-PRN-1 (CONJ swa) (N^A wite) (, ,) (CONJ swa) (N^A wuldor)) 
          (, ,)
          (PP (P swe)
              (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
                                (VB geearnian)
                                (MDPI willa+t))))
          (. .)) (ID coblick,HomS_8_[BlHom_2]:23.145.295))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
		  (MDPS (MDPS m+age) (CONJ &) (MDP wille))
		  (ADVP (ADV wel))
		  (VB don)
		  (, ,) 
		  (NP-DAT-ADT (CONJ swa)
			      (NP-DAT (QR^D l+assan) (N^D spedum))
			      (CONJP (CONJ swa)
				     (NP-DAT (QR^D maran)))
			      (, ,)
			      (CP-FRL-PRN (WNP-ACC-2 (WADJ^A sw+a+der))
					  (C 0)
					  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-2)
						      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
						      (HVPS h+abbe)))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:36.110.25.2192))

SAM meaning whether...or (SAM...SAM) is labelled as preposition taking an adverbial clause, since as well as conjoining it has concessive force. There is one case where SAM is not paired but seems to act as a regular conjunction; in this case, like HWE+DER, it is labelled CONJ.
(NODE (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
		      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
		      (VBPS hydon))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)
		     (IP-SUB-CON-0 (NP-NOM *con*)
				   (PP (P to)
				       (NP-DAT (N^D gylpe)))
				   (VBPS syllan)))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ sam) 
		     (IPX-SUB-CON=0 (NP-DAT (Q^D hwylcum) (N^D mannum)
					    (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
						    (C +te)
						    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
							    (QP-ADT (NEG+Q naht))
							    (ADVP (ADV swi+te))
							    (NP-ACC (NR^A God))
							    (NEG ne)
							    (VBPI lufia+t)))))))
      (ID coblick,HomS_14_[BlHom_4]:53.280.673))


Conjoined structures with NEALLES and/or NA

See Constituent negation and conjunction.



NEALLES +T+AT AN +T+AT...

The words NEALLES +T+AT AN (+T+AT) for Latin non solum ... (et etiam) defy grammatical description. The parts of this string are therefore given literal word-level labels and when used sententially are simply enclosed in an ADVP. The second +T+AT is labelled C because it seems to co-occur with clauses although it doesn't always act as a subordinator. If the two clauses joined are main clauses, the NEALLES clause is separated from the AC clause, since both contain a matrix verb. See Constituent negation and conjunction for NALES +T+AT AN used as constituent negation.
( (CODE <T06870009600,4.106.28>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (NEG+Q Nales) (D +t+at) (NUM an) (C +t+at))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP (N gem+ane)
              (NP-GEN *ICH*-1))
          (VBD dyde)
          (NP-GEN-1 (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (ADJ^G neowan) (N^G cirican)
                            (, ,)
                            (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                                    (C +te)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                            (PP (P of)
                                                (NP-DAT (NR^D Ongolcynne)))
                                            (VBN gesomnod)
                                            (BEDI w+as))))
                    (, ,)
                    (CONJP (CONJ ac) (ADV swilce) (ADV eac)
                           (NP-GEN (D^G +tara) (ADJ^G ealdra) (N^G biggengena)
                                   (NP-GEN (NR^G Bretta) (CONJ &) (NR^G Scotta)))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:4.106.28.1006))

(NODE (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (ADJ^N swylc) (N^N dea+d)
			      (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G +afestan) (N^G monnes)))
		      (ADVP (NEG+Q nales) (D +t+at) (NUM an))
		      (NP-ACC (ADJ^A swylce) (N^A synne))
		      (VBD adilgode))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ ac)
		     (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*) 
				 (ADVP (ADV swylce))
				 (ADVP (ADV eac))
				 (NP (PRO$ his) (N geearnunge))
				 (RP+VBD toycte))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:16.228.23.2349))

( (CODE <T06870012200,5.110.24>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV For+don))
          (ADVP (NEG+Q nales) (D +t+at) (NUM aan) (C +t+at))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
              (N geleafan))
          (RP+VB onfon)
          (NEG ne)
          (MDD wolde)
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:5.110.24.1044))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (ADVP (ADV swylce))  <-- AC SWYLCE EAC in separate clause from NALES
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-DAT-ADT (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D unalyfedre)
                                (CONJP *ICH*-1)) 
                      (N^D forlegenesse)
                      (CONJP-1 (CONJ &) (ADJ^D egeslicre)))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VBN besmiten)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P swa)
                   (C +t+at)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                           (VBD eode)
                           (PP (P to)
                               (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G f+ader))
                                       (N^D wife)))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:5.110.24.1045))




Elision

Complete and incomplete clauses
Incomplete IPs
Elision in conjoined clauses
VP conjunction
Right-node raising
Elision in subordinate clauses under identity with the matrix
Unindexed incomplete IPs
Main verb modals
Incomplete CPs
Elision across tokens (VB *)
Elision in NPs and other phrases

Table of contents


Complete and incomplete clauses (IPX, CPX)

All clauses (CP and IP) and clausal structures (e.g., PTPs) in the corpus are designated as complete (IP-, CP-) or incomplete (IXP-, CPX-). Incomplete clauses generally arise from elision, but in some cases may have other linguistic sources. Incomplete clauses do not arise from textual problems such as missing text, scribal error, etc. Incompleteness arising from such metalinguistic sources is indicated by the X label (not to be confused with the XP label).



Incomplete IPs

A complete IP is one in which all the verbs are present. In finite clauses a subject is also always included, but may be non-overt (i.e., an empty subject). Note that a missing object is not enough to render an IP incomplete. Incomplete IPs have the label IPX, followed by type (IPX-MAT, IPX-SUB, IPX-INF, etc.). In most constructions (exceptions being some types of comparatives and restarts) an incomplete clause will be coindexed to a complete clause with equal-sign coindexing. The complete clause has an index -0 (or -00, -000), while the incomplete clause patterned on it has an equal-sign index =0 (or =00, =000). The point of this division is to make it easy to exclude incomplete clauses from a search if so desired. For a more details about the use of IPX in particular constructions, see Elision in conjoined clauses, Restarts, Fragmentary questions and Comparative clauses.
( (CODE <T03020002500,55>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (Q^N Sume)) <-- complete clause
                    (VBPI ga+d)
                    (PP (P on)
                        (NP-DAT (NUM^D twam) (N^D fotum))))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP (IPX-MAT=0 (NP-NOM (Q^N sume)) <-- incomplete clause with 
			    (PP (P on)              equal-sign coindexing
				(NP-DAT (NUM feower) (N^D fotum)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:55.42))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
          (MDPI magon)
          (RP+VB understandan)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM (PRO$ hyre) (N^N leoht))
                                    (BEPI is)
                                    (PP (P of)
                                        (NP-DAT (PRO^D hyre))))
                          (, ,)
                          (IPX-SUB=0 (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
                                     (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo)) <-- verb IS elided
                                     (PP (P of)
                                         (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D leohte))))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:73.61))

( (CODE <T03040011900,403>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
                    (NEG+MDD nolde)
                    (NP-NOM (D^N se) 
                            (NP-GEN (N^G deofles)) 
                            (N^N cniht))
                    (VB cuman)
                    (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
                    (PP (P to)
                        (NP (N circan))))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
                 (IPX-MAT=0 (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                            (N^A word))
                                    (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                            (VB gehyran)         <-- modal NOLDE elided 
                            (CONJP-1 (NEG+CONJ ne)
                                     (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A messan)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:403.725))

( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ and)
            (NP-NOM *con*)
            (VBDI bead)
            (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
            (PP (P mid)
                (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D worde)))
            (NP-ACC (NUM^A +try) (ADJ^A berene) (N^A hlafes) 
                    (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
            (, ,)
            (PP (P swylce) 
                (CP-CMP (WADVP-3 0) 
                        (C 0)
                        (IPX-SUB=0 (ADVP *T*-3)    <-- verb and other material
				   (PP (P for)         elided under identity 
				       (NP (N bletsunge)))))) with the matrix 
            (CP-REL-1 (WNP-GEN-2 (D^G +t+as))
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-GEN *T*-2)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he) 
                                      (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf)))
                              (VBDI br+ac)))  
            (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:210.589))

( (CODE <T03360001900,55>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Augustinus)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N wisa))
                              (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                     (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N wordsnotera) (N^N bisceop)))))
          (VBD s+ade)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (X (NP-NOM (PRO^N $he))  <-- incomplete because of text
                     (NEG $ne)                 problems
                     (VBD $mihte)
                     (CODE <COM:text_missing>)))) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:55.36))

Occasionally other types of clauses will also be incomplete (PTPX, IPX-INF, etc.), again usually through elision.

(NODE (IP-INF (IP-INF (VB don)
		      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
		      (PP (P of)
			  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D hencgene))))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (IP-INF-0 (VB l+adan) <-- complete infinitive
			       (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi) (Q^A ealle) (NUM^A +try))
			       (PP (P to)
				   (NP-DAT (ADJ^D leohtleasum) (N^D cwearterne)))))
	      (, ,)
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)  <-- incomplete infinitive, verb elided
		     (IPX-INF=0 (NP-ACC (Q fela) (ADJ^A o+dre) (ADJ^A cristene))
				(PP (P to)
				    (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D cwealmb+arum) (N^D huse))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Denis]:256.5931))

( (CODE <T02750015900,198.257>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (VBD Ferde)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (NP-ACC-TMP (NUM twelf) (N^A gear))
          (ADVP (ADV swa))
          (PTP-NOM (PTP-NOM-0 (VAG^N bodiende)
                              (, .)
                              (PP (P betwux)
                                  (NP-DAT (NR^D Yrum) (CONJ and) (NR^D Scottum))))
                   (, .)
                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
                          (PTPX-NOM=0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T si+d+dan))
                                      (PP (P ofer)
                                          (NP-ACC (Q^A eal) (NR^A Angelcynn))))))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_22:198.257.4398))


Elision in conjoined clauses

VP conjunction
Right-node raising


VP conjunction

Between two clauses of the same type (both matrix or both subordinate) an incomplete clause with equal-sign index is used to indicate both elision under IP and VP conjunction, which are not differentiated because of the lack of a VP node in the annotation system. The complete clause is labelled IP-MAT (or IP-SUB) plus the -0 index; the incomplete clause is IPX-MAT (or IPX-SUB) plus the =0 index. In cases of multiple sets of complete and incomplete clauses, the indexes increment by adding zeros (-00/=00, -000/=000).
( (CODE <T03080007800,206>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hi))
			    (NEG ne)
			    (MDPI magon)
			    (NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D him) 
					(ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D sylfum)))
			    (VB fremian))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)  <-- VP conjunction 
                     (IPX-MAT-SPE=0 (NP-DAT (ADJ^D o+drum))
				    (VB fultumian)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:206.1853))

(NODE (CP-REL (WPP-1 (P +turh)
		     (NP-ACC (D^A +ta)))
	      (C 0) 
	      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-0 (PP *T*-1)        <-- VP conunction in a 
				(NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))  subordinate clause
				(MDPI sceal)
				(NP-ACC (PRO$ hyre) (N^A scippend))
				(RP+VB understandan))
		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
			     (IPX-SUB-CON=0 (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
					    (VB lufian)))
		      (, ,)
		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
			     (IPX-SUB-CON=0 (RP+VB tosceaden)
					    (NP-ACC (N^A god))
					    (PP (P fram)
						(NP-DAT (N^D yfele)))))))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:157.125))

( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+der))   <-- IP elision
                    (BEDI w+as)
                    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N w+aterseoc)))
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT=0 (NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+der))
                     (QP (Q eall))
                     (PP (P on)
                         (NP-DAT (N^D wundum))))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:144.1296))


Right-node raising

A similar system is used for cases of right-node raising and various internal parenthetical constructions involving elision. Here the second conjunct is also given a -PRN label (e.g., IPX-MAT-PRN=0) and put at IP-level. This essentially removes it from the clause allowing the following material to be interpreted with the first conjunct. When the following material is an argument it is always treated as part of the first conjunct.
( (CODE <T03030005200,166>)
  (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ And)
            (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G lichoman))
                    (N^N lustas))
            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gelome))
            (VBPI bep+ace+d)
            (IPX-MAT-PRN=0 (CONJ and)
                           (PP (P to)
                               (NP-DAT (N^D sarnissum)))
                           (VBPI gel+ada+d))
            (NP-ACC (D^A +ta)
                    (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                            (C +te)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                    (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                                    (ADVP (ADVS swi+dost))
                                    (VBPI lufia+d))))
            (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:166.292))

( (CODE <T03040020000,592>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (ADJ^N halga) (N^N wer))
          (VBD s+ade)
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                    (MDPI scealt)
                    (VB sweltan)
                    (NP-ADT (N synna))
                    (IPX-SUB-PRN=0 (CONJ and)
				   (NP-DAT-ADT (NR^D Criste))
				   (VB lybban))
                    (, ,)
                    (PTP-NOM (PP (P +turh)
                                 (NP (N geleafan)))
                             (VBN^N awend)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:592.877))

When the raised material is an argument or associated with an argument (relative clause, agreeing participle, etc.) it is always treated as raised, as in the two examples above. A following adjunct, however, is always taken as part of the second conjunct as long as the second conjunct contains a finite verb, thereby obviating the need for raising. When the second conjunct doesn't contain a finite verb, i.e., when only the non-finite verb, or no verb at all is present, the adjunct is treated as having undergone raising in the same way as an argument.
( (CODE <T03040020200,596>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (VBDI behet)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (N^D a+de)))
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (PP (P to)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D h+alende)))
                                  (VBDS gebuge))
                          (, ,)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
					     (NP-ACC (N^A fulluht))
					     (RP+VBDS underfenge) <-- finite verb
					     (, ,)
					     (CP-ADV (P gif) <-- adjunct in 
						     (C 0)       2nd conjunct
						     (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (N^N f+ader))
							     (VBD leofode)))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:596.880))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (CP-THT (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                            (MDD wolde)
                            (RP+VB wi+dsacan)
                            (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (NR^D Criste))
                            (, ,)
                            (IPX-SUB-PRN=0 (CONJ and)
					   (VB gelyfan)  <-- finite verb
					   (PP (P on)        elided
					       (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))))
                            (CP-ADV (P gif) <-- adjunct treated as right-node
				    (C 0)       raising
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					    (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A lust))
					    (VBD gefremode))))) 
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:371.702))


Elision in subordinate clauses under identity with the matrix

In addition to indicating elision under conjunction in parallel clauses, the equal-sign coindexing system is used to link matrix and subordinate clauses when material has been elided from the subordinate clause under identity with the matrix.
( (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))  <-- complete matrix
            (MDP wylle)
            (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
            (NP (PRO eow))
            (NP-ACC (Q^A sum) (N^A +ting))
            (PP (P be)
                (NP (PRO$ eowre) (N sawle)))
            (VB s+accgan)
            (ADVP (ADV sceortlice))
            (CP-ADV (P gif)
		    (C 0)
		    (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))    <-- subordinate clause
			       (MDPI magon)))             missing non-finite
            (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:84.69))  verb

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (INTJ wella)
		    (, ,)
		    (NP-NOM-VOC (NR^N Basilius))
		    (, .)
		    (CODE <T03040021400,628>)
		    (CP-ADV-SPE (P Gif)
				(C 0)
				(IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du) 
						       (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf)))
					       (NEG+MDDI noldest)))
		    (, ,)
		    (NEG+BEDS n+are)
		    (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
		    (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T git))
		    (RP+VBN for+dfaran))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:628.906))

( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ and)
            (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
            (VBDI becom)
            (PP (P to)
                (NP (N helle)))
            (CP-ADV (P +ar+dan)
		    (C +te)
		    (IPX-SUB=0 (PP (P to)
				   (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D huse)))))
            (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[George]:179.3180))

( (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (CONJ and)
                (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                (BEPI bist)
                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swa) (ADJ^N hal)
                              (PP (P swa)
                                  (CP-CMP-SPE (WADJP-1 0) 
					      (C 0)
					      (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
							     (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))))))
                (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:187.1320))

Note that the identity is not required to be very close; for example, the verb form elided need not be the same, as long as the same verb is understood as appears in the matrix.
( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ and)
            (NP-NOM *con*)
            (VBD eode)
            (PP (P to)
                (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D ea)))
            (CP-ADV (P +ta+da)
		    (C 0)
		    (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			       (PP (P ofer)
				   (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A brycge)))
			       (NEG ne)
			       (MDD mihte)))
            (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:93.4062))

In addition there are specific rules for elision in comparative clauses, which suffer from more extensive and problematic elision than other types of clauses.

In the PPCME2 this kind of elision is indicated by an empty verb (VB *), which can also stand for the whole VP. For the use of (VB *) in the YCOE, see Elision across tokens.



Unindexed incomplete IPs

While most incomplete IPs are coindex with equal-sign coindexing to a complete IP, there are two common cases where unindexed IPX is used.
  • in comparatives of the CPX-CMP type
    ( (CODE <T03020002700,63>)
      (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (Q^N Ealle) (D^N +tas) (N^N gesceafta))
                (HVPI habba+d)
                (NP-ACC (N^A anginn))
                (, ,)
                (IPX-MAT-PRN=0 (CONJ and)
    			   (NP-NOM (Q^N sume))
    			   (ADVP (ADV eac))
    			   (NP (N ende)))
                (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
                    (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                      (VBDI cw+adon))))
                (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:63.49))
    
    ( (CODE <T06750086900,38.257.23>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
              (PP (RP ymb)
                  (NP-ACC (N^A middeniht))
                  (P utan))
              (, ,)
              (CPX-CMP (D^G +t+as)
                       (C +te)
                       (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he) 
                                        (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfa)))
                                (VBD s+ade)
                                (NP (PRO me))))
              (, ,)
              (NEG+CONJ ne)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (ADVP (ADV eallunga))
              (NEG ne)
              (VBDI slep)) (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_3_[C]:38.257.23.3719))
    
    
  • in restarts
    ( (CODE <T06880038600,14.210.6>)
      (IP-MAT (VBD Wilnade)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT (FRAG (CP-THT (C +t+atte) 
    				(IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
    					 (CP-FRL-LOC (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV swa) (WADV^L hw+ar))
    						     (C swa)
    						     (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
    							     (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
    							     (NP-ACC (ADJ^A gelimplice) (N^A stowe))
    							     (VB findan)
    							     (MDD meahte))))))
                      (, ,)
                      (C +t+at)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (MDD wolde)
                              (PP (P for)
                                  (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                      (N noman)))
                              (PP (P in)
                                  (NP (N el+teodignisse)))
                              (VB lifian)))
              (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:14.210.6.2127))
    
    


Main verb modals

A complete clause with only a modal verb and no (VB *) empty category is a case of a modal verb being used independently as a main verb. In complete clauses with a (VB *) and incomplete clauses, it should be understood that the main verb has been elided.
( (CODE <T06620006200,3.87.11>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (N^D dagum)))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Cartaginenses))
          (VBDI sendon)
          (NP-ACC (N^A fultum))
          (NP-DAT (NR^D Tarentinum))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                          (ADVP (D^I +te) (ADVR i+d))
                          (MDDI mehton) 
                          (PP (P wi+t)
                              (NP-DAT (NR^D Romanum)))))
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_4:3.87.11.1777))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBDI begeat)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (NP-ACC (N^A leafe)
                  (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D lande)))
                                  (MDD moste))))
          (. .))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:327.1409)) 


Incomplete CPs

CPs are also divided into complete and incomplete, the incomplete ones being labelled CPX followed by type (CPX-CMP, etc.). The CPX label is used in the following cases:
  • with certain kinds of comparatives
    ( (CODE <T03020002700,63>)
      (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (Q^N Ealle) (D^N +tas) (N^N gesceafta))
                (HVPI habba+d)
                (NP-ACC (N^A anginn))
                (, ,)
                (IPX-MAT-PRN=0 (CONJ and)
    			   (NP-NOM (Q^N sume))
    			   (ADVP (ADV eac))
    			   (NP (N ende)))
                (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
                    (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                      (VBDI cw+adon))))
                (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:63.49))
    
    ( (CODE <T06750086900,38.257.23>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
              (PP (RP ymb)
                  (NP-ACC (N^A middeniht))
                  (P utan))
              (, ,)
              (CPX-CMP (D^G +t+as)
                       (C +te)
                       (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he) 
                                        (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfa)))
                                (VBD s+ade)
                                (NP (PRO me))))
              (, ,)
              (NEG+CONJ ne)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (ADVP (ADV eallunga))
              (NEG ne)
              (VBDI slep)) (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_3_[C]:38.257.23.3719))
    
    
  • to contain a trace which belongs in an elided clause; see Relative clauses and elision
    ( (CODE <T03260005300,212>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (N^N ridda))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (VBD ferde)
              (RP for+d)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A weg)))
              (CP-FRL-DIR (WADVP-DIR-1 (ADV^D +tider))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (CPX (ADVP-DIR *T*-1))
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (VBN gemynt)
                                  (HVD h+afde)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Oswald]:212.5512))
    
    (NODE (CP-THT (C +t+at)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Iohannes))
    		      (VBDS gesawe)
    		      (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (RP+VBN^A fores+adan) (N^A nytenu))
    		      (, ,)
    		      (PP (P on)
    			  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D ylcan) (N^D hiwe)
    				  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) 
    					  (C +te)
    					  (IP-SUB (CPX (NP *T*-1))
    						  (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
    						  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
    						  (VBDI s+adon)))))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Mark]:209.3329))
    
    
    The CPX may have an -x index if the trace is in an elided extraposed clause.
    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
    	      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
    	      (NP-ACC (QR^A l+asse)
    		      (PP *ICH*-1))
    	      (VBPS nime)
    	      (PP-1 (P +t+anne)
    		    (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
    			    (C 0)
    			    (IP-SUB (CPX-x (NP *T*-2))
    				    (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
    				    (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
    				    (VBPS lyste)))))
          (ID cobenrul,BenR:40.65.2.802))
    
    
  • to indicate clauses in which the complementizer is missing because it has been elided, rather than because it is non-overt; see that-clauses with an elided complementizer.
    ( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ ac)
                (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
                (NP-DAT (D^D +dam))
                (BEDS w+are)
                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N betere)
                              (PP *ICH*-1))
                (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                  (PP (P on)
                                      (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D bedde)))
                                  (VBDI lagon)))
                (PP-1 (P +donne)
                      (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0) 
                              (C 0) 
                              (IPX-SUB=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
                                         (CPX-THT (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                                          (VBDI gegremedon)
                                                          (NP-ACC (NR^A God))
                                                          (PP (P on)
                                                              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D gastlican) (N^D huse))))))))
                (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:75.2912))
    
    


Elision across tokens (VB *)

When a verb is elided in one matrix clause under identity with a verb in the previous matrix clause, straightforward equal-sign coindexing is used (see Elision in conjoined clauses); likewise when a verb is elided in a subordinate clause under identity with the matrix verb. Sometimes, however, the clause containing the verb is not accessible from the clause in which elision has taken place; in this case, an empty category (VB *) is added. It generally represents VP elision, rather than strictly elision of the verb. By default it appears immediately after the modal verb. The (VB *) is added to differentiate the modals in these clauses from those being used independently as main verbs.
( (CODE <T03130002100,69>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I sume) (N^D d+ag))
          (VBDI b+ad)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +tone) (N^A bisceop)
                              (NP-ACC-PRN (NR^A +Alfeh)))
                  (VB bl+atsian)
                  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A ful)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:69.2739))
( (CODE <T03130002200,70>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (NEG+MDD nolde) 
          (VB *)  <-- VP "bl+atsian his ful" in IP-INF in previous token 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:70.2740))

( (CODE <T06910012200,6.402.16>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (MDPS M+age)
			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
			  (VB lyfgan))
              (. ?)) (ID cobede,Bede_5:6.402.16.4051))
( (CODE <T06910012300,6.402.16>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (VBDI Cw+a+d)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (, :)
              (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic))
                          (MDPI m+ag)
                          (VB *)   <-- refers to "lyfgan" from previous token 
                          (PP (P +turh)
                              (NP-ACC (PRO$^A eower) (N^A gebeodu)))
                          (, ,)
                          (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
				      (C 0)
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NR^N Dryhten))
						  (MDP wile)))) 
              (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_5:6.402.16.4052))


Elision in NPs and other phrases

In conjoined NPs the head noun may be elided in the second conjunct. We do not explicity represent this in the annotation.

(NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A so+dan) (NR^A God))
        (CONJP (CONJ &)
               (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (VAG^A lifigendan)))) <-- GOD elided

(NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A elreordan) (N^A +teode))
        (CONJP (CONJ &)
               (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A re+dan)))        <-- +TEODE elided
        (CONJP (CONJ &)
               (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A ungeleafsuman))))

Likewise, the head may be missing in the first conjunct, due to right-node raising. Again this is not explicitly represented.
(NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A orsorgan))   <-- right-node raising of BLYSSE
        (CONJP (CONJ and)
               (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A unateorigendlican) (N^A blysse))))

(NP-NOM (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJ^N Romaniscan))
        (CONJP (CONJ and)
               (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJ^N re+dan) (ADJ^N Iudeiscan) (Q^N manega))))

Similarly, in conjoined PPs, the head of the NP complement of the second PP conjunct is sometimes elided. When the remaining element is a modifier, this is treated in the usual way, by simply ignoring the missing head. When it is a complement, as for example a genitive, an extra NP node is included to indicate that the preposition doesn't take the genitive directly.

(PP (CONJ o+d+to)
    (PP (P in)
        (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Romana))
            (N cirican)))
    (CONJP (CONJ o+d+to)
           (PP (P in)
               (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Gallia)))))    <-- CIRICAN elided
    (CONJP (CONJ o+d+to)
           (PP (P in)
               (NP-DAT (Q^D hwylcre) (ADJ^D o+derre)))))

(PP (PP (P to)
        (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cantwara))
            (N rice)))
    (, ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ &)
           (PP (P to)
               (NP (NP-GEN (NR East) (NR^G Seaxna))
                   (N rice))))
    (, ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ &)
           (PP (P to)
               (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Su+trigea)))))  <-- RICE elided
    (, ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ &)
           (PP (P to)
               (NP (NP-GEN (NR Su+t) (NR^G Seaxna))
                   (N rice))))))




Negation

Sentential negation
Constituent Negation
Constituent negation and conjunction

Table of contents


For part-of-speech tagging of negative words, see the POS Manual: Negation.



Sentential Negation

Sentential negation is generally instantiated by the particle NE. The following list of negators is also used for sentential negation, usually but not always with NE. These elements can also be used for constituent negation.
NA/NO, NALES/NALLES/NEL+AS/etc., N+AS, NAHT/NOHT, NALES/NA +T+AT AN (+T+AT)
Since NE is sometimes lacking and one of the other negators is used alone to indicate sentential negation, by default all potential sentential negators are put at IP-level whenever possible, even when this seems a rather (or extremely) unlikely analysis.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJ^N cwican))
	      (ADVP (NEG+ADV no))   <-- non-NE sentential negator
	      (VBDI genihtsumedon)
	      (CP-THT (C +t+at)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
			      (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A deadan))
			      (VBDI bebyrigdan)))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:11.50.3.448))

( (CODE <T06760025700,18.287.8>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV Eac))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
              (VBP geswigie)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +tis)))
  (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_4_[C]:18.287.8.4243))

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
		  (QP-ADT (NEG+Q nowiht))
		  (VBD fromade)
		  (PP (P in)
		      (NP (PRO$ his) (N lare))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:3.162.24.1566))

( (CODE <T06880032600,13.200.13>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (CP-ADV (P +teah)
		  (C +te)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
			  (NP-ACC (D^A +tis))
			  (VBDI dydon)))
          (, ,)
          (QP-ADT (NEG+Q noht))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^I +ton)))
          (VBDI fremedon)
          (. ;)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:13.200.13.2035))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (QP-ADT (NEG+Q Nales))
		  (CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N +t+atte))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
					      (RP+VBPI ingonge+d)
					      (PP (P in)
						  (NP-ACC (N^A mu+d)))))
		  (NP-ACC (N^A monnan))
		  (VBPI besmite+d))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.80.7.731))

( (CODE <T06860016800,11.50.7>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV For+don))
          (QP-ADT (NEG+Q nal+as))
          (PP (P +after)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D myclum) (N^D f+ace)))
          (NP-NOM (ADJR^N grimmre) (N^N wr+ac)
                  (NP-GEN *ICH*-1))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D fyrenfullan) (N^D +teode))
          (NP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G grimman) (N^G mannes))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (RP+VAG +afterfyligende) 
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:11.50.7.451))

(NODE (IP-SUB-0 (ADVP (NEG+Q nales) (D +t+at) (NUM aan) (C +t+at))
		(NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
		(NP-ACC (N^A segn))
		(PP (P fore)
		    (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
		(VBDI b+aron)
		(PP (P +at)
		    (NP-DAT (N^D gefeohte))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_2:14.144.30.1399))

Note that as regards NOHT, this only applies to uninflected cases. NOHTE, in, for instance, the phrase NOHTE +TON L+AS is taken as dative agreeing with +TON and contained with it in a QP-ADT. Uninflected NOHT is given a case label (NOM or ACC) only when used as an argument. When analyzed as a negative particle at IP-level it is simply labelled NEG+Q.
( (CODE <T06900039000,20.316.5>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ond)
          (CP-ADV (P +teah)
                   (C +te)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                           (PP (P in)
                               (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D si+df+ate)))
                           (RP+VBD for+dferde)))
          (, ,)
          (QP-ADT (NEG+Q^D nohte) (D^I +ton) (QR l+as))
          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N bysen)
                  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G rihtan) (N^G geleafan) 
                          (NP-GEN (N^G Ongelcirican))))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (NR Rome)))
          (VBN gel+aded)
          (BEDI w+as)
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_4:20.316.5.3178))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (ADVP-TMP (NEG+Q^D nohte) (D^I +don) (ADV^T +ar))
              (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G +arninge))
              (VBDI blon) 
              (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_5:6.400.19.4016))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) 
                      (ADJP-DAT (VBN^D besmitenum) (CONJ &) (ADJ^D ungeleafsumum)))
              (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N noht)) <--- NOHT as argument with case
              (BEPI bi+d)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N cl+ane))
              (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.80.14.737))

( (CODE <T06900046200,23.328.8>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD ondswarede)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A noht)
                                  (NP-GEN (ADJ^G swylcra) (N^G cr+afta)))
                          (NEG ne)
                          (MDD cu+de)))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_4:23.328.8.3291))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (QP-ADT (NEG+Q naht))  <--- uninflected NAHT
          (NEG ne)
          (VBD derode)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N deofollica) (N^N w+ata))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[George]:73.3116))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO^G heora))
                  (NEG+Q^N nan))
          (NEG+MDD nolde)
          (QP-ADT (NEG+Q naht))
          (ADVP (ADV ea+de))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (VB slean)
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:103.4073))

There are also a number of nominal negative phrases with adverbial function which appear at sentence level and may occur without NE.
(NP-GEN-ADT (NEG+Q^G n+anigra) (N^G +tinga))

(NP-DAT-ADT (NEG+Q^I n+anige)
            (NP-GEN (N^G +tinga)))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N seolfa) (N^N willa))
	      (NP-DAT-ADT (NEG+Q^I n+ange)
			  (NP-GEN (N^G +tinga)))
	      (PP (P buton)
		  (NP (N synne)))
	      (BE beon)
	      (MDPI m+ag)))
          (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.82.3.749))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
	      (NP-DAT-ADT (NEG+Q^I nenge)
			  (NP-GEN (N^G +tinga)))
	      (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A biscopdom))
	      (VB forletan)
	      (MDD sceolde))
      (ID cochad,LS_3_[Chad]:24.16))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NEG ne)
          (MDD mihte)
          (NP-GEN-ADT (NEG+Q^G nanra) (N^G +tinga))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A w+ater))
          (RP+VB tod+alan)
          (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:2.19.15.190))

Thus, sentential negation is always indicated either by NEG immediately dominated by an IP node, or when NE is not present, by one of the following: an ADVP immediately dominating NEG+ADV, a QP-ADT immediately dominating NEG+Q, or NP-case-ADT immediately dominating something starting with NEG, where "case" is either genitive or dative.



Constituent Negation

Constituent negation and conjunction


Outside conjunction structures where different rules apply, very little constituent negation is represented in the corpus, since, as discussed in Sentential Negation, any negator that can be used for sentential negation is assumed to be a sentential negator whenever possible. Only negation that cannot be put at IP-level because of its position (as, for example, in the object of a preposition) is parsed as constituent negation. See Constituent negation and conjunction.

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (PP (P +after)
		      (NP-DAT (QP-DAT (NEG+Q noht) (Q^I mycele))
			      (N^D fyrste)
			      (NP-GEN (D^G +d+as))))
		  (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N +afterfyligend))
		  (PP (P of)
		      (NP-DAT (D^D +tyssum) (N^D middanearde)))
		  (VBD geferde))))
          (ID cobede,BedeHead:4.20.33.113))

( (CODE <T06910006500,4.394.13>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (ADJ^A O+der) (N^A wundor) 
                  (ADJP-ACC (NEG+Q noht) (ADJ^A ungelic)
                            (NP-DAT (D^D +tissum))))
          (PP (P be)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (RP+VBN^D foresprecenan) (N^D biscope)))
          (VBD s+agde)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N ilca) (N^N abbud))) 
  (ID cobede,Bede_5:4.394.13.3933))

Note that this applies only to the potential sentential negators listed in Sentential negation, and not to other negative items such as NAN, N+ANIG, etc. which may be used as heads or modifiers. Although constituent negation is not indicated on the dominating phrasal node, this node always immediately dominates a label beginning with NEG (NEG+ADV or NEG+Q or NEG+Q^CASE).
( (CODE <T03090007800,215>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (NEG ne)
          (MDD dorste)
          (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N man))
          (VB dreccan)
          (NP (PRO$ hire) (N meg+de))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:215.2150))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A n+anne) (ADJ^A o+derne))
		  (PP (P ofer)
		      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))
		  (NEG ne)
		  (VBP lufige)))
              (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:34.1730))

( (CODE <T03080013000,365>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
              (VBDI sloh)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A n+anne))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:365.1969))


Constituent negation and conjunction

In conjunctions including a negative element of the type X AND NOHT Y, the negation is forced to be constituent negation by its position in the constituent. If, as often, no overt conjunction is present, an empty CONJP is provided to join the two conjuncts. See also Conjunction. Conjunction structures with negation in the first conjunct are done the same way to maintain uniformity, although in general potential sentential negation is not included in the phrase when it is possible to put it at IP-level as in this case.
(NP (NP (N firstconjunct))
    (CONJP (CONJ &)
           (NP (NEG+Q noht) (N secondconjunct))))

(NP (NP (NEG+Q noht) (N firstconjunct)
    (CONJP (CONJ ac)
           (NP (N secondconjunct))))

(NODE (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A dyrnan) (N^A stala))
	      (CONJP (CONJ and)
		     (NP-ACC (NEG+ADV na) (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A opene) (N^A reaflac))))
      (ID colwgeat,+ALet_6_[Wulfgeat]:186.79))

(NODE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N wilsumlic))
		    (, ,)
		    (CONJP (ADJP-NOM (NEG+Q nales) (ADJ^N gene+dedlic))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:15.62.21.585))

(NODE (NP (N intingan) 
	  (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (N^G tudres))
		  (, ,)
		  (CONJP (NP-GEN (NEG+Q nales) (D^G +t+as) (N^G willan)))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.82.17.756))

(NODE (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (NEG+ADV na) (D^A +dysne))
	      (CONJP (CONJ ac)
		     (NP-ACC (NR^A Barrabban))))
      (ID cowsgosp,Jn_[WSCp]:18.40.7220))

(NODE (ADVP (ADVP (NEG+ADV na) (ADV healfunga))
	    (, .)
	    (CONJP (CONJ ac)
		   (ADVP (ADV fulfremedlice))))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_8:245.104.1473))

Conjunction of PPs is treated in the same way.
(PP (PP (P to)
        (NP ...))
    (CONJP (PP (NEG+ADV na)
               (P to)
               (NP ...))))

(PP (PP (NEG+ADV na)
        (P to)
        (NP ...))
    (CONJP (CONJ ac)
           (PP (P to)
               (NP ...))))

(NODE (PP (PP (P mid)
	      (NP-DAT (N^D galdrum)))
	  (, ,)
	  (CONJP (PP (NEG+ADV na)
		     (P mid)
		     (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
			     (N^D cr+aftum)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:186.1606))

(NODE (PP (PP (NEG+ADV na)
	      (P to)
	      (NP (NP-GEN (N^G nytena))
		  (N offrunge)))
	  (CONJP (CONJ ac)
		 (PP (P to)
		     (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D agenum) (N^D lichaman)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:224.2421))

(NODE (PP (PP (NEG+Q nal+as)
	      (P mid)
	      (NP-DAT (N^D deofulcr+afte)))
	  (CONJP (CONJ ac)
		 (PP (P mid)
		     (NP-DAT (ADJ^I godcunde) (N^D m+agene)))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:14.58.23.548))

Constituent negation including NEALLES and/or NA +T+AT AN (+T+AT) is done as follows. NALES/NA is not included in the same phrase as +T+AT AN in order to keep the NEG label immediately under the phrasal constituent node to facilitate searching. If a following +T+AT(TE) is also present, it is labelled C as usual and included in the ADVP. Note that this differs from the treatment of this phrase at IP-level, in which case the entire phrase including the negation is dominated by ADVP.
(NP (NP (NEG+Q nales) 
        (ADVP (D +t+at) (NUM an))
        (N firstconjunct))
    (CONJP (CONJ ac)
           (NP (N secondconjunct))))

( (CODE <T06080005500,7.26>)
  (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (ADV^T +Ta) (P +da)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +tis) (N^N geban))
			  (ADVP (ADV +tus))
			  (VBN geset)
			  (BEDI w+as)))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP (N gitsunge)))
          (VBN^N beswicene)
          (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NEG+ADV na)     <-- NA +T+AT AN
                          (ADVP (D +t+at) (NUM an))
                          (PRO$ his) (N^N find))
                  (CONJP (CONJ ac) (ADV eac) (ADV swilce)
                         (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N frind))))
          (. ,)) (ID coapollo,ApT:7.26.115))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (NEG+Q nales)
                                  (ADVP (D +t+at) (NUM an))
                                  (Q^A ealle) (PRO$^A +tine) (N^A yldran))
                          (, ,)
                          (CONJP (CONJ ac)
                                 (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (N^A cyningas)
                                         (, ,)
                                         (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +ta))
                                                     (C +de)
                                                     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                                 (PP (P in)
                                                                     (NP (NR Breotone)))
                                                                 (BEDI w+aron)
                                                                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar)))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                  (PP (PP (P in)
                          (NP-DAT (N^D meahte)))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (PP (P in)
                                 (NP (N rice)))))
                  (ADVP (ADV feor))
                  (RP+VBPI oferstigest))
       (ID cobede,Bede_2:9.128.30.1234))

(NODE (IP-MAT (CONJ Ond)
              (PP (P +ta)
                  (CP-ADV (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Wilfer+d) (N^N biscop))
                                  (PP (P in)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D +teode)))
                                  (NP-ACC (ADJ^A godcunde) (N^A lare))
                                  (VBD l+arde))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM *pro*)
              (PP (PP (NEG+Q nales)
                      (ADVP (D +t+at) (NUM an) (C +t+atte)) <--- NALES +T+AT AN +T+ATTE
                      (P from)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D yrm+dum)
                              (NP-GEN (ADJ^G ecre) (N^G ni+drunge))))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ ac) (ADV swylce) (ADV eac)
                         (PP (P from)
                             (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (ADJ^D manfullan) (N^D w+ale)
                                     (NP-GEN (ADJ^G hwilwendlicre) (N^G forwyrde))))))
              (VBD generede)
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:17.302.23.3063))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG+BEDI n+as)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit)) 
              (CP-THT-SPE (CP-THT-SPE (NEG+ADV no)
				      (ADVP (D +t+at) (NUM an))
				      (C $+t+at)
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
						  (PP (P on)
						      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D ungemetlicum) (N^D unges+al+dum)))
						  (BEDS w+are)))
			  (, ,)
			  (CONJP (CONJ ac) (ADV eac)
				 (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
					     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
							 (ADVP (ADV fulneah))
							 (PP (P mid)
							     (NP-DAT (Q^I ealle)))
							 (VBD forwurde)))))
              (. .)) (ID coboeth,Bo:5.13.25.204))




Expletive constructions

Extraposed clausal subjects
Expletive subjects in impersonal expressions
Expletive subjects with it-clefts
Expletives in temporal expressions
IS TO WIT THAT...

Table of contents


Only (H)IT is treated as an expletive. In similar constructions with +T+AT, a related clause is treated as an appositive. Expletive coindexing is done slightly differently from the PPCME2, being indicated with -x rather than numbers.



Extraposed clausal subjects

Extraposed clausal subjects (that-clauses, infinitives or questions) are coindexed to an expletive subject, which may be overt (HIT) or empty (*exp*).

Extraposed clausal subjects occur with verbal, adjectival, and nominal predicates.

  • with verbal predicates, active or passive
    (NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
    		  (NP (PRO Me))
    		  (VBPI +tinc+t)
    		  (CP-THT-SPE-x (C +t+at)
                                    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
    					    (VBD b+ade)
    					    (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +tinum) (N^D bearnum))
    					    (NP-GEN (N^G fyrstes))
    					    (CP-ADV-SPE (P to) (D^I +ti)
    							(C +t+at)
    							(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
    								    (VBDI gelyfdest)
    								    (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (ADJ^D leasum) (N^D gedwyldum)))))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:161.1305))
    
    ( (CODE <T03070006700,270>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N Hit))
              (VBDI gelamp)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T si+d+dan))
              (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N ges+aliga) (NR^N Florus))
                                (VBDI gewat)
                                (PP (P of)
                                    (NP (N worulde)))
                                (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N wuldorful))
                                (PP (P to)
                                    (NP-DAT (NR^D Criste)))
                                (, ,)
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D +trytteo+dan) (N^D geare)
                                            (CP-ADV (P +after) (D^D +tam)
                                                     (C +te)
                                                     (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                             (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N munuc))
                                                             (BEDI w+as)))))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:270.1654))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
              (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
              (NP (PRO us))
              (VBPI gedafena+d)
              (ADVP (ADVR swy+dor))
              (IP-INF-x (IP-INF (PP (P mid)
                                    (NP-DAT (N^D geswince)))
                                (TO to)
                                (VB^D campigenne)
                                (PP (P for)
                                    (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D undeadlicum) (N^D cynincge))))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (IP-INF (NP (PRO +te))
                                       (RP+VB oferswi+dan))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:26.2485))
    
    
  • With an adjectival predicate; Note that many words used in this construction may be either an adjective or a noun. By default any ambiguous predicate is tagged as an adjective. Some common ambiguous cases are: CYNN, GEWISS, GEWUNA, GOD, NIED+TEARF, RIHT, SO+D, +TEARF, UNNYT, WANA.
    ( (CODE <T03060010600,327>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +Tam) (N^D casere))
              (NEG+BEDI n+as)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gyt))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N cu+d))
              (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Chromatius))
                                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N cristen))
                                (BEDI w+as)))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:327.1408))
    
    
  • With a nominal predicate; Note that in all cases the noun is taken as the predicate and an expletive subject added, even when the noun precedes the verb and might itself be analyzed as the subject.
    ( (CODE <T03310003900,145>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*) 
              (BEDI W+as)
              (ADVP (ADV eac))
              (NP-NOM-PRD (Q^N micel) (N^N wundor))
              (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (N^N wulf))
                                (BEDI wear+d)
                                (VBN asend)
                                (, ,)
                                (PP (P +turh)
                                    (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                        (N wissunge)))
                                (IP-INF-NCO (TO to)
                                            (VB^D bewerigenne)
                                            (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A heafod))
                                            (PP (P wi+d)
                                                (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A o+tre) (N^A deor)))
                                            (, ,)
                                            (PP (P ofer)
                                                (NP-ACC (N^A d+ag) (CONJ and) (N^A niht))))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Edmund]:145.7058))
    
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
                  (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
                  (NP-NOM-PRD (Q^N mycel) (N^N +a+delborennys))
                  (BEPI bi+d)
                  (CP-THT-SPE-x (C +t+at)
                            (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                                    (BEPS be)
                                    (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                                                (N^N +deow))))
                  (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:45.2039))
    
    
    Nouns meaning NEED, HOPE, EXPECTATION, DOUBT, are treated the same as other nominal predicates despite the possibility that in these cases that the CP is complement of the noun rather than an extraposed subject (cf. it is no wonder that... vs. there is no doubt/hope/expection/need that... ).
    (NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
                  (NEG+BEPI Nis)
                  (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))
                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N neod))
                  (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                    (NP-ACC (N^A god))
                                    (VBPS wyrcan)))
                  (. ,))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:299.2673)) 
    
    (NODE (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P +Tonne)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (PP (P +turh)
                                      (NP-ACC (N^A gebeden)))
                                  (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N anbryrdnysse))
                                  (BEPI by+d)
                                  (RP ut)
                                  (VBN agoten)
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G mannes))
                                          (N heorte)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NEG+BEPI nis)
                  (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hit))
                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N tweonung))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N Halge) (N^N Gast))
                                    (BEPS beo)
                                    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N andweard))
                                    (PP (P on)
                                        (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D heorte)))))
                  (. .))
          (ID coalcuin,Alc_[Warn_35]:308.217)) 
    
    (NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO^D +Te))
                  (BEPI is)
                  (ADVP (ADV so+dlice))
                  (NP-NOM-PRD (Q^N micel) (N^N +tearf))
                  (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                    (NP-RFL (PRO +de))
                                    (VBPS warnige)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (P for+dam)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
                                  (BEPI eart)
                                  (VBN fordemed)))
                  (. .))
          (ID coapollo,ApT:8.11.131)) 
    
    (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
                  (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N wen))
                  (BEPS sy)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                    (PP (P in)
                                        (NP (N strengo)
                                            (NP-GEN (N^G +teodscipes) (CONJ &) (N^G +trea))))
                                    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV to) (ADJ^N wl+ac))
                                    (BEPS sy))))
          (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.74.1.681)) 
    
    
In general the extraposed subject clause is subordinate, but especially with verbs of saying and writing, the clause may be matrix, or a non-clausal sequence. In the former case an -x is added to the IP-MAT label of the clause; in the latter, an -x is added to the QTP label used for non-clausal sequences of direct speech.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                          (N^D +trymsetle)))
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (ADVP (ADV +tus))
              (VBN geclypod)
              (, ,)
              (IP-MAT-SPE-x (BEPS Beo)
			    (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N man))
			    (RP ongean)
			    (VBN gel+ad)
			    (PP (P for)
				(NP-DAT (PRO$^D minum) (ADJ^D leofan) (NR^D Iuliane))))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:291.1118))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N Hit))
		  (BEPI ys)
		  (VBN awriten)
		  (, ,)
		  (IP-MAT-SPE-x (NEG ne)
				(VBI costna)
				(NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
				(NP-ACC (NR^A Drihten)
					(NP-ACC-PRN (PRO$^A +tinne) (NR^A God)))))
      (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:4.7.167))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hit))
	      (BEPI is)
	      (VBN awryten)
	      (, ,)
	      (QTP-x (FW Omnia) (FW nimia) (FW nocent)
		     (, ,)
		     (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
				 (BEPI is)
				 (XP (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (Q^N ealle) (RP+VBN^N oferdone) (N^N +ting))
						 (VBPI d+aria+d))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:162.127))

( (CODE <T06560091300,27.187.18>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*) 
          (PP (P To)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (ADJ^D bli+dan)))
          (BEPI is)
          (VBN gecueden)
          (, :)
          (QTP-x (NP-NOM (N^N Wa))
                 (NP-DAT (PRO^D eow)
                         (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +da))
				     (C 0) 
				     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
						 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
						 (VBPI hlieha+d))))
                 (, ,)
                 (CP-ADV-SPE (P for+dam)
			     (C 0)
			     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
					 (MDPI sculon)
					 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
					 (VB wepan))))
          (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:27.187.18.1250))

When a clausal subject is in situ, it is labelled -SBJ.



Expletive subjects with impersonal expressions

An expletive subject is always inserted in impersonal constructions if there is no nominative element. Impersonals with overt expletive subjects are not specially marked.
(NODE (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
		      (MDD wolde)
		      (VB drincan)
		      (PP (P on)
			  (NP-DAT (NR^D Lenctene)))
		      (CP-ADV (P +tonne)
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*) 
				      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
				      (VBD lyste)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:65.2738))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *exp*)
          (PP (P be)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam)))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADVP (ADV +tus))
          (VBN gecw+aden)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:233.188))

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *exp*) 
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
		  (BEDI wear+d)
		  (ADVP (ADV eac))
		  (VBN gecydd)
		  (PP (P be)
		      (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Maures))
			  (N tocyme))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:125.1566))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*)
	      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
	      (QP-ADT (NEG+Q naht))
	      (NEG ne)
	      (VBDI speow))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:106.2232))

(NODE (CP-ADV (P gif)
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*) 
		      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
		      (ADVP (ADV swa))
		      (VBN ge+tuht)
		      (BEDS w+are)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:53.1530))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *exp*)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (ADVP (ADV wel))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (. .)) (ID Bede,Bede_3:7.178.5.1735))


Expletive subjects with it-clefts

When the HIT subject of a cleft is missing an empty expletive subject is added.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM *exp*)
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N fyr)
                      (PP (P of)
                          (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D rodore))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-CLF (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                  (C +te)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                          (VBPI sprinc+d)
                          (PP (P of)
                              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D tunglum)))
                          (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
                              (CP-CMP (WADVP-2 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
                                              (NP-NOM (N^N spearcan))
                                              (VBPI do+d)
                                              (PP (P of)
                                                  (NP-DAT (N^D fyre))))))))
          (. .)) (ID cotempo,+ATemp:9.1.287))

( (CODE <T06860017200,12.50.17>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *exp*)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (PP (P ymb)
              (NP (NUMP (NUM feower) (NUM hund)
                        (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                  (NP-GEN (N^G wintra))
                  (CONJP-1 (CONJ &) (NUM nigon) (CONJ &) (NUM feowertig))
                  (PP (P fram)
                      (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$^G ures) (NR^G Drihtnes))
                          (N menniscnysse)))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-CLF (WADVP-TMP-2 0)
                  (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-2)
                          (NP-NOM (NR^N Martianus) (N^N casere))
                          (NP (N rice))
                          (RP+VBDI onfeng)))) (ID cobede,Bede_1:12.50.17.456))

( (CODE <T03990019900,9.1>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))  <-- with overt HIT
          (NEG ne)
          (BEPI sind)
          (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N steorran))
          (CP-CLF (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                  (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
                          (VBPI fealla+d)))
          (. ,)) (ID cotempo,+ATemp:9.1.286))



Expletives in temporal expressions

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *exp*)         <-- "it was early night"
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N foreweard) (N^N niht))) 
  (ID cobede,Bede_2:9.126.31.1206))

( (CODE <T06880058500,19.240.21>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *exp*) 
          (BEDI W+as)
          (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D +triddan) (N^D d+age)
                      (NP-GEN (NR Mai)
                              (NP-GEN-PRN (D^G +t+as) (N^G mon+tes))))
          (PP (ADVP (ADV hu) (ADV hugu))
              (P ymb)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A teog+dan) (N^A tid)
                      (NP-GEN (N^G d+ages))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:19.240.21.2458))


IS TO WIT THAT...

The construction IS TO WIT THAT... is treated as follows. The expletive and that-clause are co-indexed, and the subject is traced to the infinitive to indicate that is also the object (as in Passives with infinitives). Some other verbs used in this construction are ONGIETAN, GELYFAN, GEHIERAN, UNDERSTANDAN.
( (CODE <T03200003900,155>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x-1 *exp*)
          (BEPI IS)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T NV))
          (ADVP (ADV EAC))
          (IP-INF (NP-x *-1)
                  (TO to)
                  (VB^D witenne))
          (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                            (VBPI witna+d)
                            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T foroft))
                            (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A arleasan) (N^A scea+dan))
                                    (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                           (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A swicolan) (N^A +deofas))))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:155.4102))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-x-1 *exp*)
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D us))
		  (NEG+BEPI nys)
		  (IP-INF-SPE (NP-x *-1)
			      (TO to)
			      (VB^D cwe+denne))
		  (CP-THT-SPE-x (C +t+at)
				(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
					    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N uncl+ane))
					    (BEPI syndon))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:130.2368))

( (CODE <T02120012000,248.201>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x-1 *exp*) 
          (PP (P Be)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tisum)))
          (BEPI is)
          (IP-INF (NP-x *-1)
                  (TO to)
                  (RP+VB^D understandenne))
          (CP-QUE-x (WQP-DAT-2 (WADV hu) (Q^D miccllum))
                    (C 0)
                    (IP-SUB (QP-DAT-ADT *T*-2)
                            (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D cristenum) (N^D men))
                            (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (ADJ^N agen) (N^N geleafa))
                            (VBPS fremige)
                            (CP-ADV (P +tonne)
				    (C 0)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (ADJ^G o+tres) (N^G mannes))) 
					    (QP-DAT-ADT (ADV swa) (Q^D micclum))
					    (VBD fremode)))))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_8:248.201.1552))

( (CODE <T02300011300,352.212>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x-1 *exp*) 
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D Us))
          (BEPI is)
          (IP-INF-x (NP-x *-1)
                    (TO to)
                    (VB^D smeagenne))
          (CP-QUE-x (WADVP-2 (WADV hu))
                    (C 0)
                    (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
                            (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N cl+annyss))
                            (, :)
                            (BEDI w+as)
                            (VAG +deonde)
                            (PP (PP (P geond)
                                    (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (VBN^A geferedan) (N^A +tenas)))
                                (, .)
                                (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                       (PP (P +turh)
                                           (NP-ACC (D^A +done) (VAG^A astigendan) (N^A h+alend)))))))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_21:352.212.4282))

In the similar construction with +T+AT subject instead of an expletive the that-clause is treated as appositive on the +T+AT as usual.
( (CODE <T06860033200,16.76.9>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-2 (D^N +T+at)
                    (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADVP (ADV hw+a+dre))
          (IP-INF (NP *-2)
                  (TO to)
                  (VB^D weotanne))
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT-PRN-1 (C +t+atte)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                                (BEPI is)
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP-DAT (ADJ^D gastlicum) (N^D geryne)))
                                (VBN ongyten)))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.76.9.702))




Glossing constructions

Parenthetical THAT IS glosses
Independent matrix glosses
Relative clause glosses

Table of contents


We distinguish three types of glosses: parenthetical THAT IS glosses, independent THAT IS glossses, and relative clause glosses.


Parenthetical THAT IS glosses

Glosses or other explanations introduced by +T+AT IS are common in the texts. It is difficult, however, to always distinguish them with certainty from relative clauses. Our policy is to restrict these literally to the +T+AT IS cases. Some +T+AT IS cases may be relatives, however, and it's not entirely clear that some of the other variants do not also introduce true glosses. The gloss itself is contained within an XP since it can be of any category (see X Phrases). For inflected categories, the case of the gloss either matches that of the glossed element or is nominative. As usual, case is marked when it is unambiguous, otherwise not. In this case, however, the ambiguity is usually nom/acc.
(NODE (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N wissigend)
	      (, ,)
	      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
			  (BEPI is)
			  (XP (NP-NOM (N^N cr+atwisa)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:291.3885))

(NODE (NP-PRD (NR Golgotha)
	      (, ,)
	      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
			  (BEPI is)
			  (, ,)
			  (XP (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G heafodpannan))
				      (N^N stow)))))
       (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:27.33.2033))

(NODE (NP-DAT-ADT (VBN^D besmitenum) (N^D handum)
		  (, ,)
		  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
			      (BEPI is)
			      (, ,)        <-- gloss with case matching
			      (XP (NP-DAT (ADJ^D un+twogenum) (N^D handum)))))
       (ID cowsgosp,Mk_[WSCp]:7.2.2645))

(NODE (NP-ACC (D^A +d+at) (ADJ^A halige) (N^A heafod)
	      (NP-GEN (D^G +d+are) (ADJ^G halgan) (N^G gesomnunge))
	      (, ,)
	      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +d+at))
			  (BEPI is)
			  (XP (NP (N Dryhten))))) <-- nom/acc amb. 
      (ID cocura,CP:16.101.21.667))

(NODE (NP-ACC (NUM^A +anne) (N^A kynehelm)
	      (, ,)
	      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at)) <-- nom. gloss on 
			  (BEPI is)                non-nominative antecedant
			  (XP (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (ADJ^N so+de) (N^N lufu)
				      (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes) (CONJ and) (N^G manna))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:169.130))

(NODE (NP-ACC-TMP (Q^A monig) (N^A ger)
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                              (BEPI is)
                              (XP (PP (P o+d)  <-- non-nominal gloss
                                      (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJS^A ytm+astan) (N^A elde) (PRO$ hire))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:13.292.2.2941))

Independent matrix glosses

If possible a gloss is put with the element it glosses. When a DOE identifier intervenes between the two, however, the gloss is treated as a separate matrix clause. In this case the XP element is treated as a regular predicate and labelled appropriately. If the predicate is a matrix IP or other constituent which is not labelled as a predicate in other constructions (e.g., PP), it is dominated by an XP-PRD label.
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (ADJ^N forme) (N^N gebed))
          (BEPI is)
          (QTP (FW sanctificetur) (FW nomen) (FW tuum))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_19:327.71.3681))
( (CODE <T02280004300,327.73>)  <-- DOE identifier
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +T+at)) 
          (BEPI is)
          (XP-PRD (IP-MAT-SPE (BEPS sy)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N nama))
                              (VBN gehalgod)))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_19:327.73.3682))

( (CODE <T02260004900,539.146>)
  (QTP (FW Radix) (FW omnium) (FW malorum) (FW est) (FW cupiditas)
       (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_17_[App]:539.146.3289))
( (CODE <T02260005000,539.146>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +D+at))
          (BEPI is)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
          (, .)
          (XP-PRD (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N gr+adignyss)
                                      (IP-MAT-PRN *ICH*-1))
                              (ADVP (ADV so+dlice))
                              (, .)
                              (IP-MAT-PRN-SPE-1 (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
                                            (BEPI is)
                                            (XP (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +dyssere) (N^G worulde))
                                                        (N^N gitsung))))
                              (, .)
                              (BEPI is)
                              (ADVP (ADV witodlice))
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N wyrtruma)
                                          (NP-GEN (Q^G eallra) (ADJ^G yfelra) (N^G +dinga)))))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_17_[App]:539.146.3290))


Relative clause glosses

The following similar types are done as relative clauses if no DOE identifier separates them from their antecedant, and as separate matrix IP tokens otherwise. Note that in these cases, the relative marker is always +T+AT, and it is treated as the relative pronoun, regardless of the number/gender of the antecedent (unlike the general case with relative clauses.)
  • the verb is past tense (+T+AT W+AS) or plural (+T+AT SYND)
    ( (CODE <T03250007800,295>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Iudas))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (VBD gel+ahte)
              (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (NR^G Appollonies))
                      (N^A swurd)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (BEDI w+as)
                                      (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N m+arlic) (N^N w+apn)))))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:295.5037))
    
    (NODE (NP-NOM (NUM^N +treo) (N^N endebyrdnysse)
    	      (PTP-NOM (PP (P on)
    			   (NP (N annysse)))
    		       (VBN^N gesette))
    	      (, ,)
    	      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N +t+at))
    		      (C 0)
    		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
    			      (BEPI synd)  <-- relative with plural verb
    			      (NP-PRD (FW laboratores) (, ,) (FW oratores) (, ,) (FW bellatores)))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:812.5369))
    
    
  • the main verb is not BE (+T+AT IS GEREHT/GECWEDEN/etc.)
    (NODE (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Emmanuhel)
    		  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 +t+at)
    			  (C 0)
    			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
    				  (BEPI is)
    				  (VBN gereht)   <-- relative with GEREHT
    				  (XP-PRD (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
    						  (BEPI is)
    						  (PP (P mid)
    						      (NP (PRO us))))))))
           (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_1:7.141.114))
    
    
  • there is a PP indicating language (+T+AT IS IN ENGLISC/LEDEN/etc.)
    (NODE (NP (FW Vigilantius)
    	  (, .)
    	  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N +t+at))
    		  (C 0)
    		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
    			  (BEPI is)
    			  (PP (P on)
    			      (NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
    			  (XP-PRD (ADJP (ADJ wacolre))))))
          (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_9:72.17.1451))
    
    
Occasionally even when the verb is past, only a gloss reading is available, in which case the construction is parsed as a gloss.
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (...)
		  (NP (PRO +de))
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (VBDI geceas)
		  (PP (P on)
		      (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D ofne)
			      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0)
					  (C +de)
					  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
						      (PP (NP *T*-2)
							  (P on))
						      (BEDS w+are)
						      (VBN asoden))))
		      (, ,)
		      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +d+at))
				  (BEDI w+as) 
				  (XP (PP (P on)
					  (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +dinum) (N^D ierm+dum)))))))
      (ID cocura,CP:26.181.10.1200))




Restarts

A restart is a clause that begins and then begins again, often repeating the arguments already stated in pronoun form. In the subordinate clause type the subordinator is usually repeated. In the matrix clause type, the verb may be repeated or various other elements restated. Restarts are parsed as follows. The original start of the clause is labelled FRAG. Inside the FRAG is part of either a matrix or subordinate clause, labelled respectively IPX-MAT or IPX-SUB with no equal-sign index. The FRAG is included within the clause that is restarted.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
	      (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
	      (PP (P to)
		  (NP (N gewunan)))
	      (VBDI genaman)
	      (, ,)
	      (CP-THT (FRAG (CP-THT (C +t+at) <-- that-clause restart
				    (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo)) <-- incomplete
					     (PP (P +turh)            clause
						 (NP-ACC (Q^A eall) 
							 (N^A ger)
							 (PP (P buton)
							     (NP (NUM fiftig) 
								 (NP-GEN (N^G neahta))
								 (PP (P ofer)
                                                                               
								     (NP (NR Eastron))))))))))
		      (, ,)
		      (C +t+at)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
			      (NP-DAT-TMP (NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D feor+dan) (N^D wicd+age))
					  (CONJP (CONJ &)
						 (NP-DAT (D^I +ty) 
							 (ADJ^D syxtan))))
			      (VBPS f+aston)
			      (PP (P to)
				  (NP-GEN (N^G nones))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:3.162.8.1556))

(NODE (CP-ADV-SPE (FRAG (CP-ADV-SPE (C +t+at)  <-- bare adverbial clause restart
				    (IPX-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
						 (PP (PP (P for)
							 (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cristendomes))
								 (N^D are)))
						     (CONJP (CONJ &)
							    (PP (P +turh)
								(NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
								    (N ege))))))))
		  (C +t+at)
		  (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
					  (NEG+CONJ na+ter)
					  (NEG+CONJ ne)
					  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A burg))
					  (NEG ne)
					  (VBDI b+arndon))
                              (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
                                     (IP-SUB-CON-SPE (...)
      (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_2:8.52.28.1024))

( (CODE <T06620026100,9.101.1>)
  (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P +After) (D^D +t+am)
                  (C +te)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Romeburg))
                          (VBN getimbred)
                          (BEDI w+as))
                  (NP-DAT-EXT (NUMP-DAT (NUM V) (NUM^D hunde)
                                        (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                              (N^D wintrum)
                              (CONJP-1 (CONJ &) (NUM^D feowertegum))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (FRAG (CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +ta)  <-- adverbial headed by
				(C 0)                    a preposition
				(IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NR^N Lucius) (NR^N Amilius)) 
						 (CONJP (CONJ &)
							(NP-NOM (NR^N Paulus) (NR^N Publius))) 
						 (CONJP (CONJ &)
							(NP-NOM (NR^N Terrentius) (NR^N Uarra)))))))
                  (, ,)
                  (P +ta) 
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (PRO^N hie)
                          (BEDI w+aron)
                          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N consulas))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
          (VBDI geforan)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (N^D firde)))
          (PP (P angean)
              (NP-ACC (NR^A Hannibal)))
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_4:9.101.1.2097))

( (CODE <T02160002800,267.47>)
  (IP-MAT (FRAG (IPX-MAT (ADVP (ADV Ea+de))  <-- matrix clause restart
			 (MDD mihte)
			 (NP-NOM (NR^N God)
				 (CP-REL (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
						 (C +de)
						 (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
							 (VBD awende)
							 (NP-ACC (N^A w+ater))
							 (PP (P to)
							     (NP-DAT (N^D wine)))))
					 (, .)
					 (CONJP (CONJ &)
						(CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
							(C +de)
							(IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
								(NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (N^A gesceafta))
								(PP (P of)
								    (NP-DAT (NEG+Q^D nahte)))
								(VBD geworhte))))))))
          (, :)
          (ADVP (ADV ea+delice))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (MDD mihte)
          (VB awendan)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A stanas))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (N^D hlafum)))
          (. :)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_11:267.47.2026))




Direct Speech

Direct speech introduced by +T+AT


All IPs and CPs that are part of direct speech sequences have a final label -SPE. Non-clausal speech is labelled QTP. Note that all CPs and IPs embedded under a -SPE label that are part of the speech sequence are also labelled -SPE.

( (CODE <T03020000800,13>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic)
                      (CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-1))
              (BEPI eom)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N anginn))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-SPE-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0)
			    (C +te)
			    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
					(PP (NP (PRO eow))
					    (P to))
					(VBP spr+ace)))
              (. .)) (ID AelfLives,+ALS_[Christmas]:13.33))

( (CODE <T03040003500,116>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NR^D Basilie)))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (BEPS beo)
                      (NP-NOM (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N mu+d))
                      (VBN afylled)
                      (PP (P mid)
                          (NP-DAT (ADJ^D haligre) (N^D herunga)))
                      (PP (P +after)
                          (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +tinre) (N^D bena)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-ADV-SPE (C +t+at)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
					      (PP (P mid)
						  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D agenre) (N^D spr+ace)))
					      (VB geoffrian)
					      (MDPS m+age)
					      (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A liflican) (N^A ons+agednysse))
					      (PP (P mid)
						  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+dre) (N^D +tenunge))))))
          (. .)) (ID AelfLives,+ALS_[Basil]:116.548))

( (CODE <T04060000600,12>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N godspel))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, :)
          (QTP (NP-NOM (N^N Wa))
               (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D wifum)
                       (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
				   (C +te)
				   (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
							   (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
							   (VBPI tyma+d))
					       (CONJP (CONJ &)
						      (IP-SUB-CON-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
								      (PP (P on)
									  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D earmlican) (N^D timan)))
								      (NP-ACC (PRO$ heora) (N^A cild))
								      (VBPI feda+d)))))))
          (. .)) (ID WHom,WHom_5:12.166))

The first independent direct speech clause following a verb of saying is taken as its complement and included in the same token, and any subsequent independent clauses are separated, but still labelled -SPE. When +TUS is present, however, even the first clause of speech is separated and appears as the next token.


It is not easy in all cases to determine what to label as speech. In general, texts that might be characterized as entirely or in large part composed of speech (for instance, homilies and letters) are not labelled as speech. Only the complements of verbs of saying (and following tokens) are labelled as speech. Narratives are not labelled as speech. When introduced by a verb of saying, such as "Jesus said", the first clause of the narrative is labelled as speech but the rest is not. In some texts, such as Bede and Orosius, it is not too difficult to distinguish the personal comments of the narrator from the narrative and in these texts these personal comments are labelled as speech. In other texts separating the two is much more difficult and we have simply labelled the complements of verbs of saying (and following tokens) as speech and not labelled any contributions of the narrator. Our labelling of speech is therefore quite conservative and some researchers may want to include a wider range of material under this heading.



Direct speech introduced by +T+AT

Unambiguously direct speech introduced by +T+AT is treated as follows. The annotation is intended to allow such clauses to be found by searches for both direct and indirect speech. All ambiguous cases are treated as indirect.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D wife)))
          (VBDI cw+adon)
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at) 
                  (IP-MAT-SPE *ICH*-1))
          (IP-MAT-SPE-1 (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                        (PP (P for)
                            (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +tinre) (N^D spr+ace)))
                        (NEG ne)
                        (VBPI gelyfa+d))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_5:92.746))

( (CODE <T03460010500,542>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Eft))
          (VBDI cw+a+t)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N H+alend))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D godspelle)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at) 
                  (IP-MAT-SPE *ICH*-1))
          (IP-MAT-SPE-1 (CP-FRL-LOC-SPE (WADVP-LOC-2 (ADV^L +d+ar))
					(C 0)
					(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
						    (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic) 
							    (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf)))
						    (BEP beo)))
                        (, ,)
                        (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
                        (BEPI bi+d)
                        (NP-NOM (PRO$^N min) (N^N +den)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelhom,+AHom_11:542.1767))




Left-dislocation (-LFD)

A constituent located at or near the left-edge of an IP which is resumed later in the clause by a pronoun, determiner, or other coreferential item, is labelled -LFD; the resumptive element is labelled -RSP. Many of these are NPs (see Left-dislocated NPs) or free relative clauses, but a few cases with that-clauses and questions also occur.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-FRL-LFD-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WPRO^A hw+at)) <-- left-dislocated
			      (C swa)                                  free relative
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
					  (NP-DAT (PRO$^D minum) (N^D lichaman))
					  (VBPI dest)))
              (, ,)
              (NEG ne)
              (MDPI m+ag)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N +t+at))   <-- resumptive demonstrative
              (VB belimpan)
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP (PRO me)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:92.2222))

(NODE (IP-MAT (CP-QUE-LFD (WADJP-NOM-1 (WADJ^N Hwelc)) <-- left-dislocated question               
                          (C 0)                           
                          (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges))
                                                  (N^N geleafa))
                                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                                 (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G modes))
                                                         (N^N wilsumnis))))
                                  (PP (P in)
                                      (NP-ACC (NR^A God)))
                                  (BEDS w+are)))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N +t+at))                  <-- resumptive demonstrative
              (PP (P +after)                                
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D dea+de)))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (N^G m+agena))
                          (N^D wundrum)))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (VBN gecy+ded)
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:7.178.1.1737)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE-x (CP-THT-LFD-SPE (C +t+at)  <-- left-dislocated that-clause
                                    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                (VBD lifde)
                                                (PP (P in)
                                                    (NP (N lichaman)))))
                    (, ,)
                    (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hit))   <-- resumptive pronoun
                    (BEDS w+are)
                    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N efen))
                    (NP-DAT (D^I +tan)
                            (CP-REL-SPE (WADVP-TMP-2 0)
                                        (C +te)
                                        (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-TMP *T*-2)
                                                    (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                    (ADVP (ADV eallinga))
                                                    (PP (P butan)
                                                        (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D lichaman)))
                                                    (QP (Q eall))
                                                    (BEDS w+are)))))
      (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_3_[C]:17.218.11.2942)) 




Resumptive elements (-RSP)

Any resumptive element has an extended label -RSP. These are used in three cases:
  • on the resumptive element of a left-dislocation

  • on a resumptive pronoun in a wh- context where a trace would be expected
    ( (IP-MAT (PP (P in)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D cirican)))
              (NP-NOM (D^N seo)
                      (N^N cwen)
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
              (VBD gewunade)
              (IP-INF (NP-DAT (PRO^D hire))
                      (VB gebiddan))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0)
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                (VBDI cw+adon)
                                (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-RSP-2 (PRO^N heo))
                                                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N Cristen))
                                                (BEDS w+are)))))
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:15.62.2.576))
    
    ( (CODE <T22010039800,885.18>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Karles))
                          (N^N sunu)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+telwulf)
                                                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (NR West) (NR^G Seaxna))
                                                              (N^N cyning)))
                                          (NP-RSP-1 (PRO$ his) (N dohtor))
                                          (HVD h+afde)
                                          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
                                          (PP (P to)
                                              (NP (N cuene))))))
              (. .))
      (ID cochronA-1,ChronA_[Plummer]:885.18.949))
    
    
  • on a repeated pronoun




Appositives and parentheticals (-PRN)

Parenthetical matrix clauses (IP-MAT-PRN)
Parenthetical constructions with verbs of naming
HR+ADEST TO SECGANNE

Table of contents


The label -PRN is used for both appositives and parentheticals and may appear with virtually any type of constituent.

(NP-NOM (NR^N Crist)
	(NP-NOM-PRN (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))      <-- NP appositive
		    (N^N sunu)))

( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ ac)
            (NP-NOM (Q^N manega))
            (VBDI gelyfdon)
            (PP (PP (P of)
                    (NP-DAT (D^D +tisum) (N^D middanearde)))
                (, ,)
                (PP-PRN (CONJ ge)              <-- PP appositive
                        (PP (P of)
                            (NP-DAT (ADJ^D Iudeiscum) (N^D cynne)))
                        (CONJP (CONJ ge)
                               (PP (P of)
                                   (NP-DAT (ADJ^D h+a+denum) (N^D +teodum))))))
            (, ,)
            (PP (P on)
                (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A so+dan) (N^A $H+alend)))
            (, ,)
            (CP-ADV (P +teah)
                    (C +te)
                    (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi) (Q^N sume))
                               (NEG+MDDI noldon)))
            (. .))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:346.186)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N cwide))
		  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N f+ast)
				(ADJP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1)) 
		  (BEPI is) 
		  (PP (P on)
		      (NP-DAT (PRO$^D minum) (N^D mode)))
		  (, ,)
		  (ADJP-NOM-PRN-1 (ADV swa) (ADJ^N f+ast) <-- ADJP appositive
				  (CP-DEG-SPE (C +t+at)
					      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
							  (NP (PRO me))
							  (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N mon))
							  (VB gedwellan)
							  (NEG ne)
							  (MDPI m+ag)))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:33.78.15.1480))

In addition, many types of clauses may be appositive; especially common are that-clauses and questions on demonstratives. See Appositive that-clauses and Appositive questions.
( (CODE <T03050008900,240>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Tis)
                  (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
          (BEDI w+aar+d)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (VBN gecyd)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D cwellere)
                  (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Martiane)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT-PRN-1 (C +t+at)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (NUM seofan) (N^N gebro+dra))
                                (PP (P butan)
                                    (NP-DAT (Q^D +alcere) (N^D ehtnysse)))
                                (MDDI woldan)
                                (PP (P for)
                                    (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                                        (N naman)))
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D cwearterne)))
                                (VB +trowian)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:240.1084))

( (CODE <T03060001800,50>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBDI geseah)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Sebastianus))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-QUE-PRN (WADVP-1 (WADV hu))
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) 
                                              (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes)) 
                                              (N^N cempan))
                                      (AXDI ongunnon)
                                      (VB hnexian)
                                      (PP (P for)
                                          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (Q^D mycclan) (N^D gewynne))))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:50.1240))

IPs with a -PRN label, on the other hand, are usually parentheticals (see Parenthetical matrix clauses). When used in apposition, matrix IPs and small clauses are contained within an XP-PRN label. Infinitives, like questions and that-clauses, take the -PRN label directly when in apposition.
(NODE (CP-ADV (C +t+at)
              (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                      (NEG+BEDI n+as)
                      (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N n+anig)
                              (N^N wen)
                              (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as)
                                      (IP-INF-PRN (NP (N geloman)) <-- appositive
                                                  (PP (P ofer)         infinitive
                                                      (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)))
                                                  (TO to)
                                                  (VB^D secanne))))))
      (ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:6.113.28.1331)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Swilce))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
              (BEDS w+are)
              (VBN gemanod)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D mihtigan) (N^D wundre)
                          (, ,)
                          (XP-PRN (IP-MAT-SPE (VBI astrece) <-- appositive matrix IP
                                              (NP-ACC (PRO$^A +tine) (N^A hand))))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-SPE-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                            (C +te)
                            (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                        (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                        (BEDI w+as)
                                        (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N uncystig))
                                        (, ,)
                                        (PP (P to)
                                            (NP-DAT (N^D +almysd+adum)))
                                        (NP-DAT-ADT (ADJ^D earmum) (N^D +tearfum))))
              (. .))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_2:88.293)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (INTJ Eala)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N micel)
                      (NP-GEN (N^G modes))
                      (N^N biternys))
              (BEPI is)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam)
                          (N^D worde)
                          (, .)
                          (XP-PRN (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N geat))
                                          (BEDI w+as)
                                          (VBN belocen)))))
              (. ;))
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_44:333.181.7486)) 

( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (VBDI gesawon)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A wundorlice)
                  (N^A wyrd)            <-- appositive small clause
                  (XP-PRN (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +done) (N^A man)
                                              (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
                                  (VAG^A lifgendne)
                                  (CP-REL-1 (WNP-ACC-2 (D^A +tone))
                                            (C +te)
                                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                                    (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-2)
                                                            (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A deadne)))
                                                    (VBDI forleton))))))
          (. .))
      (ID coblick,LS_17.1_[MartinMor[BlHom_17]]:217.126.2785)) 


Parenthetical matrix clauses (IP-MAT-PRN)

Parenthetical matrix clauses are labelled IP-MAT-PRN. These are full clauses embedded within another clause or other constituent, as for instance, asides, quotatives (CW+A+T HE), or glosses (THAT IS, ...). Those labelled IPX-MAT-PRN=0 are incomplete clauses by our definition, and represent certain types of VP conjunction and right-node raising (see Elision in conjoined clauses).
( (CODE <T03120002400,67>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO^G heora))
                  (NUM^N an)
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N nama))  <-- aside
                              (BEDI w+as)
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Quirion))))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (INTJ Eala)
                      (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO^N ge) 
                                  (NP-NOM-PRN (N^N gebro+dra)))
                      (, ,) 
                      (UTP uton)
                      (BE beon)
                      (VBN^N gehyrte))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:67.2511))

( (CODE <T03060001900,57>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
              (VBP awurpe)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
              (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))   <-- quotative
                          (VBP bidde))
              (NP-ACC (PRO$^A eowerne) (ADJ^A beorhtan) (N^A sige))
              (PP (PP (P for)
                      (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (N^G wifa))
                              (N^D sw+asnyssum)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (PP (P for)
                             (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (N^G cyldra))
                                     (N^D tearum)))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:57.1244))


Parenthetical constructions with verbs of naming

The subjectless naming construction with finite HATTE or W+AS (GE)HATEN/GECIGED/etc. (in constrast to the participial reduced relative with just GEHATEN/etc.) is treated as a parenthetical with *pro* subject, since treating it as a relative would require both the wh-position and the complementizer to be empty, a construction which is otherwise rare to non-existent in OE. This construction is also occasionally used to indicate other properties beside name.
( (CODE <T03250014900,580>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-NOM (NUM^N an)
                  (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G geferena))
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*) 
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Eleazarus))
                              (VBD hatte)))
          (, ,)
          (VBDI arn)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (N^D ylpe)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                      (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
                                      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJS^N enlicost))
                                      (BEDI w+as)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:580.5220))

( (CODE <T06420016800,5.22>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (VBDI com)
          (NP-NOM (Q^N sum)
                  (PP (P of)
                      (NP-DAT (N^D heahgesamnungum)))
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*)
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Iairus))
                              (VBD hatte)))
          (. ,)) (ID cowsgosp,Mk_[WSCp]:5.22.2479))

(NODE (PP (P fram)
	  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D biscope)
		  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (ADJ^G Romaniscan) (N^G cyricean))
		  (, ,)
		  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*)
			      (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Celestinus))
			      (BEDI w+as)
			      (VBN haten))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:10.46.29.416))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ ond)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD dyde)
              (ADVP (ADV swi+te))
              (NP (N hreonesse)
                  (NP-GEN (D^G +d+are) (N^G s+awe))
                  (, ,)
                  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*)  
                              (PP (P fram)
                                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D winde)))
                              (BEDI w+as)
                              (BEN geworden)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV-SPE (P swa) (C +t+at)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N sylfan) (N^N y+ta))
				      (BEDI w+aron)
				      (VBN^N ahafene)
				      (PP (P ofer)
					  (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A scip)))))
              (. .)) (ID coblick,LS_1.2_[AndrewMor[BlHom_19]]:235.104.3002))

(NODE (NP-NOM-LFD (NR^N $Lucinius) (NR^N Crassus)
		  (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N consul))
		  (, ,)
		  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*)
			      (BEDI w+as)
			      (ADVP (ADV eac))
			      (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Romana))
					  (ADJS^N ieldesta) (N^N biscep))))
       (ID coorosiu,Or_5:4.118.1.2489))


( (CODE <T06910015800,8.408.7>)
  (IP-MAT (BEDI W+as)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBN gehalgad)
          (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +dy) (ADJR^D +aftran) (N^D geare))
          (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +dy) (ADJ^D +driddan) (N^D d+age)
                      (NP (FW Kalendarum) (FW Iuliarum))
                      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N se) (ADJ^N Dryhtenlica) (N^N d+ag))))
          (PP (P from)
              (NP-DAT (NR^D Godwine) 
                      (NP-DAT-PRN (N^D aldorbisscope)
                                  (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR Gallia))
                                          (N^G rices)))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_5:8.408.7.4107))

HR+ADEST TO SECGANNE

The expression HR+ADEST TO SECGANNE, which occurs three times in Wulfstan's Homilies is annotated as follows:
(NODE (IPX-MAT-PRN (ADJP-NOM (ADJS^N hr+adest)
			     (IP-INF (TO to)
				     (VB^D secganne))))
      (ID cowulf,WHom_7:132.480))

( (CODE <T04110002500,76>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT-PRN (ADJP-NOM (ADJS^N hr+adest)
                                 (IP-INF (TO to)
                                         (VB^D secganne))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-LFD (Q eal) 
                  (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N sacerd))
                                  (VBPI de+d)
                                  (PP (P +turh)
                                      (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A +tenunge)))
                                  (ADVP (ADV gesawenlice)))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-ACC-RSP (Q^A eal) (PRO^A hit))
          (VBPI fulfreme+d)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N halga) (N^N gast))
          (ADVP (ADV gerynelice))
          (. .)) (ID cowulf,WHom_8c:76.625))




Matrix clauses (IP-MAT)

Imperatives
UTON clauses

Table of contents


All matrix clauses are labelled IP-MAT.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (ADJ^N halige) (N^N godspell))
          (HVPI h+af+d)
          (RP+VBN oferswi+dod)
          (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (ADJ^G swylcera) (N^G gedwolena))
                  (N^A andgit))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T foroft))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:7.7))

( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))
          (VBDI axodon)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
                  (C 0) 
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDS w+are)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))

( (CODE <T03020000700,11>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBD andwyrde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP (ADV +tus))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.9))


Imperatives

Imperative verb forms have a unique label (VBI, etc.) but imperative clauses are labelled IP-MAT like other matrix clauses. This is because of the potential ambiguity between some subjunctive and imperative verb forms. Imperative clauses only have a subject if one is present. Empty subjects are not added in imperatives.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (VBI forgif)
              (NP (PRO me))
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D men)
                      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
				  (C +te)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$^N min) (N^N mod))
					      (NP (PRO me))
					      (PP (NP *T*-1)
						  (P to))
					      (VBPI spen+d))))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:387.715))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
		  (VBI hoga)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu)) <-- overt subject 
		  (PP (P embe)
		      (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:416.735))

Ambiguous imperative/subjunctive forms are labelled VBPH. See POS Manual: Mood. As with forms labelled as imperatives, empty subjects are not added if no overt subject is present.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (VBPH do)
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
              (PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                  (RP on) (P innan))
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:257.1095))

( (CODE <T03130003000,97>)
  (IP-MAT (VBPH Wite)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
                          (NEG ne)
                          (VBPI lih+d)
                          (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:97.2753))

(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-VOC (NR^N Drihten))
	    (, ,)
	    (VBPH gedo)
	    (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A me))
			(ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A halne))))
          (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:14.30.969))


Imperative clauses are labelled IP-IMP in the PPCME2.



UTON clauses

Clauses with finite verb UTON are labelled IP-MAT, but like in imperatives, when an overt subject is not present, no empty subject is added.
( (CODE <T03020005700,124>)
  (IP-MAT (UTP Uton)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
          (VB behealden)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A wundorlican) (N^A swyftnysse)
                  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G sawle)))
          (. :)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:124.101))

( (CODE <T03040009600,328>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI cw+a+t)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Basilius))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (UTP Uton)
				    (VB belucan)
				    (NP-ACC (D^A +tas) (N^A circan)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IPX-MAT-SPE=0 (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A loc))
					    (VB geinseglian))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:328.668))

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (UTP Uton)
		(NP-NOM (PRO^N we)) <-- overt subject 
		(VB awendan)
		(NP-ACC (PRO$^A ure) (N^A willan)) 
		(PP (P to)
		    (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:362.2704))




Subordinate clauses

SpecCP position
Extraction to specCP (CP-recursion) in clauses headed by +T+AT
Extraction in adverbial clauses headed by a preposition
Topicalization from subordinate clauses

Table of contents


Most subordinate clauses are complementizer phrases (CP). The CP contains wh-phrases and complementizers as well as the complement IP-SUB. CPs, like IPs, are always labelled for type. The CP-level may contain in addition to the IP-SUB:

In most cases one or other (or in certain types of clauses, notably comparatives) both positions may be empty. An empty position is indicated by 0.
( (CODE <T03020000600,11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (ADJ^N iudeiscan))
          (VBDI axodon)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))
          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at)) <-- indirect question, wh-position
                  (C 0)                      <-- (empty) complementizer position
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1) <-- IP-SUB
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEDS w+are)))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:11.8))

( (CODE <T03020004200,98>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (N^N U+twytan))
          (VBPI s+acga+d)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at) <-- that-complement, filled complementizer position
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G sawle))
                                  (N^N gecynd))
                          (BEPI is)
                          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N +dryfeald))))
          (. :)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:98.77))

(NODE (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D +almihtigan) (NR^D Gode)
              (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)  <-- relative clause, empty wh-position
                      (C +te)        <-- filled complementizer
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (N^A +tincg))
                              (VBDI gesceop))))
      (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:29.16))

( (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)
          (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at)) <-- relative clause, filled wh-position
                  (C 0)                   <-- empty complementizer
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
                          (BEPI is))))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:90.94))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N so+da) (N^N scyppend))
          (NEG+HVPI n+af+d)
          (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A nan) (N^A angin))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P for+dan)  <-- adverbial clause headed by a preposition
                  (C +te)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (BEPI is)
                          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
                          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf))
                          (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N angin)
                                      (PTP-NOM (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
                                               (VBN^N (VBN^N gesceapen) (NEG+CONJ ne) (VBN^N geworht))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:63.50))

( (CODE <T03050005900,159>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hu)) <-- direct question, no complementizer position
              (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (MDP mage)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N we) 
                                  (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N blinde)))
                          (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A blindan))
                          (VB geh+alan))
              (. ?)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:159.1034))


The complement clause dominated by CP is labelled IP-SUB. Conjunct clauses are labelled IP-SUB-CON.
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI s+adon)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (VBDS forlete)
                                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (VAG^A lifiendan) (N^A godas)))
                          (, ,)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*) <-- conjunct clause
                                             (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (D^A +ta) (N^A burhwar+a))
                                             (VBD gebigde)
                                             (PP (P to)
                                                 (NP-DAT (NR^D Criste)))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:284.362))


SpecCP position

The position in front of the wh-word or complementizer is referred to as specCP. It can be filled by various elements including adverbs, left-dislocated or topicalized constituents, negation, interjections, conjunctions, vocatives, etc.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBD andwyrde)
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (INTJ Eala)             <-- interjection
                          (NP-NOM-VOC (PRO^N ge)  <-- vocative
                                      (NP-GEN (Q^G lytles) (N^G geleafan)))
                          (, ,)
                          (WPP-1 (P to)           <-- preceding wh-position
                                 (WADVP (WADV hwi)))
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (PP *T*-1)
                                      (BEPI synd)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
                                      (VBN^N afyrhte)))
              (. ?))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_18:210.2595)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
          (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as))
          (VBDI wundrodon)
          (NP-NOM (N^N men))
          (CP-ADV (CP-ADV (NEG+ADV na)  <-- negation
                          (P for) (D^I +di)
                          (C +t+at)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (QR^N mare) (N^N wundor))
                                  (BEDS w+are)))
                  (, .)
                  (CONJP (CONJ ac)
                         (CP-ADV (P for) (D^I +di)
                                 (C +t+at)
                                 (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                                         (BEDI w+as)
                                         (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ungewunelic))))))
          (. .))
  (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_12:277.56.2237)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG+BEDI n+as)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
              (CP-THT-SPE (CP-THT-SPE (NEG+ADV no)
                                      (ADVP (D +t+at) (NUM an))
                                      (C $+t+at)
                                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                                  (PP (P on)
                                                      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D ungemetlicum) (N^D unges+al+dum)))
                                                  (BEDS w+are)))
                          (, ,)
                          (CONJP (CONJ ac) (ADV eac)
                                 (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
                                             (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                                         (ADVP (ADV fulneah))
                                                         (PP (P mid)
                                                             (NP-DAT (Q^I ealle)))
                                                         (VBD forwurde)))))
              (. .))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:5.13.25.204)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
              (FP huru)
              (ADVP (ADV geornlice))
              (VBPS giemen)
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT (ADVP-LOC-4 (ADV^L +d+ar)  <-- locative adverb
                                  (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-3 (ADV^L +d+ar))
                                          (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-3)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                                  (VBPI fleo+d)
                                                  (NP-ACC (D^A +done)
                                                          (N^A un+deaw)
                                                          (NP-GEN (D^G +d+are) (N^G gifernesse))))))
                      (, ,)
                      (C +d+atte)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *ICH*-4)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (N^D gode)))
                              (NEG ne)
                              (BEPS weor+de)
                              (NP-NOM (ADJR^N wyrse) (N^N yfel))
                              (VBN akenned)
			      (...))))
      (ID cocura,CP:43.313.17.2100))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD s+ade)
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT (ADVP-TMP-1 (ADV swa) (ADV^T oft) <-- temporal adverb
                              (PP (P swa)
                                  (CP-CMP (WADVP-TMP-2 0)
                                          (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-2)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                                                  (BEDS w+are)
                                                  (RP ofdune)
                                                  (VBN ahwylfed)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (VBDS s+ate)
                          (PP (P ofer)
                              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are)
                                      (N^D bytman)
                                      (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G scipes))))))
          (. ;))
  (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_4_[C]:59.347.19.5320)) 


Extraction to specCP (CP recursion) in clauses headed by +T+AT

In subordinate clauses headed by +T+AT (that-clauses, bare adverbials, and degree complements) extracted elements may appear immediately before a single complementizer or between two complementizers. Many of these are cases of CP-recursion, but in some cases more than one element may appear in this position, making CP-recursion an unlikely analysis. Nevertheless, all members of a subordinate clause that appear immediately before a +T+AT complementizer are put in specCP, no matter how many there are, and traced into the subordinate clause. In questions, such elements appear before the wh-word, and are included within the CP-QUE parens.
( (CODE <T03250012500,476>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (ADVP (ADV so+dlice))
          (VBD besceawode)
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)            <-- 1st complementizer
                  (CP-THT (NP-NOM-LFD-2 (D^N +da)  <-- extracted constituent
                                        (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                                (C +de)
                                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                        (PP (P mid)
                                                            (NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+dre) (N^D arf+astnysse)))
                                                        (PP (P on)
                                                            (NP-DAT (N^D dea+te)))
                                                        (VBPI geendia+d))))
                          (, ,)
                          (C +t+at)     <-- 2nd complementizer
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-2)  <-- trace
                                  (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hi))
                                  (PP (P mid)
                                      (NP-DAT (NR^D Drihtne)))
                                  (HVPI habba+d)
                                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJS^A selestan) (N^A gife))
                                  (PP (P on)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D so+dan) (N^D life))))))
          (. .))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:476.5165))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                  (VB warnian)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT (CP-ADV-2 (P gif) <-- extracted constituent
				    (C 0)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					    (MDD wolde)
					    (VB libban)))
                          (, ,)
                          (C +t+at) <-- only one complementizer
                          (IP-SUB (CP-ADV *ICH*-2) <-- trace
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (NEG+BEDS n+are)
                                  (PP (P on)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D mynstre)))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
                                  (VBN gesewen)
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D andweardan) (N^D d+age)
                                              (CP-REL ...))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:206.1619))

( (CODE <T06870019300,8.122.11>)
  (IP-MAT (VBDI (HVD H+afde)
                (CONJP *ICH*-1))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (CONJP-1 (CONJ &) (VBDI w+ag))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine)))
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A twiecge) (N^A handseax) (VBN^A ge+attred))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (C +t+at)    <-- adverbial clause with two complementizers
                  (CP-ADV (CP-ADV-2 (P gif)
				    (C 0)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N wund))
					    (QP-ADT (ADV to) (Q lyt))
					    (VBD genihtsumode)
					    (PP (P to)
						(NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges))
							(N^D dea+de)))))
                          (, ,)
                          (C +t+at)
                          (IP-SUB (CP-ADV *ICH*-2)
                                  (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N attor))
                                  (VBD gefultmade))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:8.122.11.1155))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (QP-NOM (ADV swa) (Q^N mycel)
                          (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
                  (NP-GEN (N^G regnes))
                  (N^N m+agn))
          (VBDI com)
          (, ,)
          (CP-DEG-1 (C +t+at)  <-- degree clause with two complementizers 
                    (CP-DEG (NP-NOM-LFD-5 (D^N +ta)
                                          (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                                                  (C +te)
                                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                                          (RP-4 in)
                                                          (NP-ACC-3 (D^A +tone) (N^A biscop))
                                                          (VBDI fengon)
                                                          (IP-INF (RP *ICH*-4)
                                                                  (NP-ACC *ICH*-3)
                                                                  (TO to)
                                                                  (VB^D healdanne)))))
                            (, ,)
                            (C +t+at)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-5)
                                    (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hi))
                                    (NEG ne)
                                    (MDDI mihton)
                                    (VB adreogan)
                                    (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A mycelnesse)
                                            (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G regnes))))))
          (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_3_[C]:12.197.4.2547))

( (CODE <T06860033000,16.76.5>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N +Du))
          (VBD frugne)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (ADVP (ADV swylce))
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE (CP-ADV-2 (P +tonne)   <-- before wh-position in
			    (C 0)            a question
			    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N wiif))
				    (VAG cennende)
				    (BEDS w+are)))
                  (, ,)
                  (WPP-1 (P +after)
                         (WNP (WQP (WADV hu) (Q feola))
                              (NP-GEN (N^G daga))))
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)        <-- wh-trace
                          (CP-ADV *ICH*-2)  <-- trace of extracted
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))  constituent
                          (MDD moste)
                          (PP (P in)
                              (NP (N circan)))
                          (VB gongan)))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.76.5.700))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (INTJP (WPRO Hw+at))
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (VBPI wat)
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-THT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE-2 (P gif) <-- 1st extracted
					    (C 0)       constituent
					    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
							(PP (P wi+d)
							    (NP (PRO us)))
							(PP (P to)
							    (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (NR^D Gode)))
							(VBPI cleopiga+d)))
                              (, ,)
                              (CP-ADV-SPE-1 (P +teah) <-- 2nd extracted
					    (C +te)       constituent
					    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
							(NP-ACC (N^A wepen))
							(NEG ne)
							(VBPS beran)))
                              (, ,)
                              (C +t+at)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE *ICH*-2) <-- trace
					  (CP-ADV-SPE *ICH*-1) <-- trace
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
					  (PP (P wi+d)
					      (NP (PRO us)))
					  (VBPI feohta+d)
					  (, ,)
					  (CP-ADV-SPE (P for+don)
						      (C 0)
						      (IP-SUB-SPE ...))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_2:2.102.34.970))


Extraction in adverbial clauses headed by a preposition

Note the position of extracted elements in adverbial clauses headed by prepositions, between the preposition or preposition-determiner combination and the complementizer. In such cases extraction is never unambiguously to the pre-preposition position; this order only occurs when the adverbial clause is at the left edge of the matrix clause position, where it is interpreted as topicalization. See Topicalization from subordinate clauses.
( (CODE <T06860034100,16.76.31>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +T+at))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (VBN gesegen)
          (PTP-NOM-PRD (VBN^N gemeted)) 
          (PP (P fore)
              (NP (N intingan)
                  (NP-GEN (N^G unforh+afdnisse) (NUM^G anre))))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P for+ton)              <-- preposition
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV-1 (P +tonne)     <-- extracted constituent
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                    (NEG ne)
                                    (MDPI willa+d)
                                    (VB ahabban)
                                    (PP (P from)
                                        (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D werum)))))
                  (, ,)
                  (C +t+atte)              <-- complementizer
                  (IP-SUB (CP-ADV *ICH*-1) <-- trace
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                          (VBPI forhycga+d)
                          (IP-INF (VB fedan)
                                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta)
                                          (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                                                  (C +de)
                                                  (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)
                                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                                          (VBPI cenna+d)))))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.76.31.713))


Topicalization from subordinate clauses

Elements extracted from adverbial clauses headed by a preposition may appear between the preposition and the complementizer (see Extraction in adverbial clauses headed by a preposition), or before the preposition. The latter only occurs, however, if the adverbial clause is initial in the IP, and these cases are therefore treated as topicalizations to the left edge of the matrix, rather than to a spec position (specPP in this case), even when either analysis is possible. The extracted element is at IP-level in the matrix clause and traced into the subordinate clause. Elements may also be topicalized to this position out of that-clauses. In general that-clauses do not appear clause initially and therefore there is no ambiguity in the position of the extracted element, as there may be with adverbial clauses, which are often initial.

  • topicalization out of a that-clause
    
    ( (CODE <T03040019700,586>)
      (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-ACC-TMP-1 (NUM^A Ane) (N^A tid))  <-- topicalization
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                  (VBP wene)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
    			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC-TMP *ICH*-1)  <-- trace
    				      (NP-NOM (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N sawul))
    				      (VBPS wunige)
    				      (PP (P on)
    					  (NP (PRO +te)))))
                  (. ,))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:586.873))
    
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD-1 (D^N +t+at) 
                                (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-2 (D^A +t+at))
    					(C 0)
    					(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-2)
    						    (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
    						    (VBD gecl+ansode))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NEG ne)
                  (VBI cw+a+d) 
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
    			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-1)
    				      (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hit))
    				      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ful))
    				      (BEPS sy)))
                  (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:92.2336))
    
    
  • topicalization out of adverbial clauses introduced by a preposition
    
    ( (CODE <T06880064000,22.250.4>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-LFD-3 (D^N Seo) (ADJ^N ilce) (N^N m+ag+d) <-- topicalization
                            (NP-GEN *ICH*-1))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (NP-GEN-1 (NR^G Eastseaxna))
              (CP-ADV (P mid) (D^I +ty)
    		  (C 0)
    		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-3)  <-- trace
    			  (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N heo))
    			  (VBN w+aced)
    			  (BEDI w+as)
    			  (PP (P mid)
    			      (NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (N^D w+ale)
    				      (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (RP+VBN^G foresprecenan) (N^G dea+dlicnesse))))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Sighere))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (N^D d+ale)
                          (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G folces)
                                  (, ,)
                                  (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                                          (C +te)
                                          (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                  (VBDI heold))))))
              (, ,)
              (VBDI forlet)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A gerynu)
                      (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G Cristnan) (N^G geleafan)))) 
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:22.250.4.2549))
    
    
    In the following example, the topicalization is to the left edge of a subordinate IP.
    (NODE (CP-ADV (P for+dam)
    	      (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD-3 (D^N +d+at) (N^N worsm) 
    				    (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N +d+at))
    					    (C 0) 
    					    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
    						    (PP (ADV+P +d+arinne))
    						    (VBN gehweled)
    						    (BEPI bi+d))))
    		      (, ,)
    		      (CP-ADV (P gif)
    			      (C 0)
    			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-3)
    				      (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hit))
    				      (BEPI bi+d)
    				      (RP+VBN utforl+aten)))
    		      (, ,)
    		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +donne))
    		      (BEPI bi+d)
    		      (NP-NOM (D^N sio) (N^N wund))
    		      (VBN geopenod)
    		      (PP (P to)
    			  (NP (N h+alo)
    			      (NP-GEN (D^G +d+as) (N^G sares))))))
          (ID cocura,CP:38.273.21.1781))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-LFD-2 (PRO$ his) (N^A hr+agl)
                        (, ,)
                        (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                (C +te)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                        (PP (P ofer)
                                            (NP (PRO$ his) (N b+are)))
                                        (VBDI l+ag))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +ta)
    		  (C 0)
    		  (IP-SUB (NP-LFD *ICH*-2)
    			  (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N deofulseoca) (N^N man))
    			  (VBDI gehran)
    			  (NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
              (PP (P fram)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)
                          (PTP-DAT (ADVP (ADV swa))
                                   (VBN^D (RP+VBN^D ofsetenum) (CONJ &) (VBN^D geswenctum)))))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (VBN (VBN geflemed) (CONJ &) (VBN afyrred))
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (VBN^N awyrgda) (N^N gast))
              (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_4_[C]:43.331.16.4992))
    
    
  • more than one element may be extracted from a that-clause
    ( (CODE <T06560034500,14.85.3>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*) 
              (PP-4 (P Toeacan)
                    (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (N^D golde)))
              (ADJP-NOM-3 (NP-GEN (Q^G ealra) (N^G glenga)
                                  (PP *ICH*-2))
                          (ADJS^N fyrmes+d)
                          (PP-2 (P on)
                                (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D hr+agle))))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (VBN beboden)
              (CP-THT-x (C +d+at)
                        (IP-SUB (ADJP-NOM-PRD *ICH*-3)
                                (PP *ICH*-4)
                                (MDD scolde)
                                (BE bion)
                                (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N giem)
                                        (NP-NOM-PRN (N^N iacinctus))
                                        (, ,)
                                        (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                                                (C 0) 
                                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                        (BEPI is)
                                                        (NP-DAT (N^D lyfte))
                                                        (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJS^N onlicus+d))
                                                        (PP (P on)
                                                            (NP-DAT (N^D hiwe))))))))
              (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:14.85.3.548))
    
    




Subordinate clause types

Adverbial clauses (CP-ADV)
That-clauses (CP-THT)
Degree complements (CP-DEG)
Comparative clauses (CP-CMP, CPX-CMP)
Questions(CP-QUE)
Exclamations (CP-EXL)
Relative clauses (CP-REL)
Free relative clauses (CP-FRL)
Clause-adjoined relatives (CP-CAR)
Reduced relatives (RRC)
Clefts (CP-CLF)
Infinitival clauses (IP-INF, IP-INF-NCO)
Infinitival relatives/purpose clauses with a gap (CP-EOP)
Small clauses (IP-SMC)
Absolutes (PTP-case-ABS)

Table of contents


All subordinate clauses which have a complementizer and/or wh- position (whether overt or not) are labelled CP with an extended label to indicate the type of clause. Subordinate clauses without a complementizer or wh-position position are labelled IP, again with an extended label to indicate type. All CPs except direct questions and all IPs except matrix IPs and imperatives (IP-MAT) are subordinate. IPs immediately dominated by CPs are labelled IP-SUB. Conjunct subordinate clauses are labelled IP-SUB-CON.

    IP subordinate clauses 
                            
    IP-SUB-CON      conjunct clause
    IP-INF          complement infinitive 
    IP-INF-NCO      non-comp. infinitive
    IP-SMC          small clause                                
    IP-SUB          subordinate IP          

    CP subordinate clauses

    CP-ADV       adverbial clause
    CP-CAR       clause-adjoined relative
    CP-CLF       it-cleft
    CP-CMP       comparative
    CP-DEG       degree complement
    CP-EOP       empty-operator CP
    CP-FRL       free relative
    CP-QUE       question
    CP-REL       relative clause
    CP-THT       that complement




Adverbial clauses (CP-ADV)

Adverbial clauses headed by a complementizer
Adverbial clauses headed by a preposition
SWA +T+AT and FOR+TON +TE purpose/result/cause/degree clauses
Temporal SWA clauses including SONA SWA
Adverbial clauses headed by +T+AS (+TE) and +TY (+TE)
V1 conditionals
GELICE &
SAM ... SAM

Table of contents


All adverbial clauses are labelled CP-ADV. They may be "bare", i.e., headed by +T+AT, or with no complementizer position (as in V1 conditionals) or headed by a preposition (subordinating conjunction). When the clause is headed by a preposition, the preposition is included within the CP-ADV. Note that this differs from the PPCME2 where the preposition takes the clause as a complement.



Adverbial clauses headed by a complementizer

Bare adverbial clauses may be headed by a complementizer +T+AT/+T+ATTE or +TE. Their most common meaning is SO THAT, but they can also mean IN THAT, UNTIL, BECAUSE, etc. Many but not all of the +TE cases are correlative with FOR +TAN/etc. or +TY (for this reason... because).
( (CODE <T03080001300,34>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBD gesette)
              (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A tacn))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$^D minum) (N^D nebbe)))
              (CP-ADV-SPE (C +t+at)     <-- +T+AT complementizer
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
				      (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A n+anne) (ADJ^A o+derne))
				      (PP (P ofer)
					  (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))
				      (NEG ne)
				      (VBP lufige)))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:34.1730))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N +awf+as+d) (N^N lareow))
              (BEPS sie)
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (C +de)           <-- +TE complementizer
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (VBPI wilnia+d)
                              (IP-INF (NP-ACC (Q^A micle) (N^A woroldare))
                                      (HV habban)))))
      (ID cocura,CP:1.27.2.91)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
		  (ADVP (ADV for+ton))  <-- FOR+TON
		  (VBPI tilia+d) 
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
					  (NP-ACC (N^A god))
					  (VBPS don)))
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-ADV-SPE (C +te)   <-- +TE 
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
					  (MDPI willa+d)
					  (VB gedwellan)
					  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A gife) 
						  (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (ADJ^G o+dera) (N^G manna))
							  (N^G weorces))))))
      (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:10.76.23.856))

( (IP-MAT (PP (P for)                 <-- FOR +TAN 
              (NP-DAT (D^I +tan)))
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N eadige) (N^N apostel)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Petrus)))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sone))
          (PP (P +at)
              (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
          (NP (N forgeofenysse))
          (RP+VBDI onfeng)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (C +te)             <-- +TE  
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (ADVP (ADV swy+de) (ADV biterlice))
                          (VBDI weop)
                          (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (ADJ^G +treofealdan) (N^G forsacanysse))
                              (N synne))))
          (. .)) (ID coalcuin,Alc_[Warn_35]:376.269))

( (IP-MAT (NP-DAT-ADT (D^I +dy))      <-- +TY
          (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
          (VBPI d+al+d)
          (ADVP (ADV sp+arlice))
          (CP-ADV (C +te)             <-- +TE
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
                          (NEG+MDP nyle)
                          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                                          (VBPS forb+arste)))))
          (. .))
  (ID codicts,Prov_1_[Cox]:1.17.31))

( (CODE <T06870011800,5.110.15>)
  (IP-MAT (MDD Wolde)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-DAT-ADT (D^D +dam))
          (NP (N gescyldnesse))
          (VB gegearwian)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (C +te) 
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NP (PRO$ heora) (N lare))
                          (RP+VBDI onfeng)))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_2:5.110.15.1036))


Adverbial clauses headed by a preposition

Many adverbial clauses are headed by a preposition (subordinating conjunction). The preposition is included within the CP-ADV.
(NODE (CP-ADV (P gif)
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N hwylc) (ADJ^N gewytleas) (N^N man))
		      (VBPI wen+d)
		      (CP-THT (C +t+at)
			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
				      (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine)
						  (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfne)))
				      (VBD geworhte)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:69.55))

(NODE (CP-ADV (P for+tan)
	      (C +de)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
		      (NEG+BEPI nis)
		      (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
		      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N lichamlic))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:210.165))

(NODE (CP-ADV (P +ar+tam)
	      (C +te)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
		      (VBDI stopon)
		      (PP (P on)
			  (NP-ACC (N^A land)))))
       (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Vincent]:270.7976))

Clauses introduced by a preposition plus demonstrative are treated in the same way. The determiner is labelled literally but treated as part of a complex preposition. When the preposition and determiner are written as one word they unit is labelled P, as in the examples immediately above.
(NODE (CP-ADV (P +ar) (D^D +tam)
	      (C +de)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N mynster))
		      (PP (P +at)
			  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Coludes))
				  (N^D byrig)))
		      (PP (P mid)
			  (NP (N bryne)))
		      (VBN fornumen)
		      (BEDS w+are)))
      (ID cobede,BedeHead:4.20.23.108))

(NODE (CP-ADV (P for) (D^I +don)
	      (C +te) 
	      (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N +ting))
			(NEG+BEDI n+as)
			(CP-ADV (P +ar)
				(C 0)
				(IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:66.53))


Clauses headed by +TY L+AS or +TE L+AS unless are treated in a similar way. +TYL+AS in combination is labelled P. When +TY L+AS is written as two words, +TY/+TE is literally labelled as a determiner, L+AS is labelled P, and both are immediately dominated by the CP-ADV node. When +TYL+AS+TE is written as a unit, +TE is split off (see Pos Manual: Words that are always separated)
(CP-ADV-SPE (P +tyl+as)
	    (C +de)
	    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G dea+des))
				(N^N +tystra))
			(NP (PRO eow))
			(VBPS gel+accen)))
              (. .)) (ID cobenrul,BenR:2.7.19))

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi))
                  (VB gebugan)
                  (PP (P to)
                      (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D deofolgyldum)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (D^I +te) (P l+as)
			  (C +te)
			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
				  (VBN^N fordemede)
				  (BEDI wurdon))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:110.1002))

(NODE (CP-ADV-SPE (P $+tyl+as)  <-- +TYL+AS+TE split
		  (C $te)       
		  (CODE <TEXT:+tyl+aste>)  <-- comment
		  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
                              (VBPS feallon)
                              (PP (P +atforan)
                                  (NP-DAT (PRO$^D eowrum) (N^D feondum)))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_21:203.3181))

A preposition which does not take NP complements (NEMNE/SWA/+TONNE/etc) dominates a clause no matter how much material has been elided from the clause. Equal-sign coindexing is used in conjunction with the IPX label as usual with elision constructions to indicate that the clause is not complete. Likewise a preposition like BUTAN that takes clauses or NPs in the dative, takes a clause when an apparent NP complement is in the wrong case.
( (CODE <T06880038100,14.208.26>)
  (IP-MAT-0 (CP-ADV (P +Ta)
		    (C 0)
		    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			    (BEDI w+as)
			    (PP (P mid)
				(NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D unm+atan) (N^D weorode)))
			    (RP+VBN ymbh+afd)))
            (, ,)
            (NEG ne)
            (MDD wolde)
            (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
            (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+der) (N^A w+apen))
            (CP-ADV (P nemne)  <-- NEMNE
		    (C 0)
		    (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-ACC (NUM^A ane) (N^A gyrde))))
            (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him))
            (PP (P on)
                (NP (N honda)))
            (HV habban)
            (. ;)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:14.208.26.2119))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE-0 (ADVP *T*-3)
		    (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
		    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N cenran)
				  (PP *ICH*-1))
		    (BEPI syndon)
		    (PP-1 (P +donne)  <-- +TONNE
			  (CP-CMP-SPE (WADJP-2 0)
				      (C 0)
				      (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
						     (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:312.5046))

( (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
            (NEG+HVDI n+afdon)
            (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
            (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A nan) (N^A win))
            (CP-ADV (P buton) <-- BUTON with PP
		    (C 0)
		    (IPX-SUB=0 (PP (P on)
				   (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (VBN^D gewealdenan) (N^D butruce)))))
            (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:273.1656))

( (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (CONJ and)
                (NEG+BEPI nis)
                (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (ADJ^N o+der) (NR^N God))
                (CP-ADV-SPE (P buton)  <-- BUTON with nominative NP
			    (C 0)
			    (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he) (FP ana))))
                (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Apollinaris]:116.4622))


SWA +T+AT and FOR+TON +TE purpose/result/cause/degree clauses

SWA +T+AT and FOR+TON +TE clauses may function as purpose, result, cause, or degree clauses, whether the SWA/FOR+TON/etc. occurs contiguous to the +T+AT/+TE or not (cf. modE where only degree clauses with SWA can separate God so loved the world that...). Although we have a separate label for degree complements (CP-DEG), when SWA or FOR+TON/etc. occurs alone (i.e., not modifying an adjective or adverb) it can be difficult to distinguish purpose/result/cause from degree and we do not attempt to do so, but label all types as adverbial. See degree complements for cases in which degree is differentiated from purpose/result/cause.
( (CODE <T03070004200,163>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI feol)
          (NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N preost))
          (ADVP (ADV f+arlice))
          (PP (P of)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D weorce)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P swa)   <-- SWA +T+AT together 
		  (C +t+at)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			  (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N samcucu))
			  (VBDI l+ag)
			  (, ,)
			  (ADJP-NOM (NP-DAT (VAG^D sweltendum))
				    (ADJ^N gelic))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:163.1584))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N F+ader))
              (ADVP (ADV swa))         <-- SWA
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +triwa))
              (ADVP (ADV +tuss))
              (VBD clypode)
              (ADVP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                    (ADV to))
              (ADVP (ADV hlude))
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (C +t+at)        <-- +T+AT separated 
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
                              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
                              (VB gehyran)
                              (MDDI mihton))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:451.233)) 

( (CODE <T03020002900,66>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (PRO^A Hine))
          (NEG ne)
          (MDD mihte)
          (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N +ting))
          (VB gewyrcean)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P for) (D^I +don)  <-- FOR +DON +TE together 
		  (C +te) 
		  (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N +ting))
			    (NEG+BEDI n+as)
			    (CP-ADV (P +ar)
				    (C 0)
				    (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:66.53))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV For+tam))  <-- For+tam
                  (VBPI wilniga+d)
                  (NP-NOM (Q^N monige) (N^N men))
                  (NP-GEN (N^G anwealdes))
                  (CP-ADV-SPE (C +te)   <-- +TE separated 
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                          (MDDI woldon)
                                          (HV habban)
                                          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A godne) (N^A hlisan))))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV-SPE (P +teah)
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
                                                        (ADJ^N unwyr+de))
                                          (BEPS sien)))
                  (. ;))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:18.41.14.755)) 


Temporal SWA clauses including SONA SWA

While most SWA clauses without a complementizer are comparative, they seem sometimes to have a non-comparative adverbial reading (when, because, etc.). We only treat SWA clauses as adverbial if a comparative reading (including AS IF) seems impossible in the context; but note that this can be quite a difficult distinction to make and some (or all?) adverbial SWA clauses may be comparative. SWA alone appears to be temporal in some cases, although most temporal SWA clauses are headed by SONA SWA.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *pro*)
          (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A eacan))
          (ADVP (ADV swa))
          (VBPS forsceawige)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P swa)    <-- SO THAT 
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hy))
                          (ADVP-TMP (NEG+ADV^T n+afre))
                          (PP (P mid)
                              (NP (N oferfylle)))
                          (VBN^N (RP+VBN^N undersmogene) (CONJ and) (VBN^N beswicene))
                          (NEG ne)
                          (BEPS weor+dan)))
          (. .)) (ID cobenrul,BenR:40.64.16.799))

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
		(AXDI began)
		(NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N preost))
		(CP-ADV (ADV swa) (P swa)  <-- BECAUSE
			(C 0)
			(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
				(NP-ACC (NR^A God))
				(VBD lufode)))
		(NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A gebedu))
		(VB singan))
      (...)
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:23.4023))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (VBDI aras)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV (P swa) <-- WHEN 
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                          (VBD hrepode)
                          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A stowe))))
          (, ,)
          (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N hal)
		    (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (N^D limum)))
          (. ,))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Oswald]:207.5510))


(NODE (CP-ADV (ADV^T sona) (P swa)  <-- SONA SWA
              (C 0)
              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                      (VBD andette)
                      (PP (P mid)
                          (NP-DAT (Q^D ealre) (N^D heortan)))
                      (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A +trynnysse))
                      (PP (P on)
                          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D fulluhtba+de)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:135.1293))


Adverbial clauses headed by +T+AS (+TE) and +TY (+TE)

Clauses headed by +T+AS and +TY that have an adverbial meaning (purpose/cause) are treated in a similar way to FOR+TON/etc. clauses. The +T+AS or +TY is labelled literally at word level, but is included in the CP-ADV label just like a preposition in the same position. +T+AS +TE clauses may also be temporal +T+AS clauses or or +T+AS +TE comparatives. The comparative type are easy to distinguish, but cause and temporal can be more difficult and some temporal +T+AS clauses may in fact be causal.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
          (MDD wolde)
          (VB drifan)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges))
                      (N^D tune)))
          (CP-ADV (D^I +ty)
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NEG+VBD nyste)
                          (CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                          (BEDI w+aron)))))
          (. ;)) (ID cochronA-1,ChronA_[Plummer]:787.1.580))

( (CODE <T06740043600,23.152.13>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP (ADV Witodlice))
                    (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A cwyde)
                            (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G am+ansumunge)))
                    (NEG ne)
                    (VBDI gespr+ac)
                    (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                    (ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
                    (CP-ADV (D^I +ty)
                            (C +te)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                    (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
                                    (MDD wolde)
                                    (RP+VB for+dbryngan))))
          (, ,)
          (CONJP (CONJ ac)
                 (IPX-MAT=0 (ADVP (ADV elles))
                            (PTP-NOM (VAG^N beotigende))))
          (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:23.152.13.1813))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) 
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D +tider))
          (VBPI wilnia+d)
          (CP-ADV (CONJ o+d+de) 
                  (CP-ADV (D^G +t+as)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*)
                                  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                                  (VBPI lyst)))
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (CP-ADV (D^G +t+as)
                                 (C +te)
                                 (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                         (VBPI be+turfon)))))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:56.46))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
              (NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N n+anig) (N^N gewin))
              (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP (N worlde)))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (ADV to) (ADJ^N lang))
                            (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
                                   (ADJP-NOM (ADV to) (ADJ^N heard))))
              (NEG ne)
              (VBD +tuhte)
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (D^G +t+as)
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D saulum))
                              (PP (PP (P to)
                                      (NP (N h+ale)))
                                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                         (PP (P to)
                                             (NP-DAT (N^D r+ade)))))
                              (VB gewinnan)
                              (MDD mihte))))
      (ID coblick,LS_17.1_[MartinMor[BlHom_17]]:227.274.2907)) 


SWILC +T+AT result clauses

The +T+AT clause with SWILC expresses result. It is labelled CP-ADV like other result clauses, but contained within or traced to the ADJP containing SWILC to make the relationship clear.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
              (BEPS syn)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N swilce)
                            (, .)
                            (CP-ADV (C +t+at)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                            (ADVP (ADV wur+dfullice))
                                            (VB herian)
                                            (MDPI magon)))))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_30:435.175.5983)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
                  (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf)))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP (N geearnunge)))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N swylc)
                        (CP-ADV *ICH*-1))
          (BEPS sy)
          (, ,)
          (CP-ADV-1 (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                            (PP (P embe)
                                (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (ADJ^A agene) (N^A halignesse)))
                            (VB sprecan)
                            (MDPS m+age)))
          (. .))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:64.119.20.1174)) 

In the PPCME2, SUCH THAT clauses are labelled as degree complements.



V1 conditionals

V1 conditionals (had I a million pounds... ), are represented in the same way as other V1 clauses (direct wh- and yes/no questions); that is, there is no complementizer position in the CP. Note that the distinguishing feature of such clauses (and other V1 types) is the lack of a complementizer node in the CP, and not the position of the verb as first element in the clause, since the latter can be displaced by certain categories, such as negation, an empty subject, etc.
( (CODE <T03120006900,226>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (HVD H+afde)
				      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
				      (NP-ACC (ADJ^A +alteowe) (N^A +tenas))))
              (, ,)
              (NEG+BEDS n+are)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (ADVP (ADV +tus) (ADV ea+delice))
              (RP+VBN oferswi+ded)
              (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:226.2623))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (NEG+MDP nelle)
		  (VB abugan)
		  (PP (PP (P fram)
			  (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D biggengum)))
		      (CONJP *ICH*-1))
		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
		  (, ,)
		  (CONJP-1 (NEG+CONJ ne)
			   (PP (P fram)
			       (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ so+tan) (N lufe))))
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-ADV-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP swelte)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))))
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-ADV-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP lybbe)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))))))
               (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Edmund]:78.7020))

(NODE (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *pro*) <-- note position of empty subject
                              (VBPS Ondr+ade)
                              (PP (P swa)
                                  (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                                          (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                                  (VBPS ondr+ade))))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N dea+d))
              (NP-2 (PRO +te))
              (VBPI cym+d)
              (PP (NP *ICH*-2)
                  (P to))
              (. ;))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_6:154.950)) 


GELICE &

The phrase GELICE &, which occurs only in Orosius (3x) and once in the Vercelli Homilies clearly introduces a subordinate clause, although everything else about its structure is quite opaque. We have given it the structure of other adverbial clauses by labelling GELICE as a preposition and introducing the clause with a CP-ADV; the "&" is labelled literally as a conjunction.
(PP (P gelice) (CONJ &)
    (CP-ADV (C 0)
            (IP-SUB ...)))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G elpendes))
		      (N^N hyd))
	      (MDP wile)
	      (VB drincan)
	      (NP (N w+atan))
	      (, ,)
	      (CP-ADV (P gelice) (CONJ &)
		      (C 0) 
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N spynge))
			      (VBPI de+d))))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_5:7.121.29.2572))


SAM ... SAM

SAM ... SAM in the meaning whether ... or is labelled P.
( (CODE <T06650004000,40>)
  (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hu))
          (C 0)
          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                  (NP-NOM (Q^N +alc) (N^N wyrd))
                  (BEPI beo+d)
                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (P sam)
			  (C 0)
			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
				  (NP-DAT (N^D mannum))
				  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
				  (VBPS +tince)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-ADV (P sam)
			  (C 0) 
			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
				  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
				  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N yfel))
				  (VBPS +tince))))
          (. .)) (ID coboeth,BoHead:40.49))




That-clauses (CP-THT)

Ungoverned that-clauses in tables of contents and narrative
Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction
That-clauses with +TE
+TAM GELICOST +TE
Extraposed subject that-clauses
Extraction out of that-clauses
Appositive that-clauses
That-clauses with an empty complementizer
That-clauses with an elided complementizer

Table of contents


That-clauses may be the complement of a verb, noun, or adjective. When the complement of a noun or adjective, the that-clause is contained inside the NP or ADJP, or traced to it when separated, and when it is the complement of a verb it is immediately dominated by IP. Note that while that-clause complements of verbs and adjectives are fairly easy to identify, with nouns it is much more difficult to distinguish complements from appositives and both types should be considered in any investigation of either of these topics. In addition, with a few verbs, it is difficult to distinguish that-clauses from bare adverbial clauses.

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
              (BEPI by+d)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gemelease)      <-- adjective
                            (, ,)
                            (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                            (NP (PRO$ heora) (N synnen))
                                            (NEG ne)
                                            (VBPS andetten)))))
      (ID coalcuin,Alc_[Warn_35]:337.236))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBDI begeat)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (NP-ACC (N^A leafe)         <-- noun 
                  (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D lande)))
                                  (MDD moste))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:327.1409))

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N wur+de)
                                (CP-THT *ICH*-1))
                  (BEDS w+are)
                  (CP-THT-1 (C +t+at)     <-- separated CP-THT
                            (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-DAT-2 (PRO^D him))
                                            (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                                            (VBD worhte)
                                            (NP (NP-DAT *ICH*-2)
                                                (N anlicnysse)))
                                    (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                           (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
                                                       (NP-ACC (N^A templ))
                                                       (VBD ar+arde))))))
       (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_37:276.112.6202))

(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (MDD wolde)
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N w+alhreowa))
              (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A word)
                      (CP-THT *ICH*-1))
              (VB gefyllan)
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT-1 (C +t+at)     <-- separated CP-THT
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                (BEDS wurde)
                                (VBN gel+ad)
                                (PP (P to)
                                    (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D la+dan) (N^D fulnysse)))))
              (. ,))
       (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:95.2223))


( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (NEG+VBD nyste)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)       <-- complement of verb
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (VBD gelyfde)
                          (PP (P on)
                              (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (VAG^A lifigendan) (NR^A God)))))
          (. .))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:11.1217))


Ungoverned that-clauses in tables of contents and narrative

In tables of contents and texts which are essentially narrations by the author that-clauses may appear ungoverned. These should probably be understood as being governed by a verb of saying.

From the table of contents to Bede's Eccliastical History

( (CODE <T06850003000,1.10.15>)
  (CP-THT (C +D+at)
          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
                          (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N papa)))
                  (NP-DAT (NR^D +A+delbyrhte)
                          (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam) (N^D cyninge)))
                  (NP-ACC (N^A gewrit) (CONJ &) (N^A gyfe))
                  (VBD sende))
          (. :)) (ID cobede,BedeHead:1.10.15.31))
( (CP-THT (C +t+atte)
          (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Agustinus))
                          (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                              (N cyrican))
                          (VBD geedniwode))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ &)
                         (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
                                 (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR Sancte) (NR^G Petres))
                                         (N^A mynster))
                                 (VBD getimbrade))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,BedeHead:1.10.15.32))
( (CODE <T06850003100,1.10.18>)
  (CP-THT (C +D+at)
          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Agustinus))
                  (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                      (N cyrican))
                  (VBD (VBD geedniwode) (CONJ &) (VBD worhte))
                  (PP (P mid)
                      (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges)
                                      (NP-GEN-PRN *ICH*-1))
                              (N^D fultume)
                              (NP-GEN-PRN-1 (NR^G +A+delbyrhtes)))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,BedeHead:1.10.18.33))

Outside of tables of contents, an ungoverned that-clause may depend on a verb too far back to be appropriately annotated (because, for example, of intervening main clause material, etc.) or there may be no such verb, the whole text being understood as indirect speech, which is occasionally overtly marked. Sometimes such clauses have a hortative force. These are labelled CP-THT at top-level if there is no other material present (conjunctions, etc.) or FRAG if there is.
( (CP-THT (CP-ADV-1 (P gif)   <-- bare that-clause labelled CP-THT
		    (C 0)
		    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) 
				    (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
				    (N^N +teow))
			    (NEG+MDP nelle)
			    (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D cyrican))
			    (PP (P on)
				(NP-ACC (N^A riht)))
			    (VB +teowian)))
          (, ,)
          (C +t+at)
          (IP-SUB (CP-ADV *ICH*-1)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                  (PP (P mid)
                      (NP-DAT (ADJ^D l+awedum) (N^D mannum)))
                  (RP+VBPS onfo)
                  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJS^G heardestan) (N^G +teowdomes)))
          (. .)) (ID coblick,HomS_14_[BlHom_4]:49.169.602))

( (CODE <T06860004400,3.30.28>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se))
          (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A naht)
                  (ADJP-GEN (ADJ^G freomlices)))
          (VBDI ongan)
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D cynewisan)))
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:3.30.28.246))
( (FRAG (CONJ ac)             <-- that-clause with conjunction 
        (CP-THT (PP-1 (P betwuh)  labelled FRAG
                      (NP (ADJP-GEN (ADJ^G o+dera))
                          (N unrim) 
                          (NP-GEN (N^G +awyrdleana))
                          (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR^G Romwara))
                                  (N^G rices))))
                (, ,)
                (C +t+at)
                (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-1)
                        (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                        (NP (NP-GEN (NR Breotone))
                            (N rice))
                        (VBDI forlet)))
        (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:3.30.28.247))


Clause and nominal (CLAN) construction

In the clause and nominal (CLAN) construction two apparent complements, usually an NP and a clause, but also in a few cases a PP and a clause, seemingly fill a single complement position of the verb. Generally the clausal complement expands on the information of the nominal complement; the two complements are usually linked by coreferentiallity between the first complement and some argument of the subordinate clause (usually, but not always the subject). This construction is annotated as follows: the second complement is treated separately from the first, but also traced to it and labelled as an appositive to indicate that in some sense it is not a separate argument. Note that only the trace bears the -PRN label and not the complement itself. This contrasts with normal clausal appositives which are coreferential with the noun they are appositive on. The clausal argument in this construction is commonly a that-clause but may also be a question.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Da) (ADJ^N Iudeiscan))
              (NEG+MDDI noldon)
              (NP-ACC (PRO$^A urne) (NR^A Drihten)
                      (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))  <-- PRN label on trace
              (VB oncnawan)
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+dum) (N^D geleafan)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT-1 (C +t+at) <-- that-clause with index 
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))  <-- coreferential with
                                (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))  "Drihten"
                                            (N^N Sunu))
                                (BEPI is)))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_9:201.1391)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+telfri+d)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N cyning)))
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)
                      (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-2))
              (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
              (VBD geahsode)
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT-2 (C +t+at)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                (PP (P mid)
                                    (NP-ACC (NR^A R+adwold)
                                            (NP-ACC-PRN (D^A +tone) (N^A cyning
))))
                                (BEDI w+as))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_2:9.126.19.1198)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (VB cunnian)
              (MDD wolde)
              (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (NR^G Drihtnes))
                  (N wyllan)
                  (CP-QUE-PRN *ICH*-1))      <-- PRN on trace
              (CP-QUE-1 (WADVP-2 (WADV hu))  <-- question with index
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
                                (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)) <-- coreferential with
                                (MDD wolde)             "his Drihtnes willan"
                                (PP (P be)
                                    (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:5.937)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                  (VBDI het)
                  (IP-INF (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                          (VB +ateowian)
                          (NP-ACC *ICH*-1))
                  (ADVP (ADV orhlice) (ADV swi+de))
                  (NP-ACC-1 (D^A +tone)
                            (ADJ^A halgan)
                            (N^A sanct)
                            (CP-QUE-PRN *ICH*-2))
                  (CP-QUE-2 (WQ hw+a+ter)
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                    (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gesund))
                                    (BEDS w+are))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Edmund]:231.7106)) 


That-clauses with +TE

There are a small number of what appear to be that-clause complements of nouns with the complementizer +TE.
( (CODE <T06610008200,6.60.11>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (PRO^A Hie))
          (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (NR^N Romane))
          (PP (P for)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D gylte) 
                      (CP-THT (C +te)    <-- that-clause headed by +TE
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                      (NP-ACC (PRO$ hiere) (N^A beot))
                                      (VBDI aleag)))))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP (ADV swa))
          (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A cuce))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (N^D eor+tan)))
          (VBDI bedulfan)
          (. ,)) (ID coorosiu,Or_3:6.60.11.1171))

( (CODE <T02940004700,301.68>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P +Turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A gife)
                      (CP-THT (C +te) 
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N mennisca) (NR^N Crist))
                                      (BEDI wear+d)
                                      (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                                  (N^N bearn))))))
          (, .)
          (PP (P +turh)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A ylcan) (N^A gife)))
          (BEPI bi+d)
          (NP-NOM (Q^N gehwilc) 
                  (NP-GEN (ADJ^G cristenra) (N^G manna)))
          (NP-DAT-ADT (NR^D Gode))
          (VBN gecoren)
          (, .)
          (PP (P fram)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D anginne)
                      (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G geleafan))))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_40:301.68.6865))

( (CODE <T06560015100,7.49.4>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (ADJ^N O+der))
          (PP (P for)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (N^D ege)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-THT (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                      (VBDI ondred)
                                      (CP-THT (C +d+at)
                                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
                                                      (ADVP (ADV sua) (ADV medomlice))
                                                      (VB don)
                                                      (NEG ne)
                                                      (MDD meahte)))))))
          (, ,)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (RP+VBDI wi+dsoc)
          (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:7.49.4.272))


+TAM GELICOST +TE

This phrase, usually translated as "as though" is treated as follows. Note that GELICOST is always labelled as an adverb, even in copular contexts.
(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (VBDI gemittan)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
              (ADVP (ADV eac))
              (PP (P beforan)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D nor+ddura)
                          (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G ciricean))))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D marmanstane)))
              (PP (P swylce)
                  (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (N^G mannes))
                                            (N^A swa+du)))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP (NP-DAT (D^I +ton)  <-- "as though" 
                            (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1)) 
                    (ADVS gelicost)
                    (CP-THT-PRN-1 (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                                          (NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N mon))
                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                                          (VBD gestode))))
              (. .))
      (ID coblick,LS_25_[MichaelMor[BlHom_17]]:203.134.2611)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (VBDI spr+ac)
              (ADVP (ADVS gelicost)
                    (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am)
                            (CP-THT-PRN (C +de)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                                                (NP-NOM-PRD (Q^N hwelchwugu) (N^N syn))
                                                (BEDS w+are)))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (P +da)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (VBDI cw+a+d)
                              (CP-THT (C +d+at)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
                                              (VB (VB forgiefan)
                                                  (CONJP *ICH*-2))
                                              (MDD wolde)
                                              (CONJP-2 (CONJ &) (VB ge+dafian))))))
              (. .))
      (ID cocura,CP:51.397.28.2704)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (CP-ADV *ICH*-4)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
              (BEDS w+are)
              (ADVP (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) <-- ADVP in copular construction
                            (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-8))
                    (ADVS gelicost)
                    (CP-THT-PRN-8 (C +de)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T oft))
                                          (IP-INF (VB secgan)
                                                  (CP-THT *ICH*-5))
                                          (VBDI hyrdon)
					  (...)))))
      (ID codicts,Prov_1_[Cox]:2.8.163)) 


Extraposed subject that-clauses

Extraposed subject that-clauses are coindexed to an expletive subject (overt or empty) with an -x coindex. See also Extraposed clausal subjects
( (CODE <T03060010600,327>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +Tam) (N^D casere))
          (NEG+BEDI n+as)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gyt))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N cu+d))
          (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Chromatius))
                            (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N cristen))
                            (BEDI w+as)))
          (. ,))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:327.1408))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hit))
          (VBDI gelamp)
          (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N gedwola))
                            (VBDI rad)
                            (PP (P on)
                                (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D wucan)))
                            (PP (P ymbe)
                                (NP-ACC (Q^A sum) (N^A +arende)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:50.2729))


Extraction out of that-clauses

A number of types of extraction out of that-clauses occur, some of which are no longer possible in Modern English with a filled complementizer position.
  • long wh-movement without a resumptive element
    ( (CODE <T06900017100,6.280.12>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Donne))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Biise)
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
              (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Eastengla))
                          (N^N biscop))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-1 (WNP-NOM-2 0)  <-- wh-operator
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                (VBDI s+agdon)
                                (CP-THT (C +t+atte)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2) <-- wh-trace in 
                                                (PP (P in)         that-clause
                                                    (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (RP+VBN^D foresprecenan) (N^D seono+de)))
                                                (BEDS w+are)))))
              (. ;)) (ID cobede,Bede_4:6.280.12.2835))
    
    ( (CODE <T06410055400,16.15>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
              (VBD s+ade)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP secge)
    				  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
    				  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
    					      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
    							  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
    							  (BEPS si)))))
              (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:16.15.1078))
    
  • long wh-movement with a resumptive element
    ( (IP-MAT (PP (P in)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D cirican)))
              (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N cwen)
                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
              (VBD gewunade)
              (IP-INF (NP-DAT (PRO^D hire))
                      (VB gebiddan))
              (, ,)
              (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0)  <-- wh-operator
                        (C +te)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                (VBDI cw+adon)
                                (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-RSP-2 (PRO^N heo)) <-- resumptive pronoun
                                                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N Cristen))
                                                (BEDS w+are)))))
              (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:15.62.2.576))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
              (PP (ADV+P +terute))
              (VBD warhte)
              (CP-FRL (WNP-NOM-1 (ADV swa) (WPRO^N hwet)) <-- wh- 
                      (C swa)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N hit))
                              (VBN gesegen)
                              (BEDI wes)
                              (CP-THT-x (C +tet)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-RSP-1 (PRO^N hit)) <-- resumptive pronoun
                                                (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N +tearf))
                                                (BEDI wes)))))
              (. .)) (ID cochad,LS_3_[Chad]:89.60))
    
    
  • topicalization to specCP; see Extraction to specCP (CP recursion);

  • topicalization of subordinate subject to front of matrix, without resumptive element
    ( (CODE <T06560215600,53.419.12>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-2 (D^N +D+at) (ADJ^N ilce) <-- subject of sub. clause
                        (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +d+at))
                                (C 0) 
                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                        (VBN getiohchod)
                                        (HVD h+afde)
                                        (IP-INF (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                                (TO to)
                                                (VB^D biddanne)))))
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))                <-- subject of matrix 
              (VBDI cw+a+d)
              (CP-THT (C +d+at)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *ICH*-2)   <-- trace of subject
                              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                              (BEDS w+are)
                              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                              (VBN forgiefen)))
              (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:53.419.12.2912))
    
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
              (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at) (N^N lif))  <-- subject of sub. clause
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))               <-- subject of matrix
              (VBD cy+tde)
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *ICH*-1)  <-- trace of subject
                              (BEDS w+are)
                              (PP (P on)
                                  (NP (ADJ o+tre) (N stowe)))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +ta)
                       (C 0)
                       (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                               (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                               (VBDI cw+a+d)))
              (. .))  (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_4_[C]:4.266.24.3878))
    
    
  • topicalization of subordinate subject to front of matrix, with a resumptive element
    ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD-1 (D^N +t+at)       <-- left-dislocated subject of 
                                (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-2 (D^A +t+at))  sub. clause
    					(C 0)
    					(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-2)
    						    (NP-NOM (NR^N God))
    						    (VBD gecl+ansode))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NEG ne)
                  (VBI cw+a+d) 
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
    			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-1)     <-- trace
    				      (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N hit)) <-- resumptive
    				      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ful))   subject
    				      (BEPS sy)))
                  (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:92.2336))
    
    
  • with both a left-dislocation and resumption of the subordinate subject in the matrix
    ( (CODE <T06660147500,37.114.2>)
      (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD (Q^N Eall) (D^N +t+at)       <-- left-dislocated sub.
    			  (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+atte))  clause subject
    				      (C 0)
    				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
    						  (NP (N annesse))
    						  (HVPI h+af+d))))
                  (, ,)
                  (NP-NOM-RSP-2 (D^N +t+at))  <-- resumption of sub. clause subject
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                  (VBPI secga+d)
                  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+atte)
    			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *ICH*-2)  <-- trace of subject
    				      (BEPS sie)
    				      (NP-ACC-TMP (D^A +ta) (N^A hwile)
    						  (CP-REL-SPE (WADVP-TMP-3 0)
    							      (C +te)
    							      (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-TMP *T*-3)
    									  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
    									  (ADVP (ADV +atsomne))
    									  (BEPI bi+d))))))
                  (. ;)) (ID coboeth,Bo:37.114.2.2271))
    
    
  • topicalization of subject from an extraposed subject clause, without a resumptive element
    ( (CODE <T06560034200,14.83.22>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +D+at) (N^N hr+agl)) <-- subject of extraposed subject
              (NP-NOM-x *exp*)                        clause
              (BEDI w+as)
              (VBN beboden)
              (CP-THT-x (C +d+at)
                        (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM *ICH*-1) <-- trace
                                  (MDD scolde)
                                  (BE bion)
                                  (VBN geworht)
                                  (PP (PP (P of)
                                          (NP (N purpuran)))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (PP (P of)
                                                 (NP-DAT (ADJ^D tweobleom) (N^D derodine))))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (PP (P of)
                                                 (NP-DAT (ADJ^D twispunnenum) (N^D twine) (ADJ^D linenum)))))))
    	  (...))
      (ID cocura,CP:14.83.22.545))
    
    ( (CODE <T06560080900,22.171.14>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +Da) (N^N saglas))
              (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
              (BEPI is)
              (VBN beboden)
              (CP-THT-x (C +d+at)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *ICH*-1)
                                (MDDI scoldon)
                                (BE beon)
                                (PP (P mid)
                                    (NP-DAT (N^D golde)))
                                (VBN^N befongne)))
              (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:22.171.14.1165))
    
    
  • topicalization of subject from an extraposed subject clause, with a resumptive element
    ( (CODE <T06760045600,32.307.12>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Witodlice))
              (NP-NOM-LFD-1 (D^N se) (NR^N Tiburtius))
              (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
              (BEDI w+as)
              (VBN s+agd)
              (, ,)
              (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                        (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-LFD *ICH*-1)
                                        (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he))
                                        (RP+VBDS underl+age)
                                        (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T a)))
                                (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                       (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*) 
    					       (VBD hyrde)
    					       (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T symble))
    					       (NP-DAT (D^D $+tam) (ADJ^D lichamlicum) (N^D lustum))))))
              (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_4_[C]:32.307.12.4571))
    
    


Appositive that-clauses

That-clauses may be appositive on a preceding NP, usually, but not always, headed by a determiner. It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish a that-clause complement of a noun from an appositive and therefore both types should be considered in any investigation for which the difference is crucial.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at)
                      (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
              (BEPI bi+t)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$ hire) (N^N miht) 
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (NX-NOM (VBN^N gefylled) (N^N sige))))
              (CP-THT-PRN-SPE-1 (C +t+at)
				(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
					    (VBN gesewen)
					    (NEG ne)
					    (BEPS beo)
					    (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L ute))))
              (. .))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:1095.6698))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE *ICH*-2)
		  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
		  (VBPS gewisce)
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
		  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) 
			  (, ,)
			  (CP-THT-PRN (C +t+at) 
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N lif))
						  (BEPS beo) 
						  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gelic)) 
						  (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +tinum) (ADJ^D la+dum) (N^D godum))))))))))
              (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:79.2057))

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (VBD anddette)
          (NP (PRO$ his) (N synne)
              (CP-THT-PRN (C +t+at)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (RP+VBDI ofsloh)
                                  (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A halgan)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:424.2008))


That-clauses with an empty complementizer

Although empty complementizers are rare in that-clauses in Old English, they do occasionally appear. They are particularly common in complement clauses to HIT GELAMP, and HIT GEWORDEN W+AS. The complement clause in these cases has some root properties (allows left-dislocations, shows inversion with +TA), but since overt complementizer +T+AT is also common in this construction, they are all treated as subordinate clauses.
( (CODE <T06410021300,7.28>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (BEN geworden)
              (CP-THT-SPE-x (C 0)
			    (IP-SUB-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (P +ta) 
						    (C 0)
						    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N h+alend))
								(NP-ACC (D^A +tas) (N^A word))
								(VBD geendode)))
					(, ,)
					(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))    <-- inversion
					(VBD wundrode)
					(NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N folc))
					(NP (PRO$ his) (N lare))))
              (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:7.28.402))

( (CODE <T06740016200,7.114.22>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N Hit))
          (VBDI gelamp)
          (ADVP (ADV eac))
          (NP-DAT-TMP (Q^I sume) (N^D d+age))
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT-x (C 0)
                    (IP-SUB (CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +ta)
				    (C 0)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N ylca) (ADJ^N arwyr+da) (N^N wer)
						    (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Benedictus)))
					    (BEDI w+as)
					    (PP (P in)
						(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D mynstre)))))
                            (, ,)
                            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                            (BEDI w+as)
                            (RP+VAG utgangende)
                            (NP-NOM (D^N se) (RP+VBN^N foresprecena) (N^N cniht)
                                    (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Placidus))
                                    (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N munuc)
                                                (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G halgan) (N^G weres))))
                            (IP-INF-NCO (TO to)
                                        (VB^D hladane)
                                        (NP-ACC (N^A w+ater))
                                        (PP (P of)
                                            (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D ea))))))
          (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:7.114.22.1346))

( (CODE <T06740036600,17.140.34>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x (PRO^N Hit))
          (VBDI gelamp)
          (ADVP (ADV niwan))
          (, ,)
          (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)         <-- with overt complementizer
                    (IP-SUB (PP (P on)
                                (NP-ACC (N^A niht)))
                            (, ,)
                            (CP-ADV (P +ta)
				    (C 0)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N gebro+dra))
					    (BEDI w+aron)
					    (PP (P on)
						(NP (N r+aste)))))
                            (, ,)
                            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                            (VBDI comon)
                            (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                            (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (NR^N Langbearde))))
          (. ,)) (ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:17.140.34.1689))


That-clauses with an elided complementizer

In some constructions, notably comparatives, a complementizer introducing a subordinate clause is elided along with all the material of the matrix. These cases at least potentially differ from regular non-overt complementizers, and thus are treated differently. Rather than introducing an empty complementizer (C 0), the label CPX-THT is used to indicate that the that-clause is not complete (see Complete and incomplete clauses). For other uses of CPX, see Incomplete CPs.
( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ ac)
            (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
            (NP-DAT (D^D +dam))
            (BEDS w+are)
            (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N betere)
                          (PP *ICH*-1))
            (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                              (PP (P on)
                                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D bedde)))
                              (VBDI lagon)))
            (PP-1 (P +donne)
                  (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0) 
                          (C 0) 
                          (IPX-SUB=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
                                     (CPX-THT (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                                      (VBDI gegremedon)
                                                      (NP-ACC (NR^A God))
                                                      (PP (P on)
                                                          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D gastlican) (N^D huse))))))))
            (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:75.2912))

(NODE (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
		(NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
		(BEDS w+are)
		(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N betere)
			      (PP *ICH*-1))
		(CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
			  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
				  (VBN geboren)
				  (NEG+BEDS n+are)))
		(PP-1 (P +tonne)
		      (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
			      (C 0) 
			      (IPX-SUB=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
					 (CPX-THT (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
							  (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$ his) (N^N l+awe))
							  (BEDS w+are)))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Exalt_of_Cross]:162.5661))




Degree complements (CP-DEG)

Degree complements with SWA
Degree complements with TO +TON/etc.

Table of contents


Degree phrases (he was [so tall that he could touch the ceiling]) combine an element of degree or comparison with result (the degree/comparison expressed by (so and the result by the complement clause). Thus Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1985) treat these under comparatives, while Mitchell (1985) treats them under clauses of purpose and result. We label the clause CP-DEG and trace it to the phrase containing the degree element.



Degree complements with SWA

The degree element SWA modifies an adjective (which may itself modify a noun) or an adverb. The degree complement is traced to the constituent containing SWA.
(ADJP (ADV swa) (ADJ dysige)
      (CP-DEG ...))

(NP (ADJP (ADV swa) (ADJ dysige)
          (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
    (N man)
    (CP-DEG-1 ...))

(NP (QP (ADV swa) (Q micclum)
        (CP-DEG ...)))

( (CODE <T03080014100,391>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (BEDI wear+d)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swa) (ADJ^N halig)
                        (CP-DEG (C +t+at)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                        (VBD geh+alde)
                                        (NP-ACC (ADJ^A untrume))))) 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:391.1988))

( (CODE <T03120009400,315>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (ADV swa) (ADJ^N mihtig)
                                (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
                      (N^N wyrhta)
                      (CP-DEG-1 (C +t+at)
                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                        (MDPI m+ag)
                                        (VB awendan)
                                        (NP-ACC (N^A yfel))
                                        (PP (P to)
                                            (NP-DAT (N^D gode)))
                                        (PP (P +turh)
                                            (NP (PRO$ his) (N godnysse))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:315.2680))

(NODE (IPX-MAT=0 (NP-NOM (QP (ADV swa) (Q fela)
			     (CP-DEG *ICH*-1)))
		 (PP (P binnan)
		     (NP-DAT (NUM twelf) (N^D mon+dum)))
		 (CP-DEG-1 (C +t+at)
			   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
				   (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
				   (VB getellan)
				   (NEG ne)
				   (MDD mihte))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:149.4312))

Degree phrases headed by SWA alone are extremely difficult to distinguish from SWA +T+AT purpose/cause/result clauses (i.e., result clauses without any element of degree). Unlike in Modern English, where only the degree type can separate, in Old English all types seem to be able to occur together or separately. By default therefore all clauses headed by purpose/cause/result/degree SWA alone are labelled CP-ADV. If the clause is separated from SWA no overt connection is made between the two elements. It is left to the interested investigator to decide the function in any particular case.
( (CODE <T03020006700,155>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)  
          (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (D^G +T+are) (N^G sawle))
                      (N^N wlyte))
          (BEPI is)
          (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                            (HVPS h+abbe)
                            (NP (N mihte))
                            (, ,)
                            (CP-ADV (P swa)   <-- SWA +T+AT
				    (C +t+at)
				    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
					    (NP-ACC (N^A leahtres)) 
					    (VBPS forbuge)))))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:155.123))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (BEDI w+as)
          (ADVP (ADV swa)) <-- separated SWA...+T+AT
          (VBN geh+aled)
          (CP-ADV (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (PP (P on)
                              (NP-DAT (PRO$ hire) (N^D lice)))
                          (NEG+BEDI n+as)
                          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gesyne))
                          (NP-NOM (Q^N aht) 
                                  (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (ADJ^G sarra) (N^G wunda)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:277.1905))


Degree complements with TO +TON/etc.

Degree/result may also be expressed by the formula TO +TON/+T+AM/+T+AS. As with the SWA type, TO +TON/etc. can modify an adjective or adverb, and in these cases, the degree complement is contained in, or traced to, the ADJP/ADVP dominating the PP TO +TON/+T+AM/+T+AS. When TO +TON/etc. is written as a single word, it is labelled ADV, and because it is a single word modifier, does not project a phrase label. The CP-DEG is contained in or traced to the phrase containing TO+T+AM, etc.
(ADVP (PP (P to)
          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am)))
      (ADV swi+te)
      (CP-DEG ...))

(ADVP (ADV to+t+am) (ADV swi+te)
      (CP-DEG ...))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N ge+dyld))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (QP-NOM-PRD (PP (P to)
                          (NP-DAT (D^I +dan)))
                      (Q^N micel)
                      (, .)
                      (CP-DEG (C +t+at)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                      (NEG+MDD nolde)
                                      (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A n+anne) (N^A dom))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
                                      (VB gesetton)
                                      (CP-ADV (ADV^T +da) (P +da)
                                               (C 0)
                                               (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                       (IP-INF-NCO (TO to)
                                                                   (VB^D +drowigenne))
                                                       (VBDI com))))))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_13:134.224.2963))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ah)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
          (ADVP (ADV hwe+tre))
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D godcundum) (N^D m+agene)))
          (ADVP (ADV to+d+as) (ADV swi+de)
                (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
          (VBN^N gefyrhte)
          (, ,)
          (CP-DEG-1 (C +t+at)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO^G heora))
                                    (NEG+Q^N n+anig))
                            (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                            (RP+VB wi+tstandan)
                            (NEG ne)
                            (MDD dorste)))
          (. .)) (ID coblick,LS_17.1_[MartinMor[BlHom_17]]:221.197.2843))

Note that TO +TON/etc. only takes a degree complement when modifying an adjective or adverb. As with SWA alone, TO +TON/etc. alone expresses both purpose/cause and degree/result, whether together with its complement or separated (see Mitchell 1985:463). Therefore, when directly dominated by IP, TO +TON/etc. is labelled CP-ADV when the clause immediately follows but is treated as two constituents, a PP and a CP-ADV when separated. It is left to the interested user to decide the function of these clauses.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
	      (PP (P to) 
		  (NP-DAT (D^I +ton))) <-- TO +TON
	      (VBDI cwom)
	      (, ,)
	      (CP-ADV (C +t+at)        <-- separated CP-ADV
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
			      (NP-DAT (PRO^D hire))
			      (VBD s+agde)
			      (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A neahtide)
				      (NP-GEN (PRO$ hire) (N^G geleornesse))))))
       (ID cobede,Bede_4:12.290.28.2938))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
		  (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine))
		  (PP (P to)               <-- TO +DON
		      (NP-DAT (D^I +don)))
		  (VBD geea+dmodde)
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-ADV-SPE (C +t+at)    <-- separated CP-ADV
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                      (PP (RP in) (P to)
                                                          (NP-DAT (PRO^D hiere)))
                                                      (VBD geeode))
					  (CONJP (CONJ &)
						 (IP-SUB-CON-SPE (NP-NOM *con*) 
								 (NP-ACC (PRO^A heo))
								 (VBD gebl+atsode))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_5:3.392.8.3901))




Comparative clauses (CP-CMP, CPX-CMP)

CP-CMP vs. CPX-CMP
SWA X SWA and +TONNE
SWA and SWA...SWA
+T+AS +TE comparatives
SWILCE
Datives of comparison
SWILC SWA/SWYLCE
Corelative comparison
Extent comparison
extent comparison with MICEL
extent comparison with +TY...+TY
+TY...+TE extent comparision with +TY...+TE
SWILC...SWILC

Table of contents


Elision is a major problem in comparative clauses, and therefore much use is made of the CPX and IPX labels.


CP-CMP vs. CPX-CMP

The CP-CMP label is used when the parts of the CP (wh-operator and complementizer position) are overtly represented in the annotation. CPX-CMP is used when they are not. The former applies to almost all SWA X SWA and +TONNE type comparatives, the only exceptions being clauses that cannot be straightforwardly reconstructed on the basis of the matrix or where either the category or the position of the trace is unclear and/or impossible to indicate accurately or simply too much structure is missing to reconstruct. CPX-CMP is also used for all SWA SWA comparatives which contain any elision at all, and all +T+AS +TE comparatives.

CP-CMP may dominate either IP-SUB if there is no elision, or an IPX-SUB=0 if parts of the clause have been elided (see elision for an explanation of equal-sign coindexing). Within IPX-SUB and IPX-SUB=0 clauses, any clear structure which is present is annotated, but no attempt is necessarily made to connect the parts or reconstruct a complete clause.

Straightforward cases, in which the clause is either complete, or which use equal-sign coindexing to indicate elision, include the following:

  • comparative deletion: all that's missing from the comparative IP is the compared constituent, which is of the same category as the head of the comparative (Mary is taller than Lucy is)
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (NEG ne)
              (BEPI bi+d)
              (QP-NOM-PRD (NEG+Q+Q^N namare)
                          (PP (P +tonne)
                              (CP-CMP (WQP-1 0) 
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (QP-PRD *T*-1)  <-- complete IP
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                              (PP (P +at)
                                                  (NP (N fruman)))
                                              (BEDI w+as)))))) 
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:112.89))
    
    

  • more of the comparative IP is elided than just the compared constituent, but the missing part can be straightforwardly reconstructed from the matrix IP (Mary is taller than Lucy).
    ( (CODE <T03020006500,150>)
      (IP-MAT-0 (PP (P +Duruh)
                    (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A gescead) (FP ana)))
                (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                (BEPI synd)
                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N s+alran)
                              (PP (P +tonne)
                                  (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
                                          (C 0) 
                                          (IPX-SUB=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-1) <-- verb missing
                                                     (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N ungesceadwysan) (N^N nytenu))))))
                (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:150.119))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*) 
              (VBD wiste)
              (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                      (IP-SUB-0 (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N dohtor)
                                        (, ,)
                                        (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
                                                (C +te)
                                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                                        (NP-ACC (NR^A Drihten))
                                                        (HVD h+afde)
                                                        (VBN gecoren))))
                                (, ,)
                                (ADVP (ADVR hra+dor)
                                      (PP *ICH*-2))
                                (MDD wolde)
                                (VB sweltan)
                                (PP-2 (P +tonne)
                                      (CP-CMP (WADVP-3 0)
                                              (C 0)
                                              (IPX-SUB=0 (ADVP *T*-3)
                                                         (VB ceorlian))))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:301.1925))
    
    
Problematic cases using CPX-CMP include the following:
  • the category of the trace is not clear
    ( (CODE <T06610003200,1.55.18>)
      (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
              (NP-NOM (NR^N L+acedemonie))
              (HVDI h+afdon)
              (NP-ACC-TMP (D^A +ta) (N^A hwile))
              (NP-ACC (QR^A maran) 
                      (NP-GEN (N^G unstillnessa)) 
                      (PP (P +tonne)
                          (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
                                            (NP-GEN (N^G m+agenes))
                                            (HVDS h+afden)))))
              (. ,)) (ID coorosiu,Or_3:1.55.18.1094))
    
    
  • comparative subdeletion: (Mary is taller than Jane is small)
    (NODE (CP-THT (C +t+at)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
    		      (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D feondum))
    		      (ADVP (ADVR bet)
    			    (PP *ICH*-3))
    		      (VBDS dyde) 
    		      (PP-3 (P +tonne)
    			    (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (ADVP (ADVR wyrs)))))
    		      (PP (P mid)
    			  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am)))))
          (ID coorosiu,Or_1:14.35.5.677))
    
    
  • special rules for using CPX-CMP apply to comparatives headed by SWA alone (see SWA and SWA...SWA) and SWILCE when it means as if (SWILCE), as well as +T+AS +TE comparatives.

  • other cases where the parallel between the matrix and comparative IP is not sufficiently close to make equal sign coindexing helpful, a large amount of structure has been elided, or it is generally unclear what is going on



SWA X SWA and +TONNE

The most common types are headed either by SWA X SWA (as happy as) or Xer +TONNE (happier than). The second SWA/+TONNE is a preposition taking a clausal complement. If it is not contiguous to the comparative phrase, it is traced to it. The CPX-CMP label may be used in difficult cases.
( (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (CONJ and)
                (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                (BEPI bist)
                (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swa) (ADJ^N hal)
                              (PP (P swa)
                                  (CP-CMP-SPE (WADJP-1 0) 
					      (C 0)
					      (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
							     (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))))))
                (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:187.1320))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (NP-NOM (D^N Se) (ADJ^N +almihtiga))
		    (VBPI hera+d)
		    (ADVP (ADVR swi+dor)
			  (PP *ICH*-1))
		    (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (N^G manna))
			    (N^A mod))
		    (PP-1 (P +tonne)
			  (CP-CMP-SPE (WADVP-2 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (ADVP *T*-2)
						     (NP (PRO$ heora) (Q mycclan) (N ylde))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:110.1787))

Cases in which the comparative IP includes a subordinate clause of which the subordinator is (potentially) elided (It is better that Jane leaves than [it is that] Mary leaves) and other related cases where one or more of the constituents in the comparative clause are actually constituents of a more deeply embedded clause, the relevant parts of which are elided, are annotated as follows. The comparative is treated as a regular case with elision, but the clause of which the complementizer is elided, is labelled CPX plus its type (CPX-THT, etc) to indicate that the complementizer is not straightforwardly non-overt (which would be represented as (C 0)). In practice this type largely comprises that-clauses. It is only used in cases in which the that-clause is otherwise complete. If more than just the complementizer is missing, CPX-CMP is used for the whole comparative. See also That-clauses with an elided complementizer.
( (IP-MAT-0 (CONJ ac)
            (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
            (NP-DAT (D^D +dam))
            (BEDS w+are)
            (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N betere)
                          (PP *ICH*-1))
            (CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                              (PP (P on)
                                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D bedde)))
                              (VBDI lagon)))
            (PP-1 (P +donne)
                  (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0) 
                          (C 0) 
                          (IPX-SUB=0 (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
                                     (CPX-THT (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                                      (VBDI gegremedon)
                                                      (NP-ACC (NR^A God))
                                                      (PP (P on)
                                                          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D gastlican) (N^D huse))))))))
            (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:75.2912))


SWA and SWA...SWA

Comparatives headed only by SWA (or SWA SWA, EFNE SWA, EALL SWA, etc.) are treated as follows. If the comparative clause is complete (i.e., all the core material (verbs and arguments) is present) then they are treated as straightforward adverbial comparatives. This includes the type with resumptive DO (she passed her test, just as I did).
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (HVP h+abbe)
		  (PP (P on)
		      (NP-DAT (PRO$^D minum) (N^D hordcleofan)))
		  (NP-ACC (NUM^A an) (ADJ^A wundorlic) (N^A weorc))
		  (NP-RFL-ADT (PRO me))
		  (PP (P to)
		      (NP (N gewissunge)))
		  (, ,)
		  (PP (P +after)
		      (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (N^G steorrena))
			      (N^D gesetnyssum)))
		  (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
		      (CP-CMP-SPE (WADVP-1 0)
				  (C 0)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
					      (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
					      (VBPI standa+d)
					      (PP (P on)
						  (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:260.1366))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM *con*)
              (RP+VBDI tobrudon)
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hie))
              (PP (P swa)
                  (CP-CMP-SPE (WADVP-1 0)
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
					  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A o+dre))
					  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
					  (VBDI dydon))))  <-- resumptive DO
              (. ,)) (ID coalex,Alex:15.17.147))

If, on the other hand, any of the core material has been elided, then the CPX-CMP label is used, and no wh-operator or trace is included. This includes the cases in which either the trace is nominal, representing a clausal argument or it is adverbial and the clausal argument has been elided (They sacked the city, as was foretold, they sacked the city as the king commanded). This approach was adopted largely to avoid having to distinguish these types, as well as to save time, since they are extremely common and almost always includes large amounts of elision.
( (CODE <T03020002300,53>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (Q^N Sume))
          (BEPI sindon)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N ungesewenlice) (N^N gastas)
                      (PP (P butan)
                          (NP (N lichoman))))
          (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
              (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (BEPI synd)
                                (NP-NOM (N^N +anglas))
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:53.40))

( (CODE <T03020002700,63>)
  (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (Q^N Ealle) (D^N +tas) (N^N gesceafta))
            (HVPI habba+d)
            (NP-ACC (N^A anginn))
            (, ,)
            (IPX-MAT-PRN=0 (CONJ and)
                            (NP-NOM (Q^N sume))
                            (ADVP (ADV eac))
                            (NP (N ende)))
            (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
                (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                  (VBDI cw+adon))))
            (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:63.49))

The subordinating SWA may be balanced by an adverbial SWA in the matrix.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (PP (P swa)
              (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                              (ADVP (ADVR gearnlicor))
                              (VBDI sceawodon))))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP (ADV swa))
          (VBDI scimodon)
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N eagon))
          (ADVP (ADVR swi+dor))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:148.1813))

Note that SWA clauses are treated quite differently in the YCOE from the way AS clauses are treated in the PPCME2. Apart from SWA +T+AT purpose/result clauses and temporal SWA clauses, in the YCOE all SWA clauses are labelled as comparatives.



+T+AS +TE comparatives

+T+AS +TE comparatives are similar to the SWA type in that they mean (just) as and they are treated in much the same way. The dominating label is always CPX-CMP, +T+AS and +TE are labelled literally and contained in the CPX-CMP. The complement clause is labelled either IPX-SUB (for the as is said or as the king said type) or IPX-SUB=0, when the clause can be reconstructed on the basis of the matrix.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (ADJ^N wur+dfulle) (N^N byrgen))
          (CPX-CMP (D^G +t+as)
                   (C +de)
                   (IPX-SUB (NP-DAT (PRO^D him) (Q^D eallum)) <-- IPX-SUB
                            (VBD +tuhte)))
          (QP (Q eall))
          (VAG bifigende)
          (BEDI w+as)
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:123.4296))

(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV witod))
	      (MDPI sceal)
	      (BE geweor+dan)
	      (NP-NOM (N^N godspel))
	      (VBN gecy+ted)
	      (PP (P geond)
		  (NP-ACC (Q^A ealle) (N^A woruld)))
	      (PP (P +ar)
		  (NP (NP-GEN (N^G worulde))
		      (N ende)))
	      (, ,)
	      (CPX-CMP (D^G +t+as)
		       (C +te)
		       (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N bec))
				(VBPI secga+d))))
      (ID cowulf,WHom_2:57.40))

( (IP-MAT-0 (VBPH ado)
            (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
            (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A buteran))
            (ADVP (ADV cl+ane))
            (PP (P of)
                (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D wyrtum)))
            (CPX-CMP (D^G +t+as)
                     (C +te)
                     (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon)) <-- IPX-SUB=0
                                (MDPS m+age)))
            (. .))
  (ID colaece,Lch_II_[1]:36.1.11.1083)) 


SWILCE

Most SWILCE clauses in which SWILCE is a preposition rather than an agreeing form of SWILC are as if clauses and are done as straightforward adverbial comparatives (see SWA comparatives).
( (CODE <T03090003600,97>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD Eode)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP (ADV bli+delice))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D blindum) (N^D cwearterne)))
          (, ,)
          (PP (P swylce) 
              (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0) 
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                              (BEDS w+are)
                              (VBN gela+dod)
                              (PP (P to)
                                  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D lustfullum) (N^D beorscype))))))
          (. ,))  (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:97.2067))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (CP-THT (C +t+at)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *exp*) 
                          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                          (VBD +tuhte)
                          (PP (P swylce)
                              (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                              (VBD eode)
                                              (PP (P ofer)
                                                  (NP (N blostman))))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:379.1440))

As with SWA comparatives, if any of the core material of the clause is missing in an SWILCE comparative, CPX-CMP is used.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi) (Q^N ealle))
          (VBDI cw+adon)
          (PP (P swylce)
              (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (PP (P mid)
				    (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (N^D mu+de))))))
          (, ,)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (VBI Do+d)
                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
                      (PP (P be)
                          (NP (PRO us)))
                      (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)
                              (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
                                          (C 0)
                                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                                      (NP-NOM (NR^N Drihten))
                                                      (MDP wile)))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:131.2561))


Datives of comparison

Although comparatives are generally introduced by clauses headed by SWA, +TONNE or +TE, occasionally a comparative adjective or adverb takes a dative complement.

( (CODE <T04950002000,50>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VBN acynned)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N mon)
                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NR Sancte) (NR^N Iohannes))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (Q^N mara) (CONJ &) (ADJ^N selra) 
                                                (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (ADJ^D
o+trum) (N^D mannum)))))) 
          (. .)) (ID coblick,LS_12_[NatJnBapt[BlHom_14]]:163.50.2072))

( (CODE <T04950005000,167.127>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-DAT-1 (Q^D eallum) 
                    (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                    (N^D halgum))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-DAT *ICH*-1) 
                        (ADJR^N sigef+astra) (CONJ &) (VBN^N gecorenra))
          (. .)) (ID coblick,LS_12_[NatJnBapt[BlHom_14]]:167.127.2130))


SWILC SWA/SWYLCE

SWILC SWA is done like a SWA X SWA comparatives, that is, SWA takes a comparative clause that is contained within or traced to the constituent that contains SWILC. SWILC SWILCE is done the same way; but note that when the second element is an agreeing form of SWILC other than SWILCE, these are treated as a type of corelative comparison (see SWILC...SWILC).
(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Tonne))
              (VBPI (VBPI wet)
                    (CONJP *ICH*-1))
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N deofol))
              (, ,)
              (CONJP-1 (CONJ and) (VBPI gewitna+d))
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A halgan))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (ADJ^D swylcum) (N^D $tintregum)
                          (PP (P swa)          <-- SWA comparative
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                              (VB secgan)
                                              (NEG ne)
                                              (MDPI magon))))))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_19:363.2863)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *pro*)
              (BEPS Sy)
              (NP-GEN-PRD (ADJ^G swylcera) (N^G gebyrda)
                          (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)
                                 (NX-GEN (N^G gecyrrednesse)))
                          (PP (P swylce)       <-- SWILCE comparative
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                              (BEPS sy)))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (P butan)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N hwylc))
                              (NP-ACC (D^A +tonne) (ADJ^A o+terne))
                              (PP (P mid)
                                  (NP (N geearnunge)))
                              (RP+VBPS ofer+teo)))
              (. ,))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:2.12.20.194)) 


Corelative comparison

Extent comparison

Extent comparison is the name we give to comparatives where the comparative element is an extent item (+TY, SWA MICLE) rather than just SWA or the comparative morpheme -ER. These are the ancestor of modE, the happier Jane is, the sadder Mary becomes. Extent comparisons are always corelative (to the extent that Jane is happy, to that extent Mary becomes sad). Many, especially of the SWA MICLE type, have overt comparatives in both the matrix and the comparative clause, and overt extent items in both as well (as much as Jane is happier, by so much Mary becomes sadder), but this is not necessary.



Extent comparison with MICEL and other quantifiers

In this type of extent comparison, the extent is indicated by MICEL (often modified by SWA). The constituent containing MICEL can have any role in the clause but is often either an extent adjunct on the clause (labelled NP-DAT-ADT) or an extent item on an adjective, adverb, or quantifier (labelled NP-DAT-EXT) within the clause. The comparative clause is either headed by a form of MICEL (again it can have any role in the comparative clause, but is often an extent adjunct or modifier), or by an empty wh-operator which we take to be a form of MICEL and label WQP. Note that in these comparatives, SWA follows the wh-position in the comparative clause and thus is labelled C (complementizer), as in free relatives, rather than P (preposition), as in simple comparatives. The comparative clause (CP-CMP) in these cases is always immediately dominated by IP, and not by the comparative head as in simple comparatives.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NEG Ne)
              (MDD mihte)
              (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N manfulla) (N^N ehtere))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (NEG+Q^D nanre) (N^D +tenunge)))
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D lytlingum))
              (QP-DAT-ADT (ADV swa) (Q^D micclum))  <-- MICEL extent adjunct
              (VB fremian)                              in matrix
              (, :)
              (CP-CMP (WQP-DAT-2 (ADV swa) (Q^D micclum)) <-- MICEL heading comparative
                      (C swa)                             <-- SWA labelled C   
                      (IP-SUB (QP-DAT-ADT *T*-2)    <-- trace of extent adjunct
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                              (VBD fremode)
                              (PP (P mid)
                                  (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (ADJ^G re+tan) (N^G ehtnysse))
                                      (N hatunge)))))
              (. .))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_5:220.102.981)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (PP (P For)
                  (NP-DAT (D^I +ti)))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
              (NP-NOM (QP-NOM (ADV swa) (Q^N micel))) <-- MICEL as subject
              (BEPI is)
              (PP (P betwux)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (ADJ^D godum) (N^D mannum))
                          (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                 (NP-DAT (ADJ^D yfelum)))))
              (CP-CMP (WNP-NOM-1 (WQP-NOM (ADV swa) (Q^N micel))) 
                      (C swa)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)          <-- subject trace
                              (BEPI bi+d)
                              (PP (P betwux)
                                  (NP (N heofenan) (, .) (CONJ &) (N eor+tan)))))
              (. .))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_19:327.68.3677)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (HVPI habba+d)
          (NP-ACC (QP-ACC (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV swa) (Q^I miccle)) <-- MICEL extent
                          (QR^A maran))                           modifier
                  (N^A edlean))
          (PP (P +at)
              (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
          (, .)
          (CP-CMP (WQP-DAT-1 (ADV swa) (Q^D micclum))
                  (C swa)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N wuldor))
                          (BEPI is)
                          (QP-NOM-PRD (QP-DAT-EXT *T*-1)  <-- trace of extent
                                      (QR^N l+asse))          modifier
                          (PP (P mid)
                              (NP-DAT (N^D mannum)))))
          (. .))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_21:352.191.4265)) 

( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (BEPI sind)
          (VBN^N afyllede)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (N^D gewitte)))
          (ADVP (QP-DAT-EXT (ADV swa) (Q^I micele))
                (ADVR swi+tor))
          (, .)
          (CP-CMP (WQP-1 0) <-- empty wh-operator
                  (C swa)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                          (ADVP-LOC (QP-EXT *T*-1) <-- extent modifier trace
                                    (ADVR^L gehendran))
                          (BEPI beo+d)
                          (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D scyppende))
                          (PP (P +turh)
                              (NP (N wur+dscipe)
                                  (NP-GEN (PRO$ heora) (N^G geearnunga))))))
          (. .))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_24:374.95.4726)) 

Occasionally some other quantifier than MICEL is used in this type of comparison (FELA, MANIG).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (CP-CMP (WNP-DAT-1 (QP-DAT (ADV swa) (Q^D manegum))
                             (N^D leahtrum))
                  (C swa)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-DAT *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (VBPI gehyrsuma+d)))
          (, .)
          (NP-NOM (QP-NOM (ADV swa) (Q^N manega))
                  (N^N deofla))
          (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO^D him))
          (BEPI beo+d)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (N^D hlafordum)))
          (VBN^N gesette)
          (. ;))
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_13:129.78.2843)) 


Extent comparison with +TY...+TY

When the comparative adjective/adverb/quantifier is modified by +TY/+TE (instrumental of extent), in a few cases the comparative clause has a matching overt +TY in the comparative clause. The three examples given here are the only ones in the corpus. But see Extent comparison with +TY...+TE .
(NODE (IP-MAT (CONJ Ond)
              (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N +trowung))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (D^I +te) (ADJR^N lengre))
                            (CONJP (CONJ ond)
                                   (ADJP-NOM (D^I +ty) (ADJR^N heardre))))
              (CP-CMP (WNP-DAT-1 (D^I +ty))
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-DAT-ADT *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$ hyra) (N^N handa))
                              (BEDI $w+aron)
                              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N unstrange)
                                            (IP-INF-NCO (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                                                        (TO to)
                                                        (VB^D acwellanne)))))
              (. .))
      (ID comart3,Mart_5_[Kotzor]:Au13,B.6.1469)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (MDPI m+ag)
              (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine))
              (QP-ADT (D^I +dy) (QR l+as))
              (VB beladian)
              (CP-THT (C +d+at)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NEG+HVPS n+abbe)
                              (NP (N wite))
                              (VBN geearno+d)))
              (CP-CMP (WNP-DAT-1 (D^I +dy))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB-0 (NP-DAT-ADT *T*-1)
                                (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                (MDD meahte)
                                (PP (P mid)
                                    (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D wisdome)))
                                (ADVP (ADV w+arlice))
                                (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (N^A synne))
                                (VB forbugan)
                                (, ,)
                                (CP-ADV (P gif)
                                        (C 0)
                                        (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                   (MDD wolde)))))
              (. .))
      (ID cocura,CP:46.347.19.2347)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
              (NP-NOM (QP-NOM (D^I +dy) (QR^N mara))
                      (N^N wisdom))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D londe)))
              (BEDS w+are)
              (CP-CMP (WNP-DAT-1 (D^I +dy))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                              (NP (NP-DAT-EXT *T*-1)
                                  (QR ma)
                                  (NP-GEN (N^G ge+deoda)))
                              (MDDI cu+don))))
      (ID coprefcura,CPLetW+arf:41.24)) 


Extent comparision with +TY...+TE

When the comparative adjective/adverb/quantifier is modified by +TY/+TE (instrumental of extent or comparison) and the comparative clause is headed by +TE, we take +TE as a complementizer and assume an empty wh-NP of extent +TY (see Extent comparison with +TY...+TY ). The trace of the wh-operator is most commonly an extent item at IP-level (labelled NP-ADT), or more rarely in an embedded comparative in the comparative clause. As with the other corelative comparatives, the comparative clause (CP-CMP) is immediately dominated by IP.
(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (Q^N +anig) (N^N mon))
                  (BEPS bio)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T a))
                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +de) (ADJR^N unweor+dra))
                  (CP-CMP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
			      (C +te)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ADT *T*-1)
					  (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
					  (NP-NOM (Q^N manige) (N^N men))
					  (VBPS forseon))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:27.63.1.1178)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T a))
                  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +dy) (ADJR^N deorwyr+dran))
                  (BEPS seon)
                  (CP-CMP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
			      (C +te)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ADT *T*-1)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
					  (PP (P to)
					      (NP-DAT (PRO$^D +tinre) (N^D note)))
					  (VBN^N gel+ande)
					  (BEDI w+aran))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:14.31.10.557)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                                      (NP-NOM (Q^N +anig) (N^N mon))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T a))
                                      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +te) (ADJR^N unweor+dra))
                                      (BEPI bi+d)))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
              (BEPI bi+d)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N +alc) (ADJ^N dysig) (N^N man))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (D^I +ty) (ADJR^N unweor+dra))
	      (CP-CMP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
			  (C +te)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
				      (NP-ACC (QP-ACC (NP-EXT *T*-1)
						      (QR^A mare))
					      (N^A rice))
				      (HVPI h+af+d)
				      (NP-DAT (Q^D +alcum) (ADJ^D wisum) (N^D men))))
              (. .))
  (ID coboeth,Bo:27.63.1.1179)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Nu))
                (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N rica) (N^N mann))
                (NEG ne)
                (MDPI m+ag)
                (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
                (HV habban)
                (QP-ADT (D^I +te) (Q ma))
		(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
			(C +te)
			(IPX-SUB=0 (NP-ADT *T*-1)
				   (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO^G ure))
					   (Q^N +anig))))
                (NP-ACC (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A orsorgan))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A unateorigendlican) (N^A blysse)))))
      (. .))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:110.2758))

The CPX-CMP label may also be used for comparative clauses headed by +TE.
(NODE (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
		  (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hie)
				      (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A selfe)))
			  (ADJP-ACC-PRD (D^I +dy) (ADJ^A beteran)))
		  (NEG ne)
		  (VBPS taligen)
		  (CPX-CMP (C +de)
			   (IPX-SUB (NP-ACC (D^A +da) (ADJ^A o+dre))))
		  (, ,)
		  (PP (P +deah)
		      (CP-ADV (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJ^N o+dre))
				      (PP (P be)
					  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
				      (VBPS libben)))))
      (ID cocura,CP:44.319.16.2145))


SWILC...SWILC

Another type of corelative comparison is SWILC...SWILC comparatives, which are parsed as follows. Note that the second SWILC is labelled as an ADJ (not a WADJ), despite being dominated by a WNP or WADJP. The second SWILC is in the wh-position of a comparative clause. As is usual with corelative comparisons, the comparative clause is not traced, but rather immediately dominated by IP.
(NODE (IP-SUB (BEPS sy)
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D heom))
              (NP-NOM (ADJ^N swylc) (N^N hyrsumnes))
              (VBN bet+aht)
              (, ,)
              (CP-CMP (WNP-NOM-2 (ADJ^N swylc))
		      (C 0)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
			      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
			      (BEPS sy))))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:42.67.5.830)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +ta)
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (VBDI com)
                          (PP (P bufen)
                              (NP-DAT (D^I +tan) (N^D wolcnen)))))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (VBDI genam)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A swylc) (N^A heow))
	  (CP-CMP (WNP-ACC-1 (ADJ^A swylc))
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			  (HVD h+afde)
			  (PP (P on)
			      (NP-DAT (D^I +tan) (N^D munte)
				      (NP-PRN (NR Thabor))))))
	  (. .))
  (ID coeluc2,Eluc_2_[Warn_46]:40.33)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-DAT-2 (PRO^D him))
              (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A swelcne) (N^A wrenc)) <-- SWELCNE
              (PP (NP-DAT *ICH*-2)
                  (P to))
              (VBD dyde)
              (CP-CMP (WNP-ACC-5 (ADJ^A swelcne))  <-- SWELCNE
		      (C 0)
		      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-5)
				      (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
				      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
				      (NEG ne)
				      (VBDI gesawon))
			      (CONJP (NEG+CONJ ne)
				     (IP-SUB-CON (NP-NOM *con*)
						 (IP-INF (NP-ACC *T*-5)
							 (VB secgan))
						 (NEG ne)
						 (VBDI hirdon))))))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_4:1.84.15.1717)) 

When the second SWILC in the SWILC...SWILC construction is SWILCE, however, it is labelled as a preposition and treated in the same way as SWILCE when it means as if, even when SWILCE agrees in context (i.e., a nom/acc plural is required). The PP is traced to the constituent containing the first SWILC.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *pro*)
              (BEPS Sy)
              (NP-GEN-PRD (ADJ^G swylcera) (N^G gebyrda)
                          (CONJP (CONJ o+t+te)
                                 (NX-GEN (N^G gecyrrednesse)))
                          (PP (P swylce)  <-- SWYLCE as P even though agreeing
                              (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                                      (C 0)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                              (BEPS sy)))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (P butan)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N hwylc))
                              (NP-ACC (D^A +tonne) (ADJ^A o+terne))
                              (PP (P mid)
                                  (NP (N geearnunge)))
                              (RP+VBPS ofer+teo)))
              (. ,))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:2.12.20.194)) 




Direct and indirect questions (CP-QUE)

Appositive questions
Adjunct questions
Yes/No questions
Yes/No WHETHER questions
Yes/no negative questions introduced by HU
WH- questions
Fragmentary questions
Wh- WHETHER qestions
Adverbial HW+AT
Double questions
Yes/No + Yes/No
HW+AT + WH-
HU + WH-

Table of contents


Direct and indirect questions are both labelled CP-QUE. The only difference between the structures is the presence of the complementizer position in indirect questions, and its absence in direct questions. The lack of a complementizer position is our standard way of indicating the verb has moved to C. The wh-phrase is traced to the subordinate clause in which it belongs. It is by default always the first element in the clause unless it clearly has been extracted from a constituent deeper in the clause, in which case it is the first element in that constituent (see The position of traces and other empty categories). As usual any question in a direct speech sequence has -SPE as its last label. The only exception to this is with yes/no WHETHER questions, which may have an overt complementizer even when they are matrix questions.

(CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hwa))  <-- direct question
        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)    <-- trace of wh-operator
                (...)))


(CP-QUE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hwa))  <-- indirect question
        (C 0)                     <-- complementizer
        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)    <-- trace 
                (...)))

( (CODE <T02090000400,217.11>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-LOC-1 (WADV^L Hw+ar)) <-- direct question
              (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                          (BEPI is)
                          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (ADJ^G iudeiscra) (N^G leoda))
                                  (N^N cyning)
                                  (, .)
                                  (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
                                              (C +te)
                                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                                          (VBN acenned)
                                                          (BEPI is)))))
              (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_5:217.11.894))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD smeade)
          (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV hu))       <-- indirect question
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                          (VB fordon)
                          (MDD mihte)))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_1:183.127.124))


Appositive questions

Like that-clauses, questions may be appositive on NPs, particularly demonstrative +T+AT. Questions may also participate in the CLAN construction.
( (CODE <T03060001800,50>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
          (VBDI geseah)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sona))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Sebastianus))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-QUE-PRN (WADVP-1 (WADV hu)) <-- appositive question
                              (C 0)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) 
                                              (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes)) 
                                              (N^N cempan))
                                      (AXDI ongunnon)
                                      (VB hnexian)
                                      (PP (P for)
                                          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (Q^D mycclan) (N^D gewynne))))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:50.1240))

( (CODE <T03250003600,153>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +Tu))
              (VBPI afindst)
              (NP (PRO$ his) (N mihte)
                  (CP-QUE-PRN *ICH*-1))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T ungefyrn))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D +de)
			      (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D sylfum))))
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-PRN-SPE-1 (WADVP-2 (WADV hu))
				(C 0)
				(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-2)
					    (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					    (NP (PRO +te))
					    (VBPI tintrega+d)
					    (ADVP (ADV teartlice))
					    (PP (P on)
						(NP-DAT (N^D witum)))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:153.4923))


Adjunct questions

There are a small number of cases of questions which are not complements of the verb and whose relation to the rest of the clause is difficult to determine. These are labelled as adjunct questions CP-QUE-ADT.
( (CODE <T06900001600,1.254.13>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI b+ad)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (NP-GEN (N^G eldenne) (CONJ &) (N^G fyrstes))
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE-ADT (WQ hw+a+der)  <-- "to see whether..."
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (PP (P +after)
                                  (NP-DAT (N^D f+ace)))
                              (MDD meahte)
                              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+derne)
                                      (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
                              (VB findan)
                              (, ,)
                              (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 0)
                                        (C +te)
                                        (IP-SUB (NP *T*-2)
                                                (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
                                                (PP (P to)
                                                    (NP-DAT (N^D biscope)))
                                                (VB hadian)
                                                (MDD meahte)))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_4:1.254.13.2583))


Yes/No questions

Yes/No WHETHER questions
Yes/no negative questions introduced by HU


The basic structure of yes/no questions is:


(CP-QUE (IP-SUB ...))

This is the same structure as other subordinate V1 clauses, such as V1 conditionals, although the latter are labelled CP-ADV. Note that although in many cases the first constituent in the IP-SUB is the verb, it may be preceded by such introductory elements as interjections, conjunctions, vocatives, etc. as well as possibly by a empty subject, usually expletive. The best way to search for yes/no questions, therefore is to search for a CP-QUE dominating an IP-SUB as its first constituent.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
              (VBD axode)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP-DAT (N^D olle)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI Eart)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                      (INTJ la)
                                      (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N God))))
              (. ?))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:72.2209))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, :)
          (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-VOC (N^N Lareow)) <-- vocative
                                  (, ,)
                                  (NEG ne)                  <-- negative 
                                  (RP+VBPI of+ting+d)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
                                  (NP (PRO +de))
                                  (CP-ADV-SPE (P gif)
					      (C 0)
					      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
							  (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                                                          (NP-ACC (N^A wer))
							  (VBP geceose)))))
	  (. ?))
  (ID coapollo,ApT:20.6.414))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (VBDI Cw+a+d)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                  (, :)
                  (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *exp*)  <-- expletive subject
                                          (VBPI +dynce+d)
                                          (NP (PRO +te))))
                  (. ?))
      (ID cobede,Bede_5:6.402.15.4050))

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Quintianus))
              (VBDI cw+a+d)
              (PP (P to)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D cl+anum) (N^D m+adene)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T git))  <-- non-inverted 
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                      (VBPI namast)
                                      (NP-ACC (NR^A Crist))))
              (. ?))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:164.2117))


Yes/No WHETHER questions

HW+A+DER when it introduces a yes/no question is labelled WQ. The following clause generally has indirect word order (i.e. no subject-verb inversion) even in matrix (non-dependent) questions. Subject-verb inversion in direct questions and its lack in indirect questions is indicated in our system by the presence or absence of a complementizer node (regardless of whether the complementizer is overt or not). We follow the same system with WHETHER questions, adding a complementizer node for indirect but not direct questions, regardless of word order considerations. Occasionally, however, the complementizer is overt in a direct question forcing the presence of the complementizer node even though the question is non-dependent. See also Wh- WHETHER questions.
( (CODE <T06410071900,21.25>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Hw+a+der)      <-- direct whether question with inversion
              (IP-SUB-SPE (BEDI w+as)
                          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Iohannes))
                                  (N^N fulluht))
                          (PP (CONJ +te)
                              (PP (P of)
                                  (NP-DAT (N^D heofonum)))
                              (CONJP (CONJ +te)
                                     (PP (P of)
                                         (NP-DAT (N^D mannum))))))
              (. ;)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:21.25.1419))

( (CODE <T06440032900,7.26>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP Cwe+de)
			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
			  (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ hw+a+ter) <-- direct whether question without inversion
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N ealdras))
						  (VBPS ongyton)
						  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
							      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N +tis))
									  (BEPI is)
									  (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Crist)))))))
              (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Jn_[WSCp]:7.26.6252))

( (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Hw+a+ter)  <-- direct whether question with overt C
              (C +te)
              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N eage))
                          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N manful))
                          (BEPI ys)
                          (CP-ADV (P for+tam)
				  (C +te)
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
					      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
					      (BEPI eom)))))
              (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:20.15.1321))


( (IP-MAT-SPE (UTP utun)
              (VB geseon)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ hw+a+ter) <-- indirect whether question
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NR^N Helias))
                                                  (VBPS cume))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (IP-CON-SPE (NP-NOM *con*)
                                                         (MDP wylle)
                                                         (NP-ACC (PRO^A hyne))
                                                         (VB alysan)))))
              (. .))  (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:27.49.2068))


Yes/No negative questions introduced by HU

In some texts translated from Latin, Latin NONNE, which introduces yes/no question expecting a positive answer is translated by HU or HU LA. (For the use of CWYST +DU to translate Latin NUMQUID, see Double questions). We label HU in these cases as an interjection phrase dominating WADV (as with interjection HW+AT).

(CP-QUE (IP-SUB (INTJP (WADV Hu))
                (NEG ne)
                ( ...)))

( (CODE <T06660020700,10.22.11>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (INTJP (WADV Hu))  "does your wife not love...?"
                      (NEG ne)
                      (VBPI liofa+d)
                      (NP-NOM (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N wif)
                              (NP-NOM-PRN *ICH*-1))
                      (ADVP (ADV eac))
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN-1 (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G ilcan) (NR^G Simaches))
                                    (N^N dohtor)))
              (. ?)) (ID coboeth,Bo:10.22.11.363))

( (CODE <T06660029900,14.29.12>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (INTJP (WADV Hu))  "is that not the...?"
                      (NEG ne)
                      (BEPI is)
                      (NP-NOM (D^N $+t+at))
                      (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N se) (ADJS^N f+ageresta) (N^N d+al)
                                  (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                                          (N^G gesceafta))))
              (. ?)) (ID coboeth,Bo:14.29.12.503))


WH- questions

Fragmentary questions
Wh- WHETHER qestions
Adverbial HW+AT


All wh-questions have a WH word and if indirect, a complementizer position, which may be empty. Direct questions do not have a complementizer position.

( (CODE <T02090000400,217.11>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-LOC-1 (WADV^L Hw+ar)) <-- direct question
              (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                          (BEPI is)
                          (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (ADJ^G iudeiscra) (N^G leoda))
                                  (N^N cyning)
                                  (, .)
                                  (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
                                              (C +te)
                                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                                          (VBN acenned)
                                                          (BEPI is)))))
              (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_5:217.11.894))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD smeade)
          (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV hu))       <-- indirect question
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                          (VB fordon)
                          (MDD mihte)))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_1:183.127.124))


Fragmentary questions

Fragmentary questions (WHY SO? HOW THEN?, etc.) have a full CP-layer, but take an IPX-SUB complement since the content of the matrix is elided or implied.
(NODE (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hwi))
              (IPX-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                       (ADVP (ADV swa)))
              (. ?))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_20:337.59.3888)) 

(NODE (CP-QUE (WADVP-TMP-1 (WADV Hu))
              (IPX-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                       (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne)))
              (. ?))
      (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_9:254.157.1702)) 


Wh- WHETHER questions

WHETHER may act as a wh- word meaning which of two. WHETHER is treated as a wh-word (and tagged WPRO) only when appropriately inflected; if the appropriate inflection is zero, then it is tagged WPRO only when there is a gap in its following clause. Otherwise, WHETHER is labelled WQ. WHETHER is always tagged WQ when the alternatives are specified, joined by +TE...+TE.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD s+ade)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D heom))
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WADJ^A hw+a+terne)  <-- inflected HW+A+TER
                                 (PP *ICH*-2))
                      (IP-SUB-SPE (MDP wylle)
				  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
				  (CP-THT-SPE (C +t+at)
					      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
							  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
							  (VBP forgyfe)
							  (NP (PRO eow))))
				  (PP-2 (P of)
					(NP-DAT (D^D +tisum) (NUM^D twam)))))
          (. ;)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:27.21.2002))


Adverbial HW+AT

When in a wh- question HW+AT means WHY, it is labelled WPRO^A and the trace is NP-ACC-ADT.
"and the cunning one spoke again,: 'Why doubtest thou, Martin?'

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (ADJ^N swicola))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WPRO^A Hw+at))
                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC-ADT *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM *exp*)
                                  (VBPI twyna+d)
                                  (NP (PRO +te))
                                  (, ,)
                                  (NP-VOC (NR Martine))))
          (. ?))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:760.6459))


"and he began, undismayed, to ask him; 'Why standest thou here, thou cruel
beast?" 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (ADVP (ADV orsorhlice))
          (VB axian)
          (RP+AXDI ongan)
          (, ,)
          (CP-QUE (WNP-ACC-1 (WPRO^A Hw+at))
                  (IP-SUB (NP-ACC-ADT *T*-1)
                          (VBPI stendst)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
                          (NP-NOM-VOC (ADJ^N w+alhreowa) (N^N deor))))
          (. ?))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:1364.6882))


Double questions

Yes/No + Yes/No
HW+AT + WH-
HU + WH-


Double questions are questions introduced either by a yes/no question, or by a wh-word, which is not the wh-word of the main question. The former is certainly a translation artefact; the second may also be, given the texts in which such questions appear.



Yes/no + yes/no

Latin NUMQUID, which introduces a yes/no question expecting a negative answer, is often translated by CWIST +DU or CWE+DE GE followed by a direct yes/no question; yes/no questions may also be introduced by WENST +TU, SEGST +TU and variants. All these, regardless of source, are parsed rather literally as direct questions taking a direct question.
(CP-QUE (IP-SUB (VBPI cwist)
                (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB ...)))


( (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBPI segst)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
                          (, ,)
                          (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (MDD sceolde)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                                                  (NP-ACC (PRO$^A minne) (N^A bro+dor))
                                                  (VB healdon))))
              (. ?))
  (ID cootest,Gen:4.9.187))

(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBPI Cwyst)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                              (, ,)
                              (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NEG ne)
                                                      (VBD heolde)
                                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                                      (NP-ADT (PRO me))
                                                      (NP-ACC (NEG+Q^A nane) (N^A bletsunge))))))
      (ID cootest,Gen:27.36.1124))

(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-VOC (NR^N Drihtyn))
                              (, ,)
                              (VBPI cwyst)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                              (, ,)
                              (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI eom)
                                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                                                      (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO^N hyt))))))
      (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:26.22.1835))


HW+AT + WH-

Somewhat similar to the yes/no + yes/no type, are questions introduced by HW+AT, followed by the same range of verbs (CWE+DAN, WENAN, SECGAN) followed by a wh-question with indirect order.
hw+at cwyst +tu la hw+at +t+at sy
"what do you say that should be"

hw+at cwe+da+d we, hwylces m+agnes & hwylcre gearnunge +t+at w+are...
"of which virtue and what merit do we say that was..."

As the above examples show, the wh-phrase from the embedded question has raised only to the front of the embedded clause and not as far as specCP of the matrix, as in the Modern English translations. The latter position is instead occupied by HW+AT. In this case, we treat the initial WH- as a dummy, coindexed to the "real" WH- in the embedded clause
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO Hw+at))
	    (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP secge)
			(NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
			(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
				    (C 0)
				    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
						(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
						(BEPS si)))))
          (. ?))
  (ID coaelhom,+AHom_9:69.1331))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (NP-NOM (Q^N gehwa))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D ge+tance)))
          (, :)
          (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO hw+at))
                      (IP-SUB-SPE (VBPI wenst)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                  (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N hw+at))
                                              (C 0)
                                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                                                          (NP-NOM (D^N +dis) (N^N cild))
                                                          (BE beon)
                                                          (MDP wylle)))))
          (. ?))
  (ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_25:380.34.4833))

(NODE (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO hw+at))
	      (IP-SUB (VBPI cwe+da+d)
		      (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
		      (CP-QUE (WNP-GEN-1 (WNP-GEN (WADJ^G hwylces) (N^G m+agnes))
					 (CONJP (CONJ &)
						(WNP-GEN (WADJ^G hwylcre) (N^G gearnunge))))
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-PRD *T*-1)
				      (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
				      (BEDS w+are)
				      (...)))))
      (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_3_[C]:15.209.1.2767))


HU + WH-

HU can be used in this type of question instead of HW+AT. These are different from the negative yes/no type with HU in that they are wh-questions, and they are not (necessarily) negative.
( (CODE <T06620021700,7.97.28>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-2 (WADV Hu)) 
              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
                      (VBPI +tync+d)
                      (NP-DAT (PRO^D eow) 
                              (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Romanum)))
                      (CP-QUE-SPE-x (WADVP-2 (WADV hu))
                                (C 0)
                                (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-2)
                                        (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N sibb))
                                        (VBN gef+astnad)
                                        (BEDS w+are))))
              (. ,)) (ID coorosiu,Or_4:7.97.28.2025))

( (CODE <T06590032400,10.31.19>)
  (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-2 (WADV Hu)) 
              (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP wene)
			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
			  (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-ACC-2 (WADJ^A hwelce) (N^A sibbe))
				      (C 0)
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-2)
						  (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N weras))
						  (HVDS h+afden)
						  (PP (P +ar)
						      (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D cristendome)))
						  (...)))))
  (ID coorosiu,Or_1:10.31.19.610))




Exclamations (CP-EXL)

The CP-EXL label is only used for exclamations with the structure of wh-questions (what a good student she is) and V1 structures meaning if only to differentiate them from similar constructions with other functions. Other structures used with exclamatory force are not especially marked. In wh- exclamations the clause may have subject-verb inversion, or not. This is signalled in the usual way; with inversion, there is no complementizer position, while no inversion coocurrs with a complementizer position.
( (CODE <T06660051900,18.45.18>)
  (CP-EXL-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hu))
              (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1) <-- inversion, no complementizer
                          (NEG ne)         position
                          (VBPI forb+arst)
                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +t+arrihte))
                          (PP (P for)
                              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+am) (NUM^D anum) (N^D andwyrde))))
              (. .))
  (ID coboeth,Bo:18.45.18.813))

( (CODE <T04900008400,192>)
  (CP-EXL-SPE (INTJ Wala)
              (WPP-1 (P on)
                     (WNP-DAT (WQP-DAT (WADV hu) (Q^D micelre))
                              (N^D genihtsumnysse)))
              (C 0)                    <-- no inversion, complementizer 
              (IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (PP *T*-1)   position indicated
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T hwilum))
                                      (BEDI w+as))
                          (, ,)
                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                 (IP-SUB-CON-SPE (NP-NOM *con*)
                                                 (BEPI eom)
                                                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
                                                 (VBN bereafod)
                                                 (PP (P swa)
                                                     (CPX-CMP-SPE (IPX-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (N^N h+aftnydlincg))))))))
              (. .))
  (ID coeust,LS_8_[Eust]:192.198))

(NODE (CP-EXL (IP-SUB-0 (MDD Wolde)    <-- verb-first exclamation
			(FP huru)
			(NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N earming))
			(NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine)
				    (ADJP-ACC (ADJ^A sylfne)))
			(VB be+tencan)
			(...)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:161.4104))

(NODE (CP-EXL-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (INTJ Eala)
			      (, ,)
			      (VBDS come)
			      (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
			      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
			      (...)))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maurice]:99.5748))




Relative clauses (CP-REL)

SE +TE relatives
Case attraction
Temporal +T+AS +TE clauses
+T+AT relatives
Temporal and locative relatives
Relative clauses and elision

Table of contents


All relative clauses have a wh- and a complementizer position. When a position is not filled it contains a 0. It is rare that neither position is filled, and all but a few of the occurring examples are rather dubious.

(NP antecedant
    (CP-REL (WNP-1 wh-word)
	    (C +te)
	    (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
		    (...))))

(NP antecedant
    (CP-REL (WNP-1 wh-word)
	    (C 0)
	    (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
		    (...))))

(NP antecedant
    (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
	    (C +te)
	    (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
		    (...))))

(NP antecedant
    (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
	    (C 0)
	    (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
		    (...))))

(NODE (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode) (NUM^D anum)
	      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))  <-- filled wh-
		      (C +te)               <-- filled complementizer
		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
			      (BEPI is)
			      (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N healic) (N^N godnisse)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:91.73))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD bediglode)
          (ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
          (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A d+ada))
          (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D casere)
                  (NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Dioclitiane))
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))  <--- filled wh-
                          (C 0)                 <--- empty C
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G deofles))
                                              (N^N biggencga)))))
          (. .))  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:8.1215))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (NEG ne)
              (MDPI cunnon)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (ADJ^A o+der)
                      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)      <--- empty wh-
				  (C +te)            <--- filled C
				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
					      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N endeleas))
					      (BEPI bi+d))))
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:61.1249))

(NODE (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A song)
	      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)       <--- empty wh-
		      (C 0)           <--- empty C
		      (IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
			      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
			      (VBD geleornade)
			      (PP (P +at)
				  (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D iungrum)
					  (NP-GEN (D^G +tes) (ADJ^G eadigan) (NR^G Gregorius)
						  (NP-GEN-PRN (D^G +tes) (N^G papan))))))))

      (ID cochad,LS_3_[Chad]:34.23))      

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
                  (RP+AXDI ongann)
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T sy+d+don))
                  (VB ge+tencean)
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A god)
                          (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)       <--- empty wh-
                                      (C 0)           <--- empty C
                                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                                  (VBDI forleas))))
                  (. ,))
      (ID cogregdH,GD_2_[H]:3.106.30.1067))


SE +TE relatives

Case attraction
Temporal +T+AS +TE clauses


When a SE (+TE) relative has a possible antecedent NP, the SE is taken as the relative pronoun and +TE, if present, as a complementizer. When +TE is not present an empty complementizer is added. This is done invariably although these cases are in fact ambiguous, the other alternative being that the SE +TE clause is an appositive NP on the antecedent.

(NP antecedent
    (CP-REL (WNP se)
            (C +te)
            (IP-SUB ...)))

(NP antecedent
    (CP-REL (WNP se)
            (C 0)
            (IP-SUB ...)))

( (CODE <T22010062800,1070.1>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^L Her))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Landfranc)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N abbod))
                                  (PP (P an)
                                      (NP-DAT (NR^D Kadum)))))
                  (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
          (VBDI com)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (NR^D +anglalande)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-REL-2 (WNP-NOM-3 (D^N se))
                    (C 0)
                    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-3)
                            (PP (P efter)
                                (NP-DAT (Q^D feawum) (N^D dagum)))
                            (BEDI wear+d)
                            (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N arcebiscop))
                            (PP (P on)
                                (NP-DAT (NR^D Kantwareberig)))))
          (. .)) (ID cochronA-7,ChronA_[Plummer]:1070.1.1462))

When there is no antecedent, SE is taken as the antecedent and the relative pronoun is an empty wh-operator (WNP, etc.).
(NP (D se)
    (CP-REL (WNP 0)
            (C +te)
            (IP-SUB ...)))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-LFD (D^N Se)
                          (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
				      (C +te)
				      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
						  (RP+VBPI ofslih+d))))
              (NP-NOM-RSP (D^N se))
              (BEPI by+t)
              (NP-DAT (N^D dome))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N scyldig))
              (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:5.21.231))

In EALL +T+AT..., EALLE +TA... plus relative, EAL(LE) is taken as the antecedent and +T+AT/+TA as the relative pronoun, although some of these cases (those with an overt complementizer) are in fact ambiguous between this reading and one in which the determiner is part of the antecedent.
(NODE (IP-SUB-CON-0 (NP-NOM *con*)
		    (MDPI m+ag)
		    (VB don)
		    (NP-ACC (Q^A eall)
			    (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
				    (C 0)
				    (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					       (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
					       (MDP wile)))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[+Athelthryth]:8.4157))

(NODE (NP-NOM (Q^N ealle)
	      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +da))
			  (C +te)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				      (PP (P on)
					  (NP-ACC (NR^A God)))
				      (VBDI truwodon))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:254.4996))

In deciding whether a clause beginning with a determiner is a relative or a new matrix clause with the determiner as an argument, the editor's punctuation is followed; that is, if final punctuation (a period or semicolon) precedes the determiner, it is taken as an argument of a new matrix clause, if not, the determiner is taken as heading a relative clause.



Case attraction

There are a small number of potential relative clauses in which the case of the relativizer matches the case of the antecedant rather than being in the case expected on the basis of the gap. These may be case-attraction, or appositives on the antecedant, with a determiner head and an empty wh-operator in the relative, in which case no case mismatch occurs. We use the latter analysis in all cases.
(NP-DAT (antecedant)
	(NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam)
		    (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
			    (C +te)
			    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				    (...)))))

(NODE (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D witan)
	      (, ,)
	      (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +tam)     <-- dative demonstrative
			  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
				  (C +te)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)  <-- nominative gap
					  (VB deman)
					  (MDPI sceal)))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_14:88.2046)) 

(NODE (NP-ACC (NR^A Theodorum)
	      (NP-ACC-PRN (D^A +tone)    <-- accusative demonstrative
			  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
				  (C +te)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)  <-- nominative gap
					  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
					  (BEDI w+as)
					  (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N +arcebiscop)
						      (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR^G Contwareburge))
							      (N^G cirican)))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:5.170.31.1679)) 

(NODE (NP-GEN (PRO$ heora) (N^G freonda)
	      (NP-GEN-PRN (D^G +tara)
			  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-4 0)
				  (C +de)
				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-4)
					  (PP (P of)
					      (NP (N weorulde)))
					  (VBDI geleordon)))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:23.330.16.3321)) 


Temporal +T+AS +TE clauses

Temporal +T+AS (+TE) clauses, like other SE +TE clauses, may either be relatives on a temporal antecedent, in which case +T+AS is the relative pronoun, or +T+AS itself may be the antecedent, in which case the relative pronoun is an empty operator. When +T+AS is the antecedent, the operator is WADVP-TMP, as in other temporal relatives. Note that +T+AS +TE clauses may also be causal (Adverbial +T+AS (+TE) and +TY (+TE)) or comparative (+T+AS +TE comparatives).
(NP-GEN-TMP (D^G +t+as)            <-- temporal with antecedent +T+AS
            (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                    (C +te)
                    (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                            (...))))

(NP antecedent                     <-- relative pronoun +T+AS
    (CP-REL (WNP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))
            (C +te)
            (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-TMP *T*-1)
                    (...))))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-GEN-TMP (D^G +t+as)  <-- +t+as +te with no antecedant
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                              (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                      (QP-INS-ADT (Q^I hwon))
                                      (VBN^N gereorde)
                                      (BEDI w+aron))))
          (, ,)
          (VBDI aras)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (ADVP (ADV hra+de))
          (. ,))
  (ID cobede,Bede_3:3.162.4.1554))

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-GEN-TMP (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Sona))
                          (D^G +t+as)
                          (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                          (VAG gehalgad)
                                          (BEDI w+as))))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (VBD dyde)
              (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
              (NP (PRO$ his) (N lichoman))
              (RP in)
              (. ;))
      (ID cobede,Bede_2:3.104.32.991))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-DAT-1 (PRO^D him))
          (VBDI l+ag)
          (PP (NP-DAT *ICH*-1)
              (P onuppan))
          (NP-NOM (Q fela)
                  (NP-GEN (N^G byr+dena)
                          (NP-GEN (N^G eor+dan))))
          (PP (P binnon)
              (NP-DAT (NUM seofon) (N^D nihton)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-GEN-2 (D^G +t+as)) <-- with antecedant
                              (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-TMP *T*-2) <-- trace with -TMP
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                      (VBDI forsoc)
                                      (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (Q^A feawa) (N^A axan))))))
          (. .))
   (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:56.2733))

(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Da))
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D fifteogo+dan) (N^D d+age)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-GEN-1 (D^G +d+as))
                                  (C +de)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-GEN-TMP *T*-1)
                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                          (PP (P fram)
                                              (NP-DAT (NR Egypta) (N^D lande)))
                                          (VBDI ferdon)))))
              (, .)
              (BEDI wear+d)
              (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
                      (N^N wuldor))
              (VBN gesewen)
              (, .)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D westene)))
              (PP (P uppon)
                  (NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (N^D munte)
                          (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 (D^N se))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                          (BEPI is)
                                          (VBN gehaten)
                                          (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Synay))))))
              (. .))
      (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_12.1:113.122.2462))


+T+AT relatives

Relative clauses headed by +T+AT alone are potentially ambiguous between a reading with +T+AT as the relative pronoun, and one in which +T+AT is the complementizer. With two exceptions (see below) YCOE policy is to label +T+AT as the relative pronoun only when it matches the number/gender of the antecedent. The two exceptions are in non-restrictive glossing relatives, which are invariably headed by +T+AT (see Relative clause glosses), and in temporal and locative relative clauses. In both these cases, +T+AT is always labelled as a complementizer regardless of the gender or number of the antecedant.
(NODE (NP-NOM (D^N +d+at)                       <-- neuter
              (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))   <-- +T+AT relative pronoun
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (VBN geworht)
                              (BEPI is))))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_1:275.141)) 

(NODE (NP (ADJ o+tre) (N flocrade)      <-- feminine 
	  (, ,)
	  (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
		  (C +t+at)             <-- +T+AT complementizer
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
			  (VBDI rad)
			  (RP ut)
			  (PP (P wi+d)
			      (NP-GEN (NR^G Lygtunes))))))
      (ID cochronA-2c,ChronA_[Plummer]:917.3.1226))

(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
            (BEDI w+aron)
            (NP-NOM-PRD (ADJP-NOM (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N swearte)) <-- plural
                        (N^N men)
                        (, ,)
                        (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                                    (C +t+at)
                                    (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                                (NP (PRO me))
                                                (VBDI l+addon))))
            (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:12.89.21.1031))

(NODE (NP-ACC (PRO$^A minne) (N^A engel)  <-- masculine
	      (, ,)
	      (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
			  (C +t+at)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
				      (NP (PRO +te))
				      (VBPS l+ade)
				      (PP (RP in)
					  (P to)
					  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D stowe)
						  (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0)
							      (C +te)
							      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP *T*-2)
									  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
									  (VBD gegearwode))))))))
      (ID cootest,Exod:23.20.3331))


Temporal and locative relatives

Temporal relatives like the day she came generally do not have an overt relative pronoun and, as usual we supply an empty wh-operator (WADVP-TMP). Locative relatives often have an overt +T+AR relative pronoun, but when they don't, an empty locative wh- (WADVP-LOC) is likewise supplied. The complementizer in such relatives may be either +T+AT or +TE; when +T+AT is present it is treated as the complementizer by default even when the antecedant is neuter singular (see +T+AT relatives).

Note that +T+AR +T+AR clauses are done like SE +TE relatives with the first +T+AR acting as antecedent and the second as the relative pronoun. See also Temporal +T+AS +TE clauses and Free relatives.

( (CODE <T03080011100,299>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Se))
          (VBD awogode)
          (NP-ACC (NR^A Constantian)
                  (NP-ACC-PRN (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G caseres))
                              (N^A dohtor)))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D tide)
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)     <-- temporal relative, empty wh-
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJ^N Scy+discan))
                                      (ADVP (ADV swi+de))
                                      (VBDI wunnon)
                                      (PP (P wi+d)
                                          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:299.1923))

( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N tima)
                  (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                          (C +t+at)   <-- overt complementizer
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (D^N +deos) (N^N woruld))
                                  (BEPI is)
                                  (VBN gem+ancged)
                                  (PP (PP (P mid)
                                          (NP-DAT (ADJ^D m+anigfealdan) (N^D mane)))
                                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                             (PP (P mid)
                                                 (NP-DAT (ADJ^D felafealdan) (N^D facne))))))))
          (. ,)) (ID cowulf,WHom_5:23.175))

( (CODE <T03190008200,251>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBD asende)
          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N cynincg))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+dre) (NUM fiftig))
          (PP (RP up) (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D dune)
		      (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +t+ar)) <-- locative relative,
			      (C 0)                           overt wh-
			      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
				      (NP-NOM (NR^N Helias))
				      (VBDI s+at)))))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:251.3860))

( (CODE <T03190012000,379>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *pro*) 
          (VBDI Worhton)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta)) 
          (NP-ACC (NUM^A anne) (N^A gangtun))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar)           <-- +T+AR +T+AR relative 
                    (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +d+ar))
                            (C 0)
                            (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                    (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N god)
                                            (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Baal)))
                                    (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                    (BEDI w+as)
                                    (VBN gewur+dod)
                                    (ADVP (ADV wolice))
                                    (PP (P $o+d)
                                        (NP-ACC (D^A $+t+at)))
                                    (CODE <TEXT:o+d+t+at>))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:379.3945))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar)
                    (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
          (BEPI is)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
          (NP-NOM (ADJ^N ful) (N^N w+ater))
          (CP-REL-1 (WADVP-LOC-2 (ADV^L +d+ar))
                    (C 0) 
                    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                            (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJ^N fulan))
                            (VBDI wunodon)))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:211.2979))

(NODE (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi))
              (VB bidan)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D ealonde)
                          (, ,)
                          (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-2 0)    <-- locative relative,
                                  (C +te)                empty wh-
                                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
                                          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                                          (RP upp)
                                          (VBDI comon))))))
       (ID cobede,Bede_1:14.58.8.541))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tissum)))
          (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A burg))
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D micelre) (ADJ^D heannisse)))
          (RP+VBD ymbsealde)
          (PP (P from)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D d+ale)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                      (NP-DAT (N^D londe))
                                      (VBN ge+teoded)
                                      (BEPI is)))))
          (. .))
  (ID cobede,Bede_3:14.202.2.2053))

( (CODE <T06860043500,18.92.21>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (D^A +T+at) (N^A gefeoht))
          (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+telfri+d))
          (VBD gefremede)
          (NP-DAT-TMP (D^I +ty) (ADJ^D endlyftan) (N^D geare) <-- neuter 
                      (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G rices))             antecedant
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                              (C +t+at)           <-- +t+at as complementizer
                              (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                      (HVD h+afde)
                                      (NP (NUMP (NUM feower) (CONJ &) (NUM twentig))
                                          (NP-GEN (N^G wintra))))))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:18.92.21.854))

(NODE (PP (P to)
	  (NP-DAT (NR Hii)
		  (NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +t+am) (N^D ealonde)) <-- neuter antecedant
		  (, ,)
		  (CP-REL (WADVP-LOC-1 0) 
			  (C +t+at)                      <-- +t+at as
			  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)           complementizer
				  (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (Q^G monigra) (N^G mynstra))
					  (N^A heannisse) 
					  (CONJP (CONJ &)
						 (NX-ACC (N^A heafod))))
				  (NP-NOM (NR^N Scottas))
				  (HVDI h+afdon)))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:15.222.34.2288))


Relative clauses and elision

Occasionally it is difficult to accurately portray the position of a trace in a relative clause because the clause in which it should be situated has been elided. In such cases we use the label CPX (cf. the use of CPX-CMP in comparatives) to enclose the trace. This is meant to indicate an agnostic approach to clause type (often it could be either a CP or an infinitive), but to avoid situating the trace in a clause to which it does not belong.

"and he was then speaking to them all with the same words that Peter
earlier commanded him [that he should speak with/to speak with]"

( (CODE <T05050013700,292>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (VAG sprecende)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (PRO^D him) (Q^D eallum)))
          (NP-DAT-ADT (D^D +t+am) (ADJ^D ilcum) (N^D wordum)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (CPX (NP-ADT *T*-1))
                                      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                      (NP-NOM (NR^N Petrus))
                                      (VBDI bebead))))
          (. .)) (ID coblick,LS_20_[AssumptMor[BlHom_13]]:153.292.1926))

"and then truly the apostles bore Mary's body until they came to the grave
where the Lord commanded them [that they should come to/to come to]"

( (CODE <T05050014200,300>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ Ond)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (ADVP (ADV witodlice))
          (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N apostolas))
          (VBDI b+aron)
          (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Marian))
              (N lichoman))
          (CP-ADV (P o+t+t+at)
		  (C 0)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hie))
			  (VBDI coman)
			  (PP (P to)
			      (NP (D +t+are) (N byrgenne)
				  (CP-REL (WADVP-DIR-1 (ADV^D +t+ar))
					  (C 0)
					  (IP-SUB (CPX (ADVP-DIR *T*-1))
						  (NP-NOM (NR^N Drihten))
						  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
						  (VBDI bebead))))))))
  (. .)) (ID coblick,LS_20_[AssumptMor[BlHom_13]]:155.300.1934))





Free relative clauses (CP-FRL)

Free relatives headed by a determiner
WH- Free relatives
SWA HW+A+DER/SW+A+DER
Free relatives headed by +TE

Table of contents


At IP-level, nominal free relatives acting as non-subject arguments are labelled CP-FRL; that is, they have no extended label (except possibly -SPE, which can be added to any clause). Free relatives are treated essentially like nominals rather than clauses, and so are labelled for a range of functions, unlike other CPs. The default for ambiguous question/free relative cases is to parse them as questions.

subject             CP-FRL-SBJ
left-dislocation    CP-FRL-LFD
locative            CP-FRL-LOC
temporal            CP-FRL-TMP
directional         CP-FRL-DIR
other adjunct       CP-FRL-ADT
predicate           CP-FRL-PRD

( (CODE <T02520001700,4.41>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (AXDI ongann)
          (BE beon)
          (CP-FRL-PRD (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))  <-- predicate
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NEG+BEDI n+as)))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_1:4.41.29))

( (CODE <T02540006200,22.115>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N So+d))
              (BEPI is)
              (CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))  <-- subject
                              (C 0)  
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                          (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N sealmwyrhta)
)
                                          (PP (P to)
                                              (NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
                                          (VBDI gecw+a+d)))
              (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_3:22.115.527))

( (CODE <T02550000700,29.9>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N Seo) (ADJ^N eadige) (N^N moder))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (PP (P to)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D +denum)))
          (, .)                                    <-- left-dislocation
          (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-FRL-LFD-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WPRO^A hw+at))
                                      (C swa)
                                      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                                  (NP (PRO eow))
                                                  (VBPI bebyt)))
                      (, .)
                      (VBI do+d)
                      (NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at)))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_4:29.9.685))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (VBPI gefyl+d)
          (ADVP (ADV gastlice))
          (CP-FRL (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WPRO^A hw+at))  <-- complement
                  (C swa)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                          (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (ADJ^N ealde) (N^N gecy+dnys))
                          (PP (P mid)
                              (NP-DAT (ADJ^D mislicum) (N^D gesetnyssum)))
                          (VBD getacnode)))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_4:31.65.722))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (VBI Nim)
              (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))  <-- complement in direct speech
                          (C 0) 
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (PRO$^N +din))
                                      (BEPI is)))
              (. .)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_5:42.28.924))

Note that because they are treated as nominals, free relatives are labelled as subjects with the -SBJ label wherever they appear in the clause (like NPs) and are not treated as extraposed when not in subject position, as other CPs are (see Extraposed clausal subjects). In addition they are labelled as predicates in the appropriate constructions (again unlike other CPs).
( (CODE <T04120003700,143>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N so+d))
          (BEPI is)
          (CP-FRL-SBJ (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
                              (VBP secge)))
          (. ,)) (ID cowulf,WHom_9:143.762))

( (CODE <T02520001700,4.41>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He))
          (AXDI ongann)
          (BE beon)
          (CP-FRL-PRD (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-PRD *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NEG+BEDI n+as)))
          (. .)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_1:4.41.29))

Function is indicated on the free relative label, rather than by using empty phrase labels to surround them, as in the PPCME2.



Free relatives headed by a determiner

Relative clauses headed by a determiner with no other possible antecedent and no complementizer are treated as free relatives. The determiner is taken as being within the clause (filling the wh-position) and the clause has no antecedent. This includes the adverbial type headed by +T+AR, +TIDER, etc. Determiner + complementizer relatives (the SE +TE type) are treated as regular relative clauses with the determiner acting as antecedent.
(CP-FRL (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at))
        (C 0)
        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                (...)))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N +d+at))
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					  (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
					  (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N dead))
					  (BEPI bi+d)))
              (BEPI bi+t)
              (NP-GEN-PRD (PRO^G his))
              (. .)) (ID cootest,Exod:21.33.3256))

( (CODE <T06290005000,7.19>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD ferde)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nihtes))
          (PP (P to)
              (CP-FRL (WADVP-LOC-1 (ADV^L +t+ar))   <-- +T+AR
                      (C 0) 
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N $fynd))
                              (VBDI wicodon))))
          (. ,)) (ID cootest,Judg:7.19.5694))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI rad)
          (CP-FRL-DIR (WADVP-DIR-1 (ADV^D +tider))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                              (VBD mynte)))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_3:7.178.33.1766))


WH- Free relatives

SWA HW+A+DER/SW+A+DER free relatives


WH- free relatives are mostly of the SWA WH- SWA type. SWA WH- is in the wh-position and the second SWA is in C.

(CP-FRL (WNP-ACC (ADV swa) (WPRO^A hw+at))
        (C swa)
        (IP-SUB ...))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (VBI nym)
              (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WPRO^A hw+at))
                          (C swa)
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                      (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
                                      (NP-GEN (PRO$^G +dines))
                                      (VBPS finde)))
              (. ;))  (ID cootest,Gen:31.32.1269))

( (CODE <T06210020200,9.6>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-FRL-LFD-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 (ADV Swa) (WPRO^N hwa))
                              (C swa)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                          (VBPI agyt)
                                          (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +d+as) (N^G mannes))
                                                  (N^A blod))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO$ his) (N^N blod))
              (BEPI by+d)
              (VBN agoten)
              (. ;))  (ID cootest,Gen:9.6.379))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (CP-FRL-SPE (WADVP-DIR-1 (ADV swa) (WADV^D hwyder)) 
			  (C swa)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
				      (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
				      (VBPI f+arst)))
              (, :)
              (VBI gemun)
              (CP-THT-SPE (C +d+at)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
				      (VBN gel+aht)
				      (BEDS w+are)))
              (. .)) (ID cootest,Gen:20.16.858))

Other types include those headed by LOCAHW- , and a WH- alone.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (, :)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic))
                      (VBP +dolige)
                      (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WPRO^A locahw+at))  <-- LOCAHW-
				  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
                                              (MDP wylle))))
	  (...))
  (ID cootest,Gen:38.17.1514))

( (CODE <T06260002000,2.19>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (CP-FRL-LFD (WNP-NOM-1 (WPRO^N locehwa))
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (RP ut)
                              (VBPS gange)))
          (, ,)
          (VBPS licge)
          (NP-NOM-RSP (PRO^N he)
                      (PTP-NOM (RP+VBN^N ofslagen)))
          (. ,)) (ID cootest,Josh:2.19.5214))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T leng))
		  (NEG+HVP n+abbe)
		  (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WPRO^A hw+at))  <-- HW- 
			      (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
					  (PP (P on)
					      (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D lacum)))
					  (VBD aspende))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:66.2205))

(NODE (IP-INF-SPE (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                  (VB findan)
                  (CP-FRL-LOC-SPE (WADVP-LOC-1 (WADV^L hwar))
                                  (C 0)
                                  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                                              (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                              (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine))
                                              (MDPS m+age)
                                              (ADVP (ADVS wur+dlicost))
                                              (VB gerestan))))
      (ID coapollo,ApT:17.27.365)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
              (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N burhwaru))
              (VBD cepte)
              (CP-FRL-TMP (WADVP-TMP-1 (WADV^T hw+anne))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (RP ut)
                                  (VBDS come)))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:261.6141)) 


SWA HW+A+DER/SW+A+DER free relatives

SWA HW+A+DER/SW+A+DER (SWA)... heads a free relative clause when it means whichever. Such a free relative rarely fills an argument position on its own, but more often occurs with two alternatives, often but not always specified as SWA X SWA Y, in the construction SWA X SWA Y, SWA HW+A+DER/SW+A+DER... meaning, either X or Y, whichever..., in which X and Y can be of any category (NPs, PPs, ADJPs, verbs, etc.). The free relative may occur before or after the SWA alternatives, or separated from them. Apart from the case when this type of free relative fills an argument position on its own, all these cases are labelled CP-FRL-ADT and put at IP-level.
( (CODE <T06660165000,39.127.32>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (VBDI cw+a+d)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
          (, :)
          (IP-MAT-SPE-0 (VBPH Do)        <-- CP-FRL-SPE complement of verb
                        (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (WADJ^A sw+a+der))
				    (C 0)
				    (IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (NP-ACC *T*-1)
						   (NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
						   (MDD wolde))))
          (. .)) (ID coboeth,Bo:39.127.32.2555))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE-0 (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
		    (MDDS mosten)
		    (VB don)
		    (NP-ACC (CONJ swa) (N^A god) (CONJ swa) (N^A yfel))
		    (, ,)
		    (CP-FRL-ADT (WNP-ACC-1 (WADJ^A sw+a+der))
				(C swa)
				(IPX-SUB-SPE=0 (NP-ACC *T*-1)
					       (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
					       (MDDS wolden))))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:41.142.8.2854))

(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (CP-ADV (P Gif)
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                                (NEG ne)
                                (MDPS mage)
                                (VB *)))
                (, ,)
                (VBPS gewylde)
                (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                (, ,)                   <-- SWA HW+A+DER preceding SWA X SWA Y
                (CP-FRL-ADT (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WADJ^A hw+a+der)) 
                            (C swa)          
                            (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-ACC-ADT *T*-1)
                                       (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                                       (MDPS m+age)))
                (, ,)
                (ADJP-ACC (CONJ swa) (ADJ^A cucne) (CONJ swa) (ADJ^A deadne))
                (. ,))
      (ID colaw2cn,LawIICn:25a.82)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
          (VBPI gefret)
          (NP (N softnysse) (CONJ o+d+de) (N sarnysse)) <-- alternatives not
          (, ,)                                             specified by SWA
          (CP-FRL-ADT (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WADJ^A hw+a+der))
                      (C swa)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                              (PP (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                                  (P on))
                              (BEPI bi+d)
                              (, ,)
                              (CP-ADV (P be)
                                      (D^D +tam)
                                      (C +de)
                                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
                                              (VBD geearnode)
                                              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))))))
          (. .))
      (ID coaelhom,+AHom_11:216.1602)) 

Often the clause seems to be better translated with however than whichever, and there is no plausible nominal gap. In this case, the trace is labelled -ADT.
(NODE (IP-MAT-0 (CP-ADV (P Gif)
                        (C 0)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                                (NEG ne)
                                (MDPS mage)
                                (VB *)))
                (, ,)
                (VBPS gewylde)
                (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                (, ,)
                (CP-FRL-ADT (WNP-ACC-1 (ADV swa) (WADJ^A hw+a+der))
                            (C swa)
                            (IPX-SUB=0 (NP-ACC-ADT *T*-1)
                                       (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
                                       (MDPS m+age)))
                (, ,)
                (ADJP-ACC (CONJ swa) (ADJ^A cucne) (CONJ swa) (ADJ^A deadne))
                (. ,))
      (ID colaw2cn,LawIICn:25a.82)) 


Free relatives headed by +TE

There are a small number of relatives headed by +TE alone, which appear to be free relatives.
( (CODE <T03200004300,172>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Yfele))
          (VBPI de+d)
          (NP-DAT-RFL-ADT (PRO^D him)
                          (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D sylfum)))
          (CP-FRL-SBJ (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (PP (P mid)
                                  (NP-DAT (N^D swicdome)))
                              (NP-GEN (PRO^G his))
                              (VBPI tila+d))) 
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Alban]:172.4107))

( (CODE <T06410005000,2.21>)
  (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Nu))
              (BEPI synd)
              (RP+VBN^N for+dfarene)
              (CP-FRL-SBJ-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
			      (C +te)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					  (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +d+as) (N^G cildes))
					      (N sawle))
					  (VBDI sohton)))
              (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:2.21.112))

In addition we do the following type as free relatives (with a reading something like you are the one who...). Note this only applies to cases with pronoun or demonstrative subjects. Similar cases with full NP subjects are presentational (there was a man who...) and are parsed as relatives (see Presentational there).
Context: Ne synd ge +te +t+ar spreca+d, ac spryc+t se halga gast on eow.

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
                  (BEPI synd)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge))
                  (CP-FRL-PRD (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                                          (VBPI spreca+d))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Lucy]:73.2211))

(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N Ic))
                  (BEPI eom)
                  (CP-FRL-PRD-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                                  (C +te)
                                  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                              (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +d+ar))
                                              (VBD syngode))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:257.3007))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N se))
              (BEPI is)
              (CP-FRL-PRD-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                              (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                          (VBPI (VBPI sec+d) (, .) (CONJ and) (RP+VBPI tosc+at))))
              (. ;))
  (ID CathHomII,+ACHom_II,_13:131.122.2934))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N hig))
              (BEPI synt)
              (CP-FRL-PRD-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0) 
			      (C +te)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
					  (NP (N gewitnesse))
					  (VBPI cy+ta+t)
					  (PP (P be)
					      (NP (PRO me)))))) 
  (ID cowsgosp,Jn_[WSCp]:5.39.6077))




Clause-adjoined relatives (CP-CAR)

Table of contents
Clause-adjoined relatives are those that refer back to the whole action of the preceding clause (Mary bought a porsche, which Jane thought was silly). The use of CP-CAR is a last-resort policy in the YCOE. Many such cases are ambiguous between a relative reading and starting a new clause with the "relative pronoun" as subject. We adopt the latter interpretation whenever possible, but a few intractable cases remain, notably those with an overt complementizer.
(NODE (IP-MAT (PP (P For)
                  (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D slege)))
              (NEG+MDDI noldan)
              (NP-NOM (NR^N Romane))
              (VB brengan)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D consule))
              (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (N^A triumphan))
              (, ,)
              (CP-CAR (WNP-NOM-1 0)
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$ heora) (N^N gewuna))
                              (BEDI w+as)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-ADV (P +teh)
                      (C 0)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                              (NP (N sige))
                              (HVD h+afde)))
              (. .))
      (ID coorosiu,Or_3:6.60.6.1167)) 




Reduced relatives (RRC)

Table of contents


Most cases of reduced relatives are treated as participial phrases. Only reduced relatives not headed by participles are labelled RRC. These are almost all of the type X by (another) name.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N modor)
                  (RRC *ICH*-1))
          (BEDI w+as)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Martia))
          (VBN gecyged)
          (, ,)
          (RRC-1 (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N h+a+dena))
                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gyt)))
          (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:34.1231)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Gaius)
                      (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (N^N casere))
                      (, ,)
                      (RRC (NP-DAT-ADT (ADJ^I o+dre) (N^D naman))
                           (NP-NOM (NR^N Iulius))))
              (, ,)
              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hit))
              (PP (P mid)
                  (NP (N ferde)))
              (VBD (VBD gesohte) (CONJ &) (VBD geeode))
              (PP (NP-DAT-EXT (NUM^D syxtygum)
                              (NP-GEN (N^G wintra)))
                  (P +ar)
                  (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                      (N cyme))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:2.30.13.234)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (PP (P On)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Herodes)
                                  (NP-GEN-PRN *ICH*-1))
                          (N^D dagum)
                          (, ,)
                          (NP-GEN-PRN-1 (NP-GEN (NR^G Iudea))
                                        (N^G cyninges))))
              (, ,)
              (BEDI w+as)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N sacerd)
                      (RRC (PP (P on)
                               (NP (N naman)))
                           (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Zacharias))))
              (PP (P of)
                  (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR Abian))
                          (N^D tune)))
              (. ,))
      (ID cowsgosp,Lk_[WSCp]:1.5.3524)) 

Most constituents labelled RRC by the PPCME2 are labelled as participle phrases (PTP) in the YCOE.




Clefts (CP-CLF)

Table of contents
The internal structure of clefts is the same as relative clauses. Externally, the cleft is at IP-level and is not contained within its antecedant or coindexed to the expletive subject, which may be empty or overt.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
              (BEDS w+are)
              (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Swy+dun))
              (CP-CLF (CP-CLF (WNP-NOM-1 (D^N se))
                              (C +de)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
                                      (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                                      (VBD l+arde)
                                      (PP (P mid)
                                          (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D halgan ) (N^D lare)))))
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (CP-CLF (WNP-ACC-2 (D^A +tone))
                                     (C +de)
                                     (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                             (VBDI geseah)
                                             (PP (P on)
                                                 (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D cyrcan)))
                                             (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-2)
                                                     (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADV swa) (ADJ^A f+agerne))))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Swithun]:388.4472)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
              (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N se) (N^N deofol))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (CP-CLF (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                      (C +te)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                              (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
                              (VB dwelian)
                              (MDD wolde))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:770.6468)) 

( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM *exp*)
          (BEPI is)
          (NP-NOM-PRD (D^N seo) (N^N lyft))
          (CP-CLF (WNP-1 0)
                  (C +te)
                  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                          (PP (NP *T*-1)
                              (P on))
                          (VBPI lybba+d)
                          (PP (P on)
                              (NP-DAT (D^D +disum) (ADJ^D deadlicum) (N^D life)))))
          (. .))
  (ID cotempo,+ATemp:10.7.318)) 

In some texts (notably Bede) "time-clefts" such as the following are very common.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *exp*)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (PP (P +after)
                  (NP-DAT (PRO$ hire) (N^D dea+de)))
              (, ,)
              (CP-CLF (WADVP-TMP-1 0)
                      (C +t+at)
                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                              (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N bro+dor))
                              (NP-GEN (ADJ^G o+derra) (N^G weorca))
                              (ADVP (ADVR swi+dur))
                              (VBDI gemdon)))
              (. ,))
      (ID cobede,Bede_3:6.176.8.1722)) 




Infinitival clauses (IP-INF, IP-INF-NCO)

Infinitival complements
Accusative and infinitive constructions (ECM verbs)
Passives with infinitives (THE BOOK IS TO READ)
Infinitival subjects in situ
Tough-movement and similar constructions
Non-complement infinitives (IP-INF-NCO)
Infinitives with dative subjects
Infinitival relatives/purpose clauses (CP-EOP)

Table of contents


Infinitival complements

An infinitival clause may be the complement of a verb, adjective, or noun. Non-complement infinitives have the extended label to distinguish them, especially at IP-level, from complements. Infinitives only have subjects indicated with ECM verbs and in absolute constructions. With other verbs potential subjects are always treated as objects of the matrix verb.
( (CODE <T03060006100,206>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (VBDI bead)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Policarpus))
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
          (IP-INF (NP-GEN (NUM^G +treora) (N^G daga)) <--- verbal complement
                  (VB f+asten))
          (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:206.1333))


( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N cempan))
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gearwe)
                        (IP-INF (TO to)  <-- complement of adjective
                                (VB^D genimenne)
                                (NP (NR Iudan))
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP-DAT (N^D bendum)))))
          (. .))
  (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:601.5238))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N wur+de)
                            (IP-INF *ICH*-1)) <--- extraposed complement
              (BEDI w+aron)
              (IP-INF-1 (IP-INF (PP (P for)
                                    (NP-DAT (NR^D Criste)))
                                (TO to)
                                (VB^D +trowigenne))
                        (CONJP (CONJ and)
                               (IP-INF (VB becuman)
                                       (PP (P to)
                                           (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D halgum)))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:350.1421))

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-DAT *T*-1)
              (ADVP (ADV godcundlice))
              (VBN forgifen)
              (BEDI w+as)
              (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (N^N gyfu)   <--- "the gift of singing"
                      (IP-INF (TO to) 
                     (VB^D singanne))))
      (ID cobede,BedeHead:4.20.21.107))

(NODE (IP-MAT (CONJ Ond)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
              (NP-ACC (ADJ^A freo) (N^A lefnesse)
                      (IP-INF *ICH*-1))
              (VBDI sealdon)
              (IP-INF-1 (NP-ACC (N^A deofolgyld)) <--- extraposed complement
                        (TO to)
                        (VB^D bigongenne))
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D folcum)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-2 0)
                              (C +te)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-2)
                                      (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                                      (RP+VBN^N under+teodde)
                                      (BEDI w+aron))))
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_2:5.112.6.1052))


Accusative and infinitive constructions (ECM verbs)

Verbs on the following list (from Calloway) take the accusative and infinitive construction (ECM verbs).
behealdan, (a)biddan, (a)findan, hatan, (a/for)l+atan, (ge)don, geascian, gefelan, gefrignan, gehawian, gemetan, gemittan, ge+dafian, geunnan, gewitan, (ge)hieran, l+aran, ongietan, sceawian, (of/ge)seon, talian, tellan
Overt subjects are labelled accusative even when ambiguous, and have the -SBJ extended label to distinguish them from other arguments.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T symble))
                  (BE beon)
                  (PP (P +atforan)
                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N gesih+de))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:13.1219))

( (CODE <T03080009100,250>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D sumere) (N^D nihte)))
          (VBDI gesawon)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (IP-INF (VB cuman)
                  (NP-ACC-SBJ (NP-ACC (Q^A mycel) (ADJ^A m+adenlic) (N^A werod))
                              (, ,)
                              (CONJP (CONJ and)
                                     (NP-ACC (NR^A Agnes)
                                             (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L tomiddes))))))
          (. .))  (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:250.1883))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N^A cnapan))
                  (NP-ACC-TMP (D^A +da) (N^A hwile))
                  (VB hawian) 
                  (PP (P to)
                      (NP (D +d+are) (N s+a)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-QUE (C gif)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (Q^N +anig) (N^N mist))
                                  (VBDS arise)
                                  (PP (P of)
                                      (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (Q^D mycclum) (N^D
brymme))))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:142.3763))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A us))
                  (VB healdan)
                  (NP (N sibbe) (CONJ and) (N so+df+astnysse))
                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maccabees]:688.5295))

Arbitrary PRO subjects are not indicated. Other empty subjects, such as traces (of wh-movement, scrambling, and passivization), subjects elided under conjunction, and small pro, are labelled NP-SBJ, without case, unless they are coindexed with an overt element with accusative case, in which case they are labelled accusative.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +ta))
                          (VB ontendan)
                          (PP (P for)
                              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (Q^D micclum) (N^D teonan)))
                          (NP-ACC (QP-ACC (ADV swy+de) (Q^A micel))
                                  (N^A fyr)))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
                         (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*)  <--- elided under conjunction
                                 (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
                                 (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L tomiddes))
                                 (VB besceofan))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:216.1861))

( (CODE <T06860040400,16.88.3>)
  (IP-MAT (CP-ADV (P Gif)
                   (C 0)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                           (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                           (PP (P mid)
                               (NP (N +toncmeotunge) (CONJ &) (N +treodunge)))
                           (VBPI ge+teafa+d)))
          (, ,)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
          (BEPI bi+d)
          (VBN ongyten)
          (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
          (NP-NOM-1 (N^N syn))
          (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *-1) <-- trace of passivization
                  (VBN gefremed)
                  (BE beon))
          (. .)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.88.3.798))
 
(NODE (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A cirican)
                  (, ,)
                  (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
                          (C +te)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T geara))
                                  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T geo))
                                  (VBD geleornade)
                                  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *T*-2) <-- trace of wh-movement
                                          (NP-DAT-ADT (ADJ^I ealde) (ADJ^I Romanisce) (N^D weorce))
                                          (VBN^A geworhte)
                                          (BE beon)))))
          (ID cobede,Bede_1:17.90.13.824))

( (CODE <T03030011100,361>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
          (NP-ACC-1 (NR^A Eugenian)) <-- scrambled subject
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBDI het)
          (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1) <-- trace of scrambled subject
                          (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D godum))
                          (VB geoffrian))
                  (, ,)
                  (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
                         (IP-SUB-CON (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
				     (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
				     (PP (P mid)
					 (NP-DAT (N^D wytum)))
				     (ADVP (ADV welreowlice))
				     (VBD acwealde))))
          (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:361.407))


Passives with infinitives (THE BOOK IS TO READ)

In clauses with an active infinitive with passive meaning where the subject of the main clause is also the object of the infinitive, the subject is traced to the infinitive. The trace in the infinitive is not marked for case. See also the IS TO WIT THAT construction.
(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM-1 (D^N se) (ADJ^N trywleasa)) <-- subject coindexed
                  (NEG ne)
                  (BEPI bi+d)
                  (NP-DAT (NEG+Q^D nanum) (N^D hlaforde))
                  (IP-INF-SPE (NP *-1)                  <-- object trace
                              (TO to)
                              (HV^D h+abbenne)))
       (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:129.2771))

( (CODE <T06860026600,16.66.24>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV For+don))
          (NEG ne)
          (BEPI seondon)
          (IP-INF (TO to)
                  (VB^D lufienne)
                  (NP *-1))                    <-- object trace
          (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +ta) (N^N wiisan))    <-- subject coindexed
          (PP (P fore)
              (NP-DAT (N^D stowum)))
          (. ,)) (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.66.24.620))


Tough-movement and similar constructions

Tough-movement constructions (John is easy to please) are done in a similar way to other passives with infinitives. The subject is traced to the infinitive. The infinitive is contained within the ADJP. Similar but perhaps not identical constructions, like The city is fair to see, are done in the same way.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM-1 (PRO^N hi))
              (BEPI $bio+d)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swi+de)
                            (ADJ^N e+de)
                            (IP-INF-SPE (NP *-1)
                                        (TO to)
                                        (RP+VB^D ted+alenne)))
              (. ,))
      (ID coboeth,Bo:34.92.25.1788)) 

(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (ADJ^D unandgytfullum))
              (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +t+at) (ADJ^N gastlice) (N^N angyt))
              (BEPI is)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N earfo+te)
                            (IP-INF (NP *-1)
                                    (TO to)
                                    (RP+VB^D understandende)))
              (PP (P butan)
                  (NP (NP-GEN (ADJ^G haligra) (N^G manna))
                      (N trahtnunge))))
      (ID cobenrul,BenR:42.66.18.825)) 

(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-1 (D^N +Teos) (N^N race))
              (BEPI is)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV swi+de) (ADJ^N langsum)
                            (IP-INF-NCO (NP *-1)
                                        (ADVP (ADV fullice))
                                        (TO to)
                                        (VB^D gereccenne)))
              (. ,))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Julian_and_Basilissa]:139.1022)) 

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ ac)
              (NP-NOM-1 (NP-NOM (ADJ^N twyd+aglic) (N^N f+asten))
                        (CONJP (CONJ o+d+te)
                               (NP-NOM (ADJ^N +treod+aglic) (N^N f+asten))))
              (BEPI is)
              (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N genoh)
                            (IP-INF-SPE (NP *-1)
                                        (TO to)
                                        (VB^D healdenne)))
              (. .))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:26.350.31.3536)) 

In the alternative construction (it is easy to please John) the expletive HIT is coindexed to the infinitive in the usual way (see Expletive constructions).



Infinitival subjects in situ

Like other clausal subjects in situ (see Clausal subjects), infinitival subjects are given the extended label -SBJ.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (IP-INF-SBJ-SPE-3 (TO To)
				(VB^D sittanne)
				(PP (PP (P on)
					(NP-ACC (PRO$^A mine) (ADJR^A swi+tran) (N^A healfe)))
				    (CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
					   (PP (P on)
					       (NP-ACC (ADJR^A wynstran))))))
              (NEG+BEPI nys)
              (NP-DAT (NP-DAT (PRO^D me))
                      (CONJP *ICH*-1))
              (IP-INF-SPE (IP-INF-SPE *-3)
			  (NP (PRO inc))
			  (TO to)
			  (VB^D syllanne))
              (CONJP-1 (CONJ ac)
                       (NP-DAT (D^D +tam)
                               (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0)
					   (C +te)
					   (IP-SUB-SPE (NP *T*-2)
						       (NP-NOM (PRO^N hyt))
						       (PP (P fram)
							   (NP-DAT (PRO$^D minum) (N^D F+ader)))
						       (VBN gegearwod)
						       (BEPI ys)))))
              (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:20.23.1336))


Non-complement infinitives (IP-INF-NCO)

Any infinitive which is not a complement of verb, noun, or adjective, usually but not exclusively purpose infinitives, is labelled IP-INF-NCO. See also Infinitival relatives/purpose clauses with a gap.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
              (VBDI comon)
              (NP-RFL-ADT (PRO us))
              (IP-INF-NCO-SPE (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
			      (TO to)
			      (VB^D geeadmedenne))
              (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:2.2.67))

( (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBI Come)
			  (NP-NOM (PRO^N +tu))
			  (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D hider))
			  (PP (P +ar)
			      (NP (N tide)))
			  (IP-INF-NCO-SPE (NP (PRO us))
					  (TO to)
					  (VB^D +treagenne)))
              (. ?)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:8.29.474))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
              (VBDI com)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
              (IP-INF-NCO-SPE (NP-ACC (N^A sybbe)
				      (CONJP *ICH*-1))
			      (TO to)
			      (VB^D sendanne)
			      (CONJP-1 (CONJ ac) (N^A swurd)))
              (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:10.34.630))


Infinitives with dative subjects

We do not directly represent datives as possible subjects of infinitives (e.g., in sentences like I gave X Y for him to have and to hold). Such datives are labelled as dative adjuncts in the matrix clause. The infinitive in such as case will be a non-complement infinitive, and may be a CP-EOP (purpose clause/infinitival relative). Note that the "dative" in question may not be labelled dative if it is a word not normally case-labelled because of formal ambiguity (see POS Manual: Ambiguities among oblique cases).
( (CODE <T06720000400,1.11.11>)
  (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D gebeorscipe)))
          (BEDI w+aron)
          (NP-NOM (N^N fl+asc)
                  (CP-EOP *ICH*-1))
          (VBN gegearwod)
          (NP-DAT-ADT (N^D mannum))
          (CP-EOP-1 (WNP-2 0)
                    (IP-INF-NCO (NP *T*-2)
                                (TO to)
                                (VB^D $etanne))) 
          (. .)) (ID cogregdC,GD_1_[C]:1.11.11.74))

( (CODE <T03900007200,69>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (NUM Seofan) (N^A tidsangas))
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
          (VBDI gesettan)
          (NP-ADT (PRO us))   <--- non-case-marked "dative" subject
          (IP-INF-NCO (TO to)
                      (VB^D singanne)
                      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T d+aghwamlice))
                      (NP-DAT-ADT (PRO$^D urum) (NR^D Drihtne))
                      (PP (P to)
                          (NP-DAT (N^D lofe))))
          (, .)
          (CODE <T03900007300,70>)
          (PP (P Swaswa)
              (CPX-CMP (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N witega)
                                        (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Dauid)))
                                (PP (P on)
                                    (NP (PRO$ his) (N witegunge)))
                                (VBDI cw+a+d))))
          (. :)) (ID colwstan1,+ALet_2_[Wulfstan_1]:69.115))


Infinitival relatives/purpose clauses with a gap (CP-EOP)

Infinitival relatives without introductory WH-words are often difficult or impossible to distinguish from purpose clauses, and we have not attempted to distinguish the two. Purpose/relative infinitive clauses are labelled CP-EOP (EOP = empty operator) and are contained within the brackets of their potential antecedent or traced to it. Like other relatives they contain an empty operator co-indexed to a trace. When the antecedant of the infinitival is not present in the clause (because of elision, etc.), the CP-EOP is left at IP-level. CP-EOPs always have an antecedant, however, somewhere in the context, even when it is not possible to indicate what it is. Note that infinitives inside CP-EOP are labelled as non-complement infintives (-NCO). For purpose infinitives without a gap, see Non-complement infinitives.

There are no infinitival relatives introduced by a WH- word in the corpus.

( (CODE <T06410102900,27.34>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hig))
          (VBDI sealdon)
          (NP-DAT (PRO^D hym))
          (NP-ACC (N^A win)
                  (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)  <--- contained within antecedant
                          (IP-INF-NCO (NP *T*-1)
                                      (VB drincan)))
                  (PTP-ACC (PP (P wi+d)
                               (NP (N eallan)))
                           (VBN^A gemenged)))) 
  (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:27.34.2034))

( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
          (VBDI gebohton)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N hig))
          (NP-ACC (NUM^A +anne) (N^A +acyr)  <-- antecedant
                  (NP-GEN *ICH*-1)
                  (CP-EOP *ICH*-2))          <-- trace of CP-EOP
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D feo)))
          (NP-GEN-1 (N^G tigylwyrhtena))
          (CP-EOP-2 (WNP-3 0)
                    (IP-INF-NCO (PP (NP *T*-3)
                                    (P on))
                                (TO to)
                                (VB^D bebyrgenne)
                                (NP-ACC (ADJ^A el+teodisce) (N^A menn))))
          (. .)) (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:27.7.1979))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
              (VBI binda+t)
              (ADVP (ADV sceafm+alum))
              (CP-EOP-SPE (WNP-1 0)    <-- object understood 
			  (IP-INF-NCO-SPE (NP *T*-1)
					  (TO to)
					  (VB^D forb+arnenne)))) 
  (ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:13.30.849))




Small clauses (IP-SMC)

Case in small clauses
Small clauses with passivized subject
Small clauses with verbs of naming
XP predicates in small clauses
Small clauses with present participles
HAVE with object and participle

Table of contents


A small clause consists minimally of a subject and a verbal, adjectival or nominal predicate. The subject is almost always accusative, except in a few cases where the governing verb takes another case, while the predicate is either accusative (or the case of a non-accustative subject, unmarked (in the case of some participles) or nominative (with verbs of naming). The predicate if not verbal is labelled -PRD.


Case in small clauses

Case is labelled on the subject and predicate of small clauses as follows (rules operate in the order given).
  • Case is not labelled on traces of empty operators; thus the trace of an empty operator acting as subject of a small clause is labelled NP-SBJ
    
    (NODE (IP-INF (VB libban)
    	      (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +tone)
    			  (CP-REL (WNP-2 0) <-- empty operator 
    				  (C +te)
    				  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
    					  (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
    					  (VBDI forleton)
    					  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-2)  <-- trace
    						  (ADJP-ACC-PRD (ADJ^A deadne)))))))
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Martin]:223.6119))
    
    ( (CODE <T06660000600,1.7.11>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N consul)
                      (, ,)
                      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                              (C +t+at)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
                                      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                              (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N heretoha)))
                                      (VBPI hata+d)))
                      (, ,)
                      (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM *pro*) 
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Boetius))
                                  (BEDI w+as)
                                  (VBN gehaten)))
              (. ;)) (ID coboeth,Bo:1.7.11.60))
    
    
  • Case is not labelled on names when it would not be labelled in other contexts (see Personal names and Place names for details) or on foreign predicates.
    (NODE (NP-NOM (NUM^N an) (VAG^N byrnende) (N^N munt)
    	      (, ,)
    	      (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +tone))
    		      (C 0)
    		      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
    			      (VBPI hata+d)
    			      (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-1)
    				      (NP-PRD (NR Ethna)))))) <-- non-case-marked name
    				      (ID AelfLives,+ALS[Agatha]:217.938))
    
    (NODE (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +tone))
    	      (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N menn))
    		      (VBPI hata+d)
    		      (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-1)
    			      (NP-PRD (NR Ethna))))) <-- non-case-marked name
          (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agatha]:217.2152))
    			                   
    (NODE (CP-REL (WNP-ACC-3 (D^A +tone))
    	      (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N Romane))
    		      (PP (P for)
    			  (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (ADJ^G f+agran) 
    				      (N^G worda))
    			      (N gyfe)))
    		      (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *T*-3)
    			      (NP-PRD (FW Os) (FW Avrevm))) <-- Latin predicate
    		      (VBPI nemnia+d)))
          (ID cogregdC,GDPref_and_3_[C]:0.179.1.2171))
    
    
  • The predicate of a small clauses in which the subject has been passivized to the subject position of the matrix clause is always nominative; the trace of the passivized subject is labelled -SBJ.
    (NODE (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
    	      (C +te)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-2 *T*-1)
    		      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-2)   <-- trace of passivized subject
    			      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N manful))) <-- nominative
    		      (NEG+BEDS n+are)
    		      (VBN gemet))))
              (ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:207.2975))
    
    
  • With small clauses with verbs of naming (especially HATAN, but also NAMIAN, NEMNAN, CLYPIAN, CIEGAN) the predicate can be nominative or accusitive. The predicate is given a case label when the case is unambiguously either accusative or nominative; in all nom/acc ambiguous cases it is left unmarked. See Small clauses and verbs of naming for more examples.
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
              (NP-NOM *con*) 
              (VBDI het)
              (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                      (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$ his) (N^N mildheortnyss))) <-- unambig. nom. 
              (, .)                                                    predicate
              (PTP-NOM (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                       (VAG^N cwe+dende))
              (. .)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_5:49.219.1016))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*) 
              (PP (P for)
                  (NP-DAT (D^I +di)))
              (VBD clypode)
              (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (NR^A God))  <-- amb. subject assumed acc.
                      (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$ his) (N^N gefylsta)))
              (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_5:48.213.1011))
    
    ( (CODE <T06560041000,15.97.3>)
      (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV For+d+am))
              (VBDI heton)
              (NP-NOM (ADJ^N woroldwise) (N^N menn))
              (IP-SMC (NP-PRD (N wordsawere))  <-- amb. predicate 
                      (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +done) (ADJ^A +a+delan) (N^A lareow)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Paulus))))
              (. .)) (ID cocura,CP:15.97.3.632))
    
    
  • Participial predicates of small clauses are treated for case purposes as they are in other sentential contexts. They are therefore labelled for case only when there is overt inflection; and the -e of the present participle is not considered an inflection. See Case on participles.
    (NODE (CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +da)
    	      (C 0)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
    		      (NP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at) (N^A wundor))
    		      (VBDI geseah)
    		      (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1)
    			      (PP (P on)
    				  (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D wife)))
    			      (VBN gedon)))) <-- uninflected 
          (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:112.1277))
    
    ( (CODE <T06660120600,35.95.21>)
      (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
                  (VBPI fint)
                  (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                  (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
                  (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +ta) (N^A ryhtwisnesse))
    			  (VBN^A gehydde))  <-- overt inflection
                  (PP (PP (P mid)
                          (NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G lichoman))
                              (N h+afignesse)))
                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
                             (PP (P mid)
                                 (NP (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G modes))
                                     (N gedrefednesse)
                                     (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                            (NX (N bisgunga)))))))
                  (. .)) (ID coboeth,Bo:35.95.21.1853))
    
    ( (CODE <T03070008100,324>)
      (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Maurus))
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
              (VBDI geseah)
              (IP-SMC (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (NUM^A +anne) (VAG^A scinende) (N^A engel))
                              (PP (P wi+d)
                                  (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))
                              (VAG standende))  <-- uninflected 
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (CONJ and)
                             (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *con*) 
                                     (NP-ACC (D^A +tas) (N^A word))
                                     (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
                                     (VAG secgende))))  <-- uninflected 
              (. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:324.1682))
    
    ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
              (NP-NOM *con*)
              (VBD gemette)
              (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine))
                      (VAG^A libbendne))  <-- inflected 
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:430.1472))
    
    
  • For all other small clauses, the subject is in the case taken by the matrix verb. In most cases this is accusative, but there are a small number of cases in the genitive. In these cases the subject is labelled with the appropriate case and the -SBJ label. If the case of the subject is not unambiguously genitive, it is labelled accusative; the case of the predicate matches that of the subject.
    (NODE (CP-THT-x (C +d+at)
    		(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
    			(NP-GEN-1 (PRO^G hira))
    			(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
    			(IP-SMC (NP-GEN-SBJ *ICH*-1) <-- genitive small clause
    				(NP-GEN-PRD (ADJ^G gearra)))
    			(VBD wende)))
          (ID cocura,CP:56.433.29.3075))
    
    


Small clauses with passivized subject

When the subject of a small clause has been passivized to the subject position of the matrix clause, the case of the predicate in the small clause is always nominative and is so marked even when it is morphologically nom/acc. ambiguous.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM-2 (PRO^N he))
	      (PP (P +turh)
		  (NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A bebod)))
	      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-2)
		      (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N cristene)))
	      (VBN gefremed)
	      (BEDS w+are))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:4.32.5.251))

(NODE (CP-REL (WPP-2 (P in)
		     (NP-DAT (D^D +t+are)))
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
		      (NP-NOM-1 (PRO^N +tu) (FP ana))
		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gena))
		      (BEPI eart)
		      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
			      (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N biscop)))
		      (VBN gemeted)))
      (ID cobede,Bede_1:16.72.13.673))

Note that certain verbs (GEWEOR+TAN, +TENCAN, GEHATAN, etc.) are treated as taking a predicate directly in the passive, rather than taking a small clause. See Passive verbs taking predicates.



Small clauses with verbs of naming

Verbs of naming (HATAN, CIEGAN, CLYPIAN, NAMIAN, NEMNAN) take small clauses with either a nominative or accusative predicate although the subject is always accusative. The default for ambiguous cases, not otherwise dealt with under Case in small clauses, is to leave them unlabelled for case. This applies to all plurals and neuters, and to most non-pronominal masculines
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (PP (P for)
              (NP-DAT (D^I +di)))
          (VBD clypode)
          (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (NR^A God))
                  (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$ his) (N^N gefylsta)))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_5:48.213.1011))

(NODE (CP-REL-1 (WNP-2 (D +ta))
		(C 0)
		(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
			(VBDI het)
			(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
				(NP-PRD (NR Sibillas)  <-- nom/acc amb. plural
                                        (, ,)
                                        (CP-REL (WNP-NOM-3 (D^N +t+at))
                                                (C 0)
                                                (IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-3)
                                                        (BEPI synd)
                                                        (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N witegestran))))))))
      (ID colsigewZ,+ALet_4_[SigeweardZ]:712.287))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ ac)
              (CP-ADV-SPE (P si+d+dan)
			  (C 0)
			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
				      (VBN fullfremed)
				      (BEPI bi+d)))
              (, ,)
              (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
              (VBPI hata+d)
              (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
              (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hit))
			  (NP-PRD (N wyrd)))   <-- nom/acc ambig. neuter
              (. .)) (ID coboeth,Bo:39.128.10.2564))


Small clauses with XP predicates

Occasionally the predicate of a small clause is a non-nominal acting as nominal. These fall into two main types: a "name" which is syntactically a clause or phrase; and place names which are syntactically PPs. In these cases the predicate is enclosed by an XP-PRD label. See XP predicates.
(NODE (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D^N +t+at))
	      (C 0)
	      (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N mon))
		      (VBPI nemne+d)
		      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)  <--- PP
			      (XP-PRD (PP (P +at)
					  (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Coludes))))))))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:26.348.27.3517))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (VBD genemde)
          (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N^A naman))
                  (, ,)
                  (XP-PRD (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Drihten)) <-- IP-MAT
                                  (BEPI is)
                                  (NP-NOM-PRD (PRO$^N min) (N^N upahafennys)))))
          (, .)
          (CODE <T06220035400,17.16>)
          (CP-ADV (P For) (D^D +dam)
		  (C +de)
		  (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR^G Drihtnes))
						  (N^G cynesetles))
					  (N^N m+agen))
				  (CONJP (CONJ &)
					 (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
						 (N^N gefeoht))))
			  (BEPI by+d)
			  (PP (P ongean)
			      (NP-ACC (NR^A Amaleh)))
			  (PP (P of)
			      (NP (N cneorysse)))))
          (. .)) (ID cootest,Exod:17.16.3077))

Note that Latin predicates are not labelled XP-PRD, but rather as NPs as usual (see Foreign phrases acting as arguments).
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (MAN^N man))
	      (NP-ACC-1 (Q^A eall) (D^A +t+at) (N^A gear))
	      (PP (P +after)
		  (NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
	      (VBPI clypa+d)
	      (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1)
		      (NP-PRD (FW bissextilis))))
      (ID cobyrhtf,ByrM_1_[Baker-Lapidge]:2.1.114.662))


Small clauses with present participles

Note that clauses of the type Mary saw Sue running down the street are technically ambiguous since either Mary or Sue could be the subject of the predicate running down the street. When Mary is the subject, running down the street is a participle phrase; but when Sue is the subject then Sue running down the street is a small clause. Clauses are assigned the different structures based on context; unclear cases are labelled as participial phrases.
( (CODE <T06420057700,14.40>)
  (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (CP-ADV (P +ta) (C 0)
                   (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
                           (NP-ACC-RFL (PRO^A hine))
                           (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
                           (RP agen)
                           (VBD bewende)))
          (, ,)
          (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
          (VBD funde)
          (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hi))
                  (VAG sl+apende))
          (. ;)) (ID cowsgosp,Mk_[WSCp]:14.40.3313))

In the PPCME2 this ambiguity was always resolved in favour of the adjunct participial structure.



HAVE with object and participle

Most clauses with HAVE, an accusitive object, and a past participle are ambiguous between a verbal reading and a small clause reading, as well as sometimes a reduced relative reading (e.g., he had built a city of stone; he had a city built of stone (by someone else); he had a city (which was) built of stone) The default in this case is to take the reading as verbal. When the participle is inflected, it generally agrees with the accusitive object, and by default we case-mark the participal accusative except when it cannot agree with the object.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
          (NP-NOM (NR^N Moyses))
          (HVD h+afde)
          (NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ar))
          (VBN ibletsod)
          (. ,)) (ID colsigewB,+ALet_4_[SigeweardB]:387.109))

( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N $he)) 
              (HVD h+afde)
              (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A burh))
              (VBN beseten)
              (. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:343.1955))

(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
                  (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A gast))
                  (HVPI habba+d)
                  (RP+VBN underfangen)
                  (PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
                      (CPX-CMP-SPE (IPX-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we)
						    (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfe)))))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS[Peter's_Chair]:163.2389))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
          (NP-NOM *con*) 
          (HVDI h+afdon)
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-DAT (N^D bendum)))
          (, .)
          (NP-ACC (NUM^A +anne) (ADJ^A bealdne) (N^A +deof)
                  (, .)
                  (PTP-ACC (NP-ACC-PRD (NR^A BARRABAN))  <-- PTP
                           (VBN^A gecigedne)))
          (, .)
          (PP (P for)
              (NP-DAT (N^D manslihte)))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (N slege)))
          (. ;)) (ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_14.1:143.183.3187))




Absolutes (-ABS)

Participial absolutes (PTP-CASE-ABS)
Infinitive absolutes (IP-INF-ABS)

Table of contents


Participial absolutes (PTP-CASE-ABS)

Participial absolutes, most commonly dative or nominative, are adjuncts which have a subject that agrees with the participle. A non-nominative subject is distinct from the subject of the clause, but the nominative type also includes constructions of the type They came down the street, all singing loudly where the subjects are coreferential, as well as true absolutes. They are labelled PTP-CASE-ABS.The occasional cases in which the predicate in these constructions is not verbal but adjectival are still labelled as participial absolutes. See also Participle phrases.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (ADJ^N +agyptisce) (N^N folc))
              (, ,)
              (PTP-DAT-ABS (VBN^D forl+atenum)  <-- dative absolute 
                           (NP-DAT-SBJ (N^D gedwylde)))
              (, ,)
              (VBD gelyfde)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-ACC (NR^A Drihten))))
      (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:278.358))

( (IP-MAT (CONJ o+t+te)
          (NP-NOM *con*)
          (PTP-DAT-ABS (RP+VBN^D for+dwyrftum)
                       (NP-DAT-SBJ (N^D limum)))
          (PP (P to)
              (NP (N w+afersyne)))
          (VBD tucode)
          (, ,)
          (PP (P mid)
              (NP-DAT (Q^D gehwilcum) (N^D witum)))
          (. ;)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maurice]:125.5765))

( (CODE <T05090025200,672>)
  (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV +Dus))
          (PTP-NOM-ABS (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))  <-- nominative absolute 
                       (PP (P mid)
                           (NP-DAT (N^D tearum)))
                       (VAG^N biddende))
          (, ,)
          (NP-DAT-1 (PRO^D him))
          (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
          (NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+ter) (N^N ge+tanc))
          (PP (NP-DAT *ICH*-1)
              (P on))
          (VBDI befeoll)
          (PTP-NOM (ADVP (ADV +tus))
                   (VAG^N cwe+dende))
          (. ,)) (ID comary,LS_23_[MaryofEgypt]:672.444))

(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
              (NP-NOM (D^N se)
                      (N^N lichoma)
                      (NP-GEN (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (ADJ^G halgan) (N^G f+amnan))
                              (CONJP (CONJ &)
                                     (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are)
                                             (NP-GEN (NR^G Cristes))
                                             (N^G bryde))))
                      (PTP-DAT-ABS (ADJP-DAT-PRD (ADJ^D openre)) <-- absolute with adjectival predicate
                                   (NP-DAT-SBJ (D^D +t+are) (N^D byrgenne))))
              (BEDI w+as)
              (RP for+d)
              (PP (P on)
                  (NP-ACC (N^A leoht)))
              (VBN gel+aded))
      (ID cobede,Bede_4:21.320.14.3215)) 

Some phrases may be analyzed as absolutes or as adjunct NPs (gebygdum cneowum "with bended knees/with the knees bent", besmitenum handum, geomrigendum mode, upahefenum handum, etc. The default is to take such phrases as adjuncts, if this is possible. Generally, in the adjunct cases the participle is essentially adjectival and indicates an ongoing state, while in the absolute cases the participle is verbal and indicates an action having taken place before the action of the matrix. But as usual with participles the verbal/adjectival distinction is not always easy to make, and any investigation of either of these two construction should take into account the other.

(NP-DAT-ADT (VBN^D gebygdum) (N^D cneowum))   <-- adjunct

(PTP-DAT-ABS (VBN^D aworpenum)
	     (NP-DAT-SBJ (N^D h+a+tenscype))) <-- absolute


Infinitive absolutes (IP-INF-ABS)

Infinitival absolutes are adjunct infinitives with nominative subjects. There are only three examples in the corpus.
( (CODE <T22810000100,1.1.1>)
  (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-0 (NP-NOM (D^N +Tis))
                    (BEPI sint)
                    (NP-NOM-PRD (N^N tacn) 
                                (NP-GEN (ADJ^G adlies) (N^G magan))))
          (, ,)
          (IPX-MAT=0 (ADVP-TMP (ADVS^T +arest))
		     (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gelome))
		     (NP-NOM (NP-NOM (N^N sp+atunga) (CONJ o+d+de) (N^N hr+acunga))
			     (, ,)
			     (CONJP (NP-NOM (N^N cisnes)))
			     (, ,)
			     (CONJP (CONJ &)      <-- infinitival absolute
				    (IP-INF-ABS (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N man))
						(NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
						(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gelome))
						(TO to)
						(VB^D spiwanne)))
			     (CONJP (CONJ &)
				    (CP-THT (C 0)
					    (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
						    (RP+VBPI onfinde+t)
						    (NP (N swile)))))
			     (...))))
  (ID colaece,Lch_II_[2]:1.1.1.2112))

( (CODE <T06590030800,10.30.2>)
  (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N Hie))
          (NP (PRO$ heora) (N here))
          (PP (P on)
              (NP-ACC (NUM^A tu)))
          (RP+VBDI tod+aldon)
          (, ;)
          (IP-INF-ABS (IP-INF-ABS (NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+ter))
                                  (PP (P +at)
                                      (NP-ACC (N^A ham)))
                                  (BE beon)
                                  (IP-INF-NCO (NP-ACC (PRO$ heora) (N^A lond))
                                              (TO to)
                                              (VB^D healdanne)))
                      (, ,)
                      (CONJP (IP-INF-ABS (NP-NOM (ADJ^N o+der))
                                         (RP ut)
                                         (VB faran) 
                                         (IP-INF-NCO (TO to)
                                                     (VB^D winnanne)))))
          (. .)) (ID coorosiu,Or_1:10.30.2.584))