Clauses are labelled either IP or CP with an extended label in every case indicating type. Declarative matrix IPs are labelled IP-MAT, imperatives IP-IMP, and subordinate IPs, that is, those dominated by a CP, IP-SUB. Subordinate clauses with neither a complementizer nor wh- position are labelled IP with an extended label indicating type (e.g. infinitive IP-INF, small clause IP-SMC, etc. All CPs are also labelled for type. The basic types are as follows:
IP clauses CP clauses IP-MAT declarative matrix IP CP-ADV adverbial clause IP-SUB subordinate IP CP-CMP comparative IP-INF infinitive CP-DEG degree complement IP-INF-PRP purpose infinitive CP-FRL free relative IP-INF-ADT adjunct infinitive CP-QUE question IP-INF-DEG degree infinitive CP-CAR clause-adjoined relative IP-INF-ABS absolute infinitve CP-REL relative clause IP-ABS absolute CP-THT that complement IP-PPL participial adjunct CP-CLF it-cleft IP-SMC small clause CP-TMC tough-movement complement IP-IMP imperative CP-EOP empty-operator CP
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(INTJ Yes) <--- interjection
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD seyde)) <--- verb
(, ,)
(' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shall) <--- modal
(VB promyse) <--- verb
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(IP-INF-SPE (TO to) <--- auxiliary
(VB fullfylle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ youre) (N desyre)))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,667.4880))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for) <--- conjunction
(NP-SBJ (PRO he)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD shall)
(VB pulle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(RP oute)))) <--- particle
(MD shall) <--- modal
(DO do) <--- verb
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(PP (P with)
(NP (Q litill) (N myght)))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,46.1512))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and) <--- conjunction
(ADVP (ADV ellis))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD wolde) <--- modal
(HV have) <--- auxiliary
(BEN bene) <--- verb
(ADJP (ADJ lothe)
(PP (P as)
(NP (Q ony) (N knyght)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP lyvith)))))
(IP-INF-SPE (FOR for) (TO to) <--- for to
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N lady))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1701))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD smote)
(NP-OB1 (NPR sir) (NPR Sagramoure))
(ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV sore)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
(VBD wente)
(Q bothe) <--- floated quantifier
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,200.3170))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ but)
(VBI saye)
(CP-THT-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP are)
(VAN diseased)))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,4.83))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ for)
(VBI witte)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(ADVP (ADV wele))
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
(MD may)
(VB se)
(NP-OB1 (CONJ ba+te) (N iuil) (CONJ and) (N gude))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMBENRUL,12.418))
(CP (C THAT/0)
(IP ...))
That is, the complementizer position is always indicated, whether or not it
is filled. The empty position is indicated by (C 0).
(NODE (PP (P so)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR (NP (NUM thre) (NS dayes))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NUM thre) (NS nyghtes))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED was)
(ADJP (ADJ specheles)))))
(ID CMMALORY,6.172))
(NODE (PP (P til)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP see)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP go)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (D the) (ADJR wers))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,13.393))
(NODE (PP (P whan)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (D the) (N duke))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N wyf))))
(BED were)
(VBN comyn)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (D the) (N kynge))))))
(ID CMMALORY,2.11))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP departe)
(PP (P from)
(ADVP (ADV hens)))
(ADVP (ADV sodenly))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD maye)
(VB ryde)
(NP-MSR (Q all) (N nyghte))
(PP (P unto)
(NP (PRO$ oure) (ADJ owne) (N castell))))))
(ID CMMALORY,2.18))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD understood)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR syre) (NPR Ector))
(BED was)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N fader)))))
(ID CMMALORY,9.271))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD said)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (Q lytyl) (N ado))
(IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
(VB telle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym)))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,3.51))
(NODE (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV harde)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
(VBD felle)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
(ID CMMALORY,17.538))
(NODE (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV merveillously)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 (N doubte))
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
(BED was)
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB here)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D that) (N bataille))))
(PP (P for)
(NP (D the) (ADJ grete) (N blood) (N shedynge))))))
(ID CMMALORY,68.2325))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hie))
(VBP make+d)
(CP-THT (NP-LFD (D +danne) (N man) <--- left-dislocated NP in specCP
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB2 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
(NP-OB1 (PRO his))
(VBD to-sant))))
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(VBP +turwune+d)
(PP (P on)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N godnesse))))))
(ID CMVICES1,149.1875))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(NP-LFD (PRO$ ti) (N wil))
(VBP iwur+de)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit))
(NP-VOC (ADJ deorwur+de) (NPR lauerd))
(CP-ADV-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(PP (P +turh)
(NP (PRO$ +ti) (N streng+de)))
(MD mahe)
(VB stonden)
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (PRO him)))))
(, .)
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(CP-ADV-SPE (NP-LFD (PRO$ his) (ADJ muchele) (N ouergart)) <--- left-dislocated NP in specCP
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit))
(MD mote)
(VB afeallen)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMARGA,70.251))
Similar cases with a complementizer before and after the fronted element
are treated as CP-recursion. See Section CP RECURSION.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sain) (NPR paul))
(VBP sais)
(CP-THT (C +tat) <--- CP recursion
(CP-THT (NP-LFD (PRO +tai)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(DOP dos)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ wicke) (NS dedis)))))
(, ,)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
(VBP giue)
(NP-OB1 (PRO+N +tam-selffe))
(PP (P til)
(NP (D +te) (NPR deuil))))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMBENRUL,21.735))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX tare))
(BEP be)
(NP-2 (Q lytil) (N entirual))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (C +tat) <--- CP recursion
(CP-ADV (NP-LFD (D ta)
(CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(MD sal)
(VB ga)
(PP (P til)
(NP (NS laburs))))))
(, ,)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
(MD may)
(HV haue)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N morning))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +te) (N begining)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N lyth)))))
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO$ +tair) (N labur)))))))
(ID CMBENRUL,15.546))
In wh- clauses, material can appear before the wh-element, although in this
case, it is to be interpreted as adjoined to CP rather than filling the
specifier position (since the wh-element is in that position).
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D tes) (ADJ unseli))
(NEG ne)
(MD +turue)
(NEG nawt)
(VB seggen)
(, .)
(CP-QUE-SPE (NP-LFD (PRO$ +ti) (NPR lauerd)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(VBP leuest)
(PP (P on)
(NP *T*-1)))
(, .)
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD schulde)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ +ti) (N scheld))
(BE beon))))))
(, .)
(WADVP-2 (WADV hwer))
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
(ID CMJULIA,122.464))
( (IP-IMP (VBI loke)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +tenne))
(PP (ADV+P her-bi))
(, .)
(CP-QUE (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV hwa-se))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hire) (N mei+dhad)))
(, ;)
(VBP lihte+d)
(PP (P in-to)
(NP (N wedlac))))))
(, ;)
(WPP-2 (P bi)
(WNP (WQP (WADV hu) (Q monie))
(NS degrez)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO ha))
(VBP falle+d)
(ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD dunewardes))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMHALI,144.244))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD tolde)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(CP-QUE (PP-1 (P whyle)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD tarryed)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
(WADVP-2 (WADV how))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
(PP *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Nero))
(BED was)
(VAN (VAN destroyed) (CONJ and) (VAN slayne))
(PP (P with)
(NP (Q all) (PRO$ his) (N oste)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,57.1905))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD (VBD +girnde) (CONJ &) (VBD walde))
(ADVP (ADV +georne))
(CP-THT (PP-2 (P +gef)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ godes) (N wil))
(BED were))))
(, ;)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(MD moste)
(BE beon)
(NP-OB1 (ONE an)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (Q moni) (N+NS moder-bern)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q muchel)))
(VBD drohten)
(PP (P for)
(NP (NPR drihtin)))))))))))
(ID CMMARGA,56.22))
Verbs are also sometimes fronted to this position. See Section VERB FRONTING IN
FREE RELATIVE CLAUSES.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (D +tt))
(VBP stont)
(ADVP (ADV studeuest))
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VBP-LFD falle)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP-RSP falle))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMJULIA,124.520))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(BEP am)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (PRO +te)))
(, .)
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (DOP-LFD do)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (MAN me))
(DOP-RSP do)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMKATHE,42.375))
(NODE (PP (VB-1 spede)
(P +gyf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD may)
(VB *ICH*-1))))
(ID CMKEMPE,142.3283))
(NODE (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VB-2 sei)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (VB *ICH*-2)
(NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(MD wult)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu)))))
(ID CMKATHE,34.237))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(PP (P atte)
(NP (N risyng)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N sonne)))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBD fond)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ secunde) (N degre)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Aries))))
(IP-PPL (VAG sittyng)
(PP (P upon)
(NP (PRO$ myn) (N est) (N orisonte))))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (ADVP (Q all)) <--- ALL BE IT THAT
(IP-SUB (BEP be)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BEP was)
(ADJP (FP but) (ADJ litel))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMASTRO,673.C1.364))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(, ,)
(CP-ADV-SPE (ADVP (Q al))
(IP-SUB-SPE (BED were)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
(ADVP (ADV so))
(CP-THT-SPE-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV right) (ADV now))
(BED were)
(ADJP (ADJ deed))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(NEG ne)
(MD oughte)
(NEG nat)
(, ,)
(PP (P as)
(PP (P for)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N deeth))))
(, ,)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$+N youreself))
(TO to)
(VB destroye)
(E_S .))
(ID CMCTMELI,217.C1b.18))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (Q all))
(MD $shal)
(BE be)
(VAN delyverde)
(, ,)
(PP (P so)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(MD wolte)
(VB telle)
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ thy) (N name)))))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV-SPE (ADVP (ADV so)) <--- SO BE IT THAT
(IP-SUB-SPE (BEP be)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(CP-THT-SPE-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(BEP be)
(NEG nat)
(NP-OB1 (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,191.2824))
For CP-recursion, see above and section CP RECURSION.
( (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Gawayne))
(MD shall)
(VB revenge)
(NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO$ his) (N$ fadirs)
(NP-PRN *ICH*-2))
(N deth)
(CODE )
(NP-PRN-2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Lot))
(CODE ))
(PP (P on)
(NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Pellynore)))))
(ID CMMALORY,61.2043))
( (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whyche))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(MD wolte)
(HV have)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO$ thy) (N peramour)))))
(ID CMMALORY,184.2551))
( (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO Who))
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD may)
(VB take)
(NP-OB1 (D +tys) (N vertu))))
(ID CMAELR3,26.10))
( (CP-ADV (WQ Whether)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP (VBP lyve) (CONJ other) (VBP dye))))
(ID CMMALORY,203.3290))
( (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WD what) (N seruise))
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP canst)))
(ID CMAELR3,40.417))
(NODE (CP-QUE (WPP-5 (P with)
(WNP (WD which) (N degre)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N zodiak)))))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-5)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N mone))
(VBP arisith)
(PP (P in)
(NP (Q any) (N latitude)))))
(ID CMASTRO,663.C2.34))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (N despite)
(CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(DOD dud)
(NP-TMP (D thys) (N day))
(PP (PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N courte))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1696))
(NODE (NP (Q al)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBD suffredest))))
(ID CMAELR3,53.854))
(NODE (NP (D the) (N feith)
(CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(VBD ought)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO hym))))))
(ID CMMALORY,5.121))
(NODE (NP (D +te) (N blys)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD boght)
(NP-OB1 (PRO vs))
(PP (P to)
(NP *T*-1)))))
(ID CMMIRK,5.112))
(NODE (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hath))))
(ID CMMALORY,2.32))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (NPR holy) (NPR lond)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
(VBP callen)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N lond)
(PP (PP (P of)
(NP (N promyssioun)))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N beheste))))))))))(ID CMMANDEV,1.2))
(NODE (NP-MSR (D the) (ADJ+N meanwhyle)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D thys) (N knyght))
(BED was)
(VAG makynge)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
(ADJP (ADJ redy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB departe)))))))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1589))
(NODE (NP-SBJ (D Thys) (N swerde)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am)
(VAN gurte)
(PP (P withall)
(NP *T*-1))))) <--- trace in lower constituent
(ID CMMALORY,45.1496))
(NODE (NP (D a) (ADJ new) (N batayle)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whych))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED was)
(ADJP (ADJ sore) (CONJ and) (ADJ harde)))))
(ID CMMALORY,26.832))
(NODE (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what) (ADV euere))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
(BEP be))))
(ID CMAELR3,26.4))
(NODE (NP (D the) (N castel)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NS posternes)))
(RP oute)))))
(ID CMMALORY,3.36))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D the) (N cause)
(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BED was)
(PP (P by)
(NP (NPR$ Merlyns) (N counceil))))))
(ID CMMALORY,5.134))
(NODE (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WD what) (ADJ poure) (N man))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP mete)
(PP (P at)
(NP (D the) (N posterne) (N yate)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the)
(N castel))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,6.149))