All subordinate clauses that are headed by a complementizer are
labelled CP. In addition, there are four types of subordinate clauses whose
primary label is IP (infinitives, small clauses, adjunct participials and
absolutes). All subordinate clauses, both CP and IP, have an additional
label indicating their type.
Adverbial clauses (CP-ADV)
Clauses labelled CP-ADV are either the complement of a preposition
(subordinating conjunction) (see Section PREPOSITIONS TAKING CLAUSAL
COMPLEMENTS) or stand alone but function as adverbials. The clausal
object of the preposition rather than the dominating prepositional phrase
receives the marking as an adverbial clause but the adverbial function is,
of course, the function of the clausal PP as a whole.
Bare CP-ADV clauses
Bare CP-ADV clauses are of three types:
Clauses headed by the complementizer THAT
Bare CP-ADV clauses headed by THAT usually signify purpose or
result.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
(VBD smote)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
(RP downe)
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD lay)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D a) (N sowghe)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,199.3125))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
(VBI hange)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N swerde))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(PP (P uppon)
(NP (D a) (N bowghe)))
(CP-ADV-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD may)
(VB gete)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,206.3377))
With the verbs SEND and WARN.
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N Archebisshop))
(PP (P by)
(NP (D the) (N advys)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Merlyn)))))
(VBD send)
(PP (P for)
(NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS lordes)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NS gentilmen)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS armes)))))))
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD shold)
(VB come)
(PP (P by)
(NP (NPR Crystmasse)))
(PP (FP even)
(P unto)
(NP (NPR London)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,7.188))
(NODE (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB sende)
(NP-OB1 (NS messangeris))
(PP (P into)
(NP (Q al) (NPR Israel)
(, ,)
(PP (P fro)
(NP (NPR Bersabee)))
(PP (P (P21 til) (P22 to))
(NP (NPR Dan)))))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
(MD schulden)
(VB come))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB=1 (VB make)
(NP-OB1 (N pask))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (NPR Lord) (NPR God)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Israel)))))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Jerusalem))))))))
(ID CMPURVEY,I,26.1315))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(BEP bie)
(VAN +gewarned)
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (C +dat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(NEG ne)
(VBP fol+ghi)
(NP-OB1 (Q none) (N+NS dwelmenn)
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-MSR (Q muchel))
(VBP misleue+d)))))))
(ID CMVICES1,27.306))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(MD mi+gtest)
(HV haue)
(VBN falle)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +te) (ADJ same)))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (IP-SUB (NEG+HVD nadde)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N mercy)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Crist))))
(VBN ikepte))))
(ID CMAELR3,53.858))
( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(HVD had)
(VBN slayne)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym)))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-MAT=1 (VBN takyn)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (IP-SUB (HVD had)
(NEG nat)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ good) (N knyght)
(NP-PRN (NPR $sir) (NPR Galahad))
(PP (P with)
(NP (D the) (ADJ rede) (NS armys))))
(VBN com)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(PP (P by)
(NP (N adventure)))
(PP (P into)
(NP (D tho) (NS partys)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,661.4665))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
(MD mai)
(NP-SBJ (Q nan) (ADJ muche) (N $speche)
(CODE {TEXT:spelche}))
(BE beon)
(PP (P (P21 wi+d) (P22 uten))
(NP (N sunne)))
(CP-ADV-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NEG ne)
(VBP ginne)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(ADVP (ADV neauer) (ADVR swa) (ADV wel))))
(E_S .))(ID CMANCRIW,II.61.626))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBP wite)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ mi) (N tunge))))
(, .)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(MD mai)
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(VB halden)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N wei)
(PP (P toward)
(NP (NPR heouene))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.63.661))
For ALL BE IT clauses, see Section ALL BE IT, ETC.
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD rode)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward))))))
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))
(HVD had)
(VBN lost)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N suerd))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,8.214))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(VBD loked)
(PP (P besyde)
(NP (PRO hym))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD sawe)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N knyght)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED was)
(ADVP (ADV passyngely) (ADV well))
(VAN horsed))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,26.818))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP wylle)
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV-SPE (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO thow))
(MD wilt)
(HV have)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,4.76))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Soo))
(NP-SBJ (D this))
(BED was)
(DAN done)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD devysed))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,4.87))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P whan)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR syre) (NPR Ector))
(BED was)
(VBN come))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD made)
(NP-OB1 (N fyaunce))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (N kyng)))
(IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
(VB nourisshe)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N child))
(PP (ADV lyke)
(P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
(VBD desyred)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,6.147))
AS clauses in which AS can be paraphrased as WHICH have a nominal empty
operator. These may be arguments of the matrix verb (DO AS I SAY), in which
case they are treated as free relatives (see Section AS FREE RELATIVES, or AS X SAID clauses (see
Section AS X SAID) or as continuative relatives
(see Section AS CONTINUATIVE
RELATIVES).
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N feblenesse)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N age))))
(VBP denye)
(NP-OB1 (N power)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N dede))))
(, ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tey))
(VBP seyn)))))
(ID CMAELR3,30.121))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX ther))
(BEP is)
(NP-1 (Q no) (N wight)
(CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(HVP hath)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ sovereyn) (N bountee))))
(PP (P save)
(NP (NPR God) (FP allone))))
(, ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he)
(NP-PRN (PRO+N hymself)))
(VBP recordeth)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N Evaungelie)))))))
(ID CMCTMELI,220.C2.139))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM eleven) (NS kyngis))
(MD shall)
(VB dye)
(PP (Q all)
(P in)
(NP (ONE one) (N day)))
(PP (P by)
(NP (D the) (ADJ grete) (N myght)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N prouesse)))
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS armys)))
(PP (P of)
(NP (NUM two) (ADJ valyaunte) (NS knyghtes)))))
(, ,)
(' ')
(, -)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBP tellith)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV aftir)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,31.996))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ same) (N nyght))
(, ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shal)
(VB ansuer)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR God))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (D this) (N child))
(BED was)
(VAN begoten)
(PP (P upon)
(NP (PRO me)))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,5.129))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D An) (N hemme))
(, ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP wost)
(ADVP (ADV wel)))))
(, ,)
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (ADJ laste) (N ende)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D a) (N clo+t))))
(E_S ;))(ID CMAELR3,34.225))
That clauses act as complements to verbs, nouns, and adjectives.
That clause complements
That clause complements of verbs
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP suppose)
(CP-THT-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP ar)
(VAN displesyd)
(CP-THT-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN shewed)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(NP-OB1 (N unkyndnesse))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1574))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP pray)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(, ,)
(NP-VOC (ADJ fayre) (N knyght))
(, ,)
(CP-THT-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP tarry)
(NEG nat)
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
(PP (P frome)
(NP (PRO me)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1583))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (N causer)
(CP-THT-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N modir))
(BED was)
(VAN brente))))
(PP (P thorow)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N falsehode)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N trechory)))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,49.1625))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(PP (P by)
(NP (N cause)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BED was)
(PP (P beforn)
(NP (ADJ+N mydday)))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBD turned)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N riet)))
(ID CMASTRO,670.C1.230))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
(MD mot)
(BE be)
(ADJP (ADJ war)
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP take)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR to) (Q litel))
(N hede))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N body)))))))
(ID CMAELR3,31.148))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(ADVP (ADV Truly))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Balyne)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am)
(ADJP (ADV ryght) (ADJ hevy)
(CP-THT-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
(NP-PRN (NPR Arthure)))
(BEP ys)
(VAN displeased)
(PP (P with)
(NP (PRO me))))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,52.1746))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (P+N bycause)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N armoure)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (N shylde))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am)
(ADJP (ADJ sure)
(CP-THT-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shall)
(VB ryde)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N pease))))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,198.3079))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D Thys))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N cause)
(CP-THT-SPE *ICH*-1))
(, ,)
(NP-VOC (N damesell))
(, ,)
(CP-THT-SPE-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBD com)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D thys) (N courte)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,50.1673))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
(BED was)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(ADJP (ADJ ware)
(CP-THT *ICH*-1))
(PP (P by)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (NS armys)))
(CP-THT-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX there))
(VBD com)
(IP-PPL (VAG rydyng))
(NP-2 (PRO$ hys) (N brothir)
(NP-PRN (NPR Balan)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,52.1732))
( (IP-MAT (CP-THT-SBJ (C +Tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +tes) (NS seruauntis))
(VBD telde)
(NP-OB2 (D +tis) (N kyng))
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (PP (P in)
(NP (D +te) (ADJ seuen+te) (N
howr)))
(NP-SBJ (N feuer))
(VBD forsooke)
(NP-OB1 (D +tis) (N child))))))
(VBP bytokne+t)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ greet) (N witt))
(, ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Robard)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Lyncolne))))
(VBP schewe+t))))
(E_S .)) (ID CMWYCSER,307.1439))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP (ADV so))
(CP-THT-SBJ (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Abraham))
(MD schulde)
(BE be)))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (N trew+te)
(PP (P wi+towten)
(NP (N eende))))
(E_S .)) (ID CMWYCSER,422.3543))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(BEP ys)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N pite`))
(CP-THT-SPE-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD shall)
(NEG nat)
(VB endure)
(NP-MSR (FP but) (D a) (N whyle))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1680))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD paste)
(PP (P beyonde)
(NP (D the) (N castell))))))
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(VBD thought)
(CP-THT-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD herde)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NS bellys))
(VB rynge))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,205.3340))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Take)
(NP-OB1 (N heed))
(PP (P of)
(NP (ONE oo) (N thynge)
(, ,)
(CP-THT-PRN (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(VBP slepe)
(NEG not)
(PP (P whan)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(MD shuldest)
(VB wake))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMAELR4,6.167))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D that)
(CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(VBP forthynkith)
(CP-THT-PRN-SPE-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN greved)
(NP-OB1 (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(NP (Q ony)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N courte))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1698))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist))
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit)
(CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
(VBP wat)
(CP-THT-PRN-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO $ha)
(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
(BEP $beo+d)
(CODE {TEXT:hebeo+d})
(ADJP (ADJP (ADVR to) (ADJ woake))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(ADJP (ADVR to) (ADJ (ADJ21 unwreste) (ADJ22 iheorted)))))
(CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (ADJ +tullich) (N gest)))
(ADVP (ADV hardeliche))
(NEG ne)
(VBP fechte+d)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.196.2809))
(CP-THT (C that)
(CP-THT (TOPIC ...)
(C that)
(IP-SUB ...)))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
(VBD be+tohte)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(CP-THT (C +tet)
(CP-THT (PP-1 (P gif)
(LB |)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD mihte)
(BE ben)
(ADJP (N+ADJ rotfest))
(PP (P on)
(NP (NPR Engleland))))))
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD mihte)
(HV habben)
(NP-OB1 (Q eal) (PRO$ his) (N wille)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMPETERB,49.224))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(BEP be)
(VAN iwarned)
(, ,)
(CP-THT (PP-2 (P +gif)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
(NP-OB2 (PRO +de))
(VBP +gif+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +tese) (ADJ swete) (NS teares)))))
(, ,)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
(NP-SBJ (Q non) (N win)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +dare) (N world))))
(NEG+BEP nis)
(ADJP (ADVR swa) (ADJ swete)))))
(ID CMVICES1,149.1856))
Degree complement clauses are enclosed within the parens of the constituent containing their associated degree word.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD smote)
(NP-OB1 (NPR sir) (NPR Sagramoure))
(ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV sore)
(CP-DEG (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
(VBD wente)
(Q bothe)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,200.3170))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (P yf)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
(NP-PRN (PRO$ my) (N husbande)))
(VBP wete)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit)))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ hasty)
(CP-DEG-SPE (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD wyll)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,205.3353))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
(VBD charged)
(ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV sore)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(PP (P uppon)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N horse))
(VBD reversed)
(ADVP (ADV up-so-downe))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,201.3194))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
(NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(DOD dud)
(ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV mervaylesly)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NS armys)))
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q all) (NS men))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (N wondir))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,22.691))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ oure) (NS synnes))
(BED were)
(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ grete)
(CP-DEG-SPE *ICH*-1))
(PP (P at)
(NP (D that) (N tyme)))
(CP-DEG-SPE-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (QP (ADV+ADV well-nyghe)
(Q all)))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (N wyckednesse))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,643.4044))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD gaff)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(NP-OB1(ADJP (SUCH suche)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(D a) (N falle)
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N horse))
(VBD felle)
(PP (RP downe)
(P to)
(NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
(E_S .))(ID CMMALORY,23.719))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N Wra+d+de))
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP sei+d))
(PP (P hwil)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBP lest))))
(VBP Ablinde+d)
(ADVP (ADVR swa)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N heorte))
(, .)
(CP-DEG-1 (C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(NEG ne)
(MD mei)
(NP-OB1 (N so+d))
(VB icnawen)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.96.1152))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD drove)
(PP (P over)
(NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ horse))
(N tayle)))
(, ,)
(CP-DEG-1 (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N helme))
(VBD smote)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D the) (N erthe)))
(NP-MSR (NP (D a) (N foote))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (QR more))))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV nyghe))
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N nek))
(BED was)
(VAN broke)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,188.2720))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD (VBD robbit) (CONJ and) (VBD quellede))
(NP-OB1 (N folc))
(, ,)
(NP-MSR (Q al)
(CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD might)
(VB *))))
(E_S .))(ID CMBRUT3,226.4097))
(NODE (IP-INF-2 (VB g+atenn)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
(LB |)
(LB |)
(NP-MSR (Q All)
(CP-DEG (WNP-3 0)
(C +tatt)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +gho))
(MD ma+g+g)
(VB *))))
(PP (P fra)
(NP (N sinne))))(ID CMORM,I,214.1767))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(BED w+as)
(PP (ADV+P +t+artogeanes))
(NP-MSR (Q eall)
(CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD (MD mihte) (CONJ &) (MD cu+de))
(VB *))))
(E_S .))(ID CMPETERB,43.54))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV now))
(HVP hast)
(VBN seyd)
(NP-OB1 (ADJR j-now)
(CP-DEG-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN brent)
(PP (P for)
(NP *T*-1)))))
(E_S .)
(" "))(ID CMKEMPE,133.3127))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD had)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV euere))
(NP-OB1 (ADJR ynow)
(CP-DEG (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(TO to)
(DO do))))
(PP (P in)
(NP (N amendynge)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N lyf)))))
(PP (P by)
(NP (N confession))))
(ID CMAELR4,13.351))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (P if)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD woll)
(VB abyde)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D thys) (N courte)))
(PP (P amonge)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N felyship))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD shall)
(ADVP (ADVR so)
(CP-DEG-SPE *ICH*-1))
(VB avaunce)
(NP-OB1 (PRO $you))
(CP-DEG-SPE-1 (C as)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD shall)
(BE be)
(VAN pleased)))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1578))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(VBD helde)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV faste)
(CP-DEG (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD myght)
(NEG nat)
(VB take)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(PP (RP oute) (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N honde)))
(PP (P but)
(PP (P yf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD sholde)
(HV have)
(VBN hurte)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hir))))))))
)
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,52.1723))
The external structure of comparatives is as follows. The whole comparison is treated as single constituent. The constituent is labeled according to the category of its head. For example, AS TALL AS... is labeled as an ADJP, MORE CAKE THAN... is labeled as an NP, etc. The comparative clause is taken as a complement of the preposition AS or THAN. When the PP headed by AS/THAN is extraposed, it leaves a trace within the constituent containing the head of the comparison. Internally, comparatives have an empty operator co-indexed with a trace indicating the elided target of the comparison. For comparative sub-deletion see Section COMPARATIVE SUBDELETION.
(NODE (ADJP (Q muche) (ADJR bygger)
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-2)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
(BED was)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))))))
(ID CMMALORY,200.3172))
(NODE (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV faste)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (N horse))
(MD myght)
(VB renne)))))
(ID CMMALORY,639.3917))
(NODE (NP (QR more) (N worshyp)
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(VBP wotist)
(PP (P off)
(NP *T*-1))))))
(ID CMMALORY,40.1325))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADVR as) (Q many))
(PP *ICH*-2))
(MD mict)
(BE be)
(VAN turnyd)
(PP (P be)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N voys)))
(PP-2 (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(MD xulde)
(BE ben)
(VAN *) <--- verb elided
(PP (P be)
(NP (PRO$ thy) (N voys)))
(PP (P +gyf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBD prechedist)
(NP-PRN (PRO$+N thy-selfe)))))))))
(ID CMKEMPE,149.3461))
(NODE (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NP (NPR sir) (NPR Ulphuns))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NPR sir) (NPR Brastias))))
(VB tarry)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ longe))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD wolde)
(VB *))))))
(ID CMMALORY,16.492))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(MD cou+te)
(ADVP (ADVR bettre)
(PP *ICH*-1))
(VB understonde)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N longage)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Grew))))
(PP-1 (P +tan)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
(CODE {he_could})
(VB speke)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMPOLYCH,VI,255.1858))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(BEP ys)
(ADJP (ADJR bettir)
(PP *ICH*-2))
(CP-THT-SPE-1 (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP sle)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N cowarde))))
(PP-2 (P than)
(CP-CMP-SPE (WADJP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADJP *T*-3)
(CODE {it_is})
(CP-THT-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (PP (P thorow)
(NP (D a) (N coward)))
(NP-SBJ (Q all) (PRO we))
(BEP be)
(VAN slayne))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,27.865))
(NODE (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO+N hemselff))
(ADJP (ADJP (QR more) (VAN blessed))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (ADJR more)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N worship)))))
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-1)
(CODE {they_think_themself_blessed_if})
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(HVD had)
(VBN gotyn)
(NP-OB1 (Q halff)
(D the) (N worlde)))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,659.4580))
If an entire clause which contains a trace is elided, the clause brackets are
included but no internal structure is given except the trace. The content of
the elided clause is included in (CODE {...}) to make the structure clearer.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD wol)
(VB venge)
(NP-OB1 (PRO yow))
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N outrage)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ youre) (NS adversaries)))))
(PP (P in)
(NP (OTHER oother) (N manere)
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (CP-THT (PP (P (CODE {in}))
(NP *T*-1))
(CODE {that_you_venge_yourself})
(NP-SBJ (N right))
(VBP comandeth))))))))
(ID CMCTMELI,232.C1.582))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(BED weren)
(ADJP (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ wise))
(CONJP (CONJ ant)
(ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ witi)))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (CP-THT (ADJP *T*-1)
(CODE {that_they_were}))
(NP-SBJ (MAN me))
(VBD fore-seide))))))
(ID CMKATHE,27.132))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(, ,)
(PP-PRN (P as)
(CP-ADV-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ same) (NPR Senec))
(VBP seith))))
(, ,)
(' ')
(ADJP-SPR (ADJP (D The) (QR moore) (ADJ cleer))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (D the) (QR moore) (VAG shynyng)))
(CP-CMP-SPE (WADJP-2 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADJP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (N Fortune))
(BEP is))))
(, ,)
(ADJP (ADJP (D the) (QR moore) (ADJ brotil))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (D the) (ADVR sonner) (VAN broken))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(BEP is)
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMCTMELI,230.C1.510))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (D +te) (ADVR better)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(VBP prayes))))
(, ,)
(ADVP (D +te) (ADVR wyseleere))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(VBP thynkis)
(E_S .))
(ID CMROLLTR,33.704))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(ADVP-TMP (ADVR as) (ADV ofte)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wyped)
(RP of)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N drope)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N corrupcioun))))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N nose)
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(BED was)
(NP-TMP (Q+N somtyme))
(VAN i-kutte)))))))))
(, ,)
(ADVP-TMP (ADVR so) (ADV ofte))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD made)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB slee)
(NP-OB1 (Q som)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (NS enemyes)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMPOLYCH,VI,171.1215))
When the comparison is on a noun in a THE MORE, THE MERRIER sentence,
the noun is labeled NP-ADT, the label for non-argument NPs
(Section NON-ARGUMENT (ADJUNCT) NP).
( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
(PP (P when)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
(HVP hase)
(VBN feled)
(NP-OB1 (Q oght)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +tat) (N savoure)))))))
(, ,)
(NP-ADT (D +te) (QR mare)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
(HVP have))))
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (QR mare))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
(VBP covayte)
(E_S ;))
(ID CMROLLEP,114.899))
( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (D +Te) (QR mare)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hauis)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N pouste))))))
(, ,)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (QR mare)
(CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
(HVP hauis)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(CP-EOP-2 (WNP-3 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(TO at)
(VB yelde)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMBENRUL,6.192))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-ADT (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche))
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (BEP is)
(ADJP (NP *T*-1)
(ADJ wor+t))
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man)))))
(, /)
(NP-2 (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche)))
(BEP bye+t)
(ADJP (NP *ICH*-2)
(ADJ wor+t))
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS workes)))
(ID CMAYENBI,91.1772))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Arthur))
(VBD sped)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV afore)))))
(ADVP (ADV so))
(DOD dyd)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Eester)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,10.294))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(ADVP (ADV alswa)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q euch) (N +ting))
(HVD hefde)
(NP-OB1 (N biginnunge))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N godlec)))))))
(, ;)
(ADVP (ADV alswa))
(MD schulden)
(NP-SBJ (Q alle))
(HV habben)
(NP-OB1 (N endunge))
(, .)
(PP (P +gef)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB1 (D +tt))
(VBD walde))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMKATHE,22.57))
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV Riht)
(P alswo)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D +de) (N lichame))
(NP-OB1 (Q none) (N strenc+te))
(NEG ne)
(MD mai)
(HV habben)
(PP (P wi+d-uten)
(NP (NS bonen))))))
(, ,)
(ADVP (Q al) (ADV swo))
(NEG ne)
(MD mai)
(NP-SBJ (NP (PRO ic))
(CONJP (CONJ ne)
(NP (Q non) (N saule))))
(NP-OB1 (N $streng+te) (CONJ ne) (N mihte))
(HV habben)
(PP (P wi+d-uten)
(NP (D +dese) (ADJ hali) (NS mihten)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMVICES1,93.1099))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(MD shulde)
(HV have)
(NP-OB1 (SUCH such) (N chere)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD myght)
(BE be)
(VAN made)
(PP (P for)
(NP (PRO them)))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D thys) (NS marchis)))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,16.493))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(HVD had)
(NEG nat)
(BEN bene)
(NP-OB1 (SUCH such) (D a) (N knyght)
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP ar))))
(PP (P of)
(NP (N worship) (CONJ and) (N prouesse)))))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1577))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(MD schalt)
(HV haue)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N chyld)
(ADJP (SUCH suche))
(CP-CMP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer))
(NP-SBJ (Q noon))
(HVD had)
(ADJP (NP *T*-1)
(ADJ lyke)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ ny)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADJP (NP *T*-1)
(ADJ (CODE {like})))
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer))
(MD schall)
(BE be)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV byfore) (CONJ nor) (ADV aftyr)))))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMIRK,16.448))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD rode)
(ADVP (ADV aftir))
(NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ grete) (N pace)
(QP (ADVR as) (Q muche))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (N horse))
(MD myght)
(VB dryve)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1686))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +te+d+dan))
(BED weren)
(NP-1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q felen))
(NS spechen)
(PP (P swa)
(CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX +tere))
(NP-2 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
(NS wurhten))
(BED weren)))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMLAMBX1,93.822))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N body))
(VBD stickede)
(ADJP-SPR (ADVR alse) (ADJ ful)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS Arwes)))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D an) (N hirchone))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(ADJ ful)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS prickes)))))))))
(ID CMBRUT3,107.3234))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP ha+t)
(NP-OB1 (QR more) (N ioie)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N fynding)
(PP (ADV+P +ter-of))))
(, ,)
(PP (P +ten)
(CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
(N sorow)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N lesing)))))))))
(ID CMCLOUD,132.820))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Certes))
(, ,)
(PP (P agayns)
(NP (D that) (VAN cursed) (N wanhope)))
(MD sholde)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VB thynke)
(CP-THT (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR passion)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Jhesu) (NPR Crist))))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (QR moore) (ADJ strong)
(IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
(VB bynde))
(PP (P than)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N synne))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(ADJ strong)
(IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to) (VB bynde)))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCTPARS,327.C2.1673))
( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (D +de)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-MSR (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(QR more))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADJ swaint))
(PP (P mid)
(NP (NP (NS deules))
(, ,)
(CONJP (NP (NS fondinges)
(PP (PP (P of)
(NP (NPR dieule)))
(CONJP (CONJ o+der)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N manne))))))))))))
(, ,)
(NP-MSR-2 (D +de))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-2)
(ADJR strengere)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJX (ADJR betere))))
(BEP is)
(PP (P on)
(NP (ADJ gode) (NS werkes)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMVICES1,29.329))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Gif)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
(NP-OB1 (D +dis) (N liht))
(MD miht)
(VB isien))))
(, ,)
(ADVP (ADV full) (ADV +gewiss))
(NP-MSR (D +de)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
(ADJP (NP-MSR *T*-1)
(ADJR hei+ger))
(BEP art))))
(, ,)
(ADVP (NP-MSR (D +te)) <--- THE labelled NP-MSR
(ADVR warliker))
(NP-SBJ *pro*)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +de) (N seluen))
(MD wilt)
(VB ne+derin)
(E_S .))
(ID CMVICES1,49.553))
The Lambeth Homilies has one comparative with THES, a genitive of
extent, as the head of the comparison.
(NODE (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ ah)
(NP-MSR (D +tes)
(CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(HVD heoueden)
(NP-OB1 (NP-MSR *T*-2)
(QR mare) (N wele))
(PP (P on)
(NP (D +tisse) (N liue))))))
(, .)
(NP-MSR-3 (D +tes))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD ahte)
(TO to)
(BE beon)
(ADJP (ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
(D +te) (ADJR edmoddre))
(, .)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
(D +ta) (QR mare) (ADJ imete))))
(PP (Q al)
(P swa)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ ure) (N wele))
(NEG+BED nere)))))
(ID CMLAMBX1,5.43))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ouwer) (N saule))
(VBP secli)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
(PP (P se)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(BEP is)
(RP vte))))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.41.367))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
(PP (P swa)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD h+afde)
(NP-OB1 (N wind))))))
(, ,)
(ADVP (ADV swa))
(VBD ferde)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(PP (RP ofer) (LB |) (P into)
(NP (NPR Normandie)))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMPETERB,44.95))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP ys)
(NP-OB1 (NP (D a)
(ADJP (ADV passynge) (ADJ good))
(N man)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N body)))
(PP (P as)
(CP-CMP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q fewe))
(BEP bene)
(IP-PPL-SPE (VAG lyvynge))))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (D a)
(ADJP (ADV passynge) (ADJ proude))
(N man))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,44.1454))
( (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB lere)
(PP (P til)
(NP (NP (D a) (ADJ febyll) (N man))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (D a)
(ADJ fleschly)))
(, ,)
(PP (P als)
(CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP am)))))))
(ID CMROLLEP,108.762))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBD ward)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sone))
(NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADV suythe) (ADJ god))
(N pais)
(PP (P sua)
(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
(C +dat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV neure))
(BED was)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV here))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMPETERB,59.623))
Direct and indirect questions are not differentiated by clause label; rather, indirect questions always contain a complementizer position, while direct questions do not. Note that, as usual, we do not show inverted verbs as filling the complementizer position; rather the complementizer position is omitted in the same way as in other V1 clauses, such as yes/no questions (Section YES/NO QUESTIONS), and verb-first conditionals (Section V1 CONDITIONALS).
(CP-QUE (WXP ...) <--- direct question
(IP-SUB (VERB)
(SUBJECT)))
(CP-QUE (WXP ...) <--- indirect question
(C THAT/0)
(IP-SUB ...))
(CP-QUE (IP-SUB (VERB) <--- yes/no question
(SUBJECT)))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
(WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he)))
(, ?)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,3.65))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
(WADVP-1 (WADV How))
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(VBD gate)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(NP-OB1 (D this) (N swerd)))
(, ?)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR Arthur))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,9.242))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
(WNP-1 (WPRO What))
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(MD will)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(DO do))
(, ?)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (NS kynges))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,13.384))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
(VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ olde) (N man))
(, ,)
(' ')
(CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Why))
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(BEP ar)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ sad))))
(E_S ?)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,34.1100))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP praye)
(NP-OB2 (PRO the))
(, ,)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(VBP hatte)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))))
(E_S ?))
(ID CMAELR4,20.582))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (' ')
(VBI Aske)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP woll))))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1599))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
(VBI telle)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
(CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(HVP have)
(VBN spedde)))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,49.1638))
(NODE (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
(VB bryng)
(NP-OB1 (Q no) (N tydyng)
(CP-QUE (WADJP-1 (WADV howe) (ADJ ny))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (ADJP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N Quene))
(BED was)))))
(ID CMGREGOR,213.1957))
Indirect questions may also be used in apposition to a demonstrative or
other NP, in which case they carry the extended tag -PRN and if extraposed,
are coindexed to a trace within the NP, to distinguish them from verbal
complements which are free in the clause (see also Section
THAT CLAUSES).
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (ADJ laste) (N thyng)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NS men))
(MD shal)
(VB understonde)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N contricioun))))))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D this)
(, :)
(CP-QUE-PRN (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherof))
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(VBP avayleth)
(NP-SBJ (N contricioun)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCTPARS,296.C1a.333))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP knowen)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (D this)
(, ,)
(CP-QUE-PRN (WPP-1 (P of)
(WNP (WPRO whennus)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP is))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMNTEST,IX,20.924))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Na+telees))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(MD maist)
(PP (P bi)
(NP (D +tat) (N si+gt)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR$ Cristis) (N liif)))))
(, ,)
(VB (VB folowe) (CONJ and) (VB rule))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tin) (ADJ owne) (N conscience))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +tis) (N poynt)
(, :)
(CP-QUE-PRN (CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO whom))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-3 (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(MD schalt)
(VB folowe)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(CP-QUE (WNP-2 (WPRO whom))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB=3 (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(VB reffuse))))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(CP-QUE (WPP-4 (P wi+t)
(WNP (WPRO whom)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-4)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(MD maist)
(BE ben)
(ADJP (ADJ hoomly)))))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(CP-QUE (WPP-5 (P with)
(WNP (WPRO whom)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-5)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(MD schalt)
(BE be)
(ADJP (ADJ strange))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMHILTON,12.79))
(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-VOC (N Syre))
(, ,)
(MD shall)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ your) (N sone)
(NP-PRN (NPR Arthur)))
(BE be)
(NP-OB1 (N kyng))
(PP (P after)
(NP (PRO$ your) (NS dayes)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D this) (N realme)))))
(PP (P with)
(NP (Q all) (D the) (N appertenaunce)))))
(ID CMMALORY,7.177))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
(IP-SUB-SPE (VBD Found)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(NP-OB1 (Q ony) (NS knyghtes))
(PP (P about)
(NP (D this) (N swerd))))
(, ?)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seid)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,9.248))
( (CP-QUE (' ')
(IP-SUB (NP-VOC (N Sir))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Ector))
(PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR Arthur))))
(, ,)
(' ')
(MD woll)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BE be)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ my)
(ADJP (ADJ good) (CONJ and) (ADJ gracious))
(N lord))
(PP (P when)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP are)
(NP-OB1 (N kyng))))))
(E_S ?)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,9.272))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD asked)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(CP-QUE (WQ whethir)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP were)
(ADVP (ADV sore))
(VAN wounded))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-SUB=1 (NEG none)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,639.3936))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ but)
(PP (P and)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD myght)
(VB preve)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit)))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD wolde)
(VB weete)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WQ whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(BED were)
(ADJP (ADVR bettir)
(ADJ worthy)
(IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(HV have)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym)))))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-SUB-SPE=1 (NP-SBJ (PRO I))))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,34.1075))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD may)
(VB chose)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WQ whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD woll)
(VB (VB dye) (CONJ other) (VB lyve))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,197.3040))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Thus))
(MD maist)
(NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(VB rekne)
(NP-OB1 (NP (Q bothe) (NS arches))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(NP (Q every) (N porcioun)
(, ,)
(CP-REL
(WPP-1 (P of)
(WNP (WPRO whether)))
(C that)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ *exp*)
(NP-OB2 (PRO the))
(VBP liketh))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMASTRO,672.C1.320))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ Ne)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
(NEG+VBP nuten)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +teos) (NUM twa)))
(, ;)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der)) <--- which of two
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB2 (PRO ham))
(VBP +tunche+d)
(ADJP (ADJR wurse))
(, .)
(PP (P for)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q ei+der))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADJ un+tolelich)))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMSAWLES,172.82))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD shal)
(VB overcome)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hem)
(QP (Q all)))
(, ,)
(CP-QUE-ADV-SPE (WQ whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE-1
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBP wille))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-SUB-SPE=1 (NEG+VBP nylle)))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,13.372))
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Thou))
(BEP arte)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N daungere)))
(, ,)
(CP-QUE-ADV-SPE (WQ whethir)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(VBP lyste)
(IP-INF-SPE-1 (IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(VB save)
(NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-INF-SPE (TO *)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO the))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,40.1309))
WHETHER also introduces YES/NO questions in some texts. See Section
YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH WHETHER.
WHETHER is often used nominally in free relative clauses. See Section
WHETHER FREE RELATIVES.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N prynce))
(VBD askyd)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(CP-QUE (C yf)
(C that)
(CODE )
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD wolde)
(VB for-sake)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N heresy)))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB=1 (VB be-leve)
(PP (P on)
(NP (D the) (N faythe)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q alle) (ADJ Hooly) (NPR Chyrche)))))))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMGREGOR,106.228))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
(VBD asked)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(CP-QUE (C +gif)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED were)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N knyght)))))
(ID CMMANDEV,15.331))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te+g+gm))
(VBD +g+afe)
(NP-OB1 (N ra+t)
(CP-QUE *ICH*-1))
(NP-TMP (D +tatt) (N nahht))
(LB |)
(LB |)
(PP (P +Turrh)
(NP (NP-POS (NPR Hali+g) (NPR$ Gastess))
(N rune)))
(, ,)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(CP-QUE-1 (C +Giff)
(C +tatt)
(IP-SUB-2 (NP-SBJ (PRO te+g+g))
(MD sholldenn)
(IP-SUB-PRN=2 (CONJ o+terr)
(NEG nohht))
(LB |)
(LB |)
(ADVP (ADV Efft))
(VB wendenn)
(PP (P till)
(NP (NPR Herode))))))
(ID CMORM,I,258.2093))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
(CP-QUE-SBJ (WNP-1 (WPRO who))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBD mad)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))
(BEP is)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N doute)))
(E_S .)) (ID CMCAPCHR,55.685))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV sythen))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD seyd)
(, ,)
(" ")
(CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whe+tyr)
(IP-SUB-SPE (HVP haue) <--- with inversion
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBN synned)
(PP (PP (P wyth)
(NP (NS wyfes)))
(CONJP (CONJ er)
(PP (P wyth)
(NP (ADJ sengyl) (NS women)))))))
(E_S ?)
(" "))
(ID CMKEMPE,27.579))
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therfor))
(NP-SBJ (NS disciplis))
(VBD seiden)
(ADVP (ADV togidir))
(, ,)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whether) <--- no inversion
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q ony) (N man))
(HVP hath)
(VBN brou+gt)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(NP-OB1 (N mete)
(CP-EOP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB ete))))))
(E_S ?))
(ID CMNTEST,IV,20.309))
In addition to main-clause WHETHER questions, there are two types of
main-clause questions with uninverted order.
( (CP-QUE-SPE (" ")
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (N Suffisaunce) (CONJ and) (N power))
(BEP ben)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV thanne))
(PP (P of)
(NP (ONE o) (N kynde))))
(E_S ?)
(" ")) (ID CMBOETH,429.C1.22))
(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (D This) (N thing))
(VBP sclaundrith)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +gou))))
(E_S ?)) (ID CMNTEST,VI,60.558))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hou))
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(MD moun)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge)
(CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-2))
(VB bileue)
(, ,)
(CP-REL-SPE-2 (WNP-3 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(VBP resseyuen)
(NP-OB1 (N glorie))
(NP-ADV (NP (Q ech))
(PP (P of)
(NP (OTHER othere)))))))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(VBP seken)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N glorie)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR God)
(ADJP (ADJ aloone))))))))))
(E_S ?))
(ID CMNTEST,V,40.445))
(NODE (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (BEP Art)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tow))
(NP-OB1 (PRO he)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(IP-INF-SPE (IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(VB comen))
(CODE </font>)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(VB saue)
(NP-OB1 (N$ manys) (N kynde)))))))
(, ,)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N lawe))
(VBP speki+t)
(PP (P of)
(NP *T*-2)))))
)
(, ,)
(CODE <font>)
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP abyden)
(NP-OB1 (D+OTHER ano+tur)))))
(ID CMWYCSER,I,335.1940))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hou))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(MD moun)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge)
(CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-2))
(VB bileue)
(, ,)
(CP-REL-SPE-2 (WNP-3 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(VBP resseyuen)
(NP-OB1 (N glorie))
(NP-ADV (NP (Q ech))
(PP (P of)
(NP (OTHER othere)))))))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(VBP seken)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N glorie)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR God)
(ADJP (ADJ
aloone))))))))))
(E_S ?)) (ID CMNTEST,V,40.445))
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therfor))
(NP-SBJ (NPR Jhesus))
(VBD answerde)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO hem)))
(, ,)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Y))
(VBP chees)
(NEG not)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +gou) (NUM twelue)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (ONE oon)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO +gou))))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N feend))))))
(E_S ?))
(ID CMNTEST,VI,60.573))
( (CP-QUE-SPE (WQ Whether)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (NPR Moises))
(VBD +gaf)
(NEG not)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO +gou)))
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N lawe)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q noon)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO +gou))))
(DOP doith)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N lawe)))))
(E_S ?))
(ID CMNTEST,VII,1.617))
( (CP-EXL-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBD Wolde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR God))
(CP-THT-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD wolde)
(VB abyde)
(PP (P with)
(NP (PRO me))))))
(E_S !)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,59.1967))
( (CP-EXL-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV How))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ youre) (ADJ grete) (N doynge))
(BEP ys)
(VAN chonged)
(PP (P sytthyn)
(NP (D thys) (N day)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (N morne))))))
(E_S !))
(' '))
( (CP-EXL (INTJ A)
(, ,)
(NP-VOC (ADJ swete) (NPR God))
(, ,)
(WNP-1 (WD what) (N sorwe))
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(VBD suffrede)
(NP-SBJ (D+ADJ +tylke) (N wrecche)))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMAELR3,30.111))
Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses are not distinguished. Both types are contained within the brackets of their antecedent.
(NODE (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0) <--- restrictive
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hath))))
(ID CMMALORY,2.32))
(NODE (NP (D a) (N knyghte)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP hyghte)
(NP-OB1 (NPR syr) (NPR Jordanus)
(, ,)
(NP-PRN (D a) (N knyghte)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N$ dukes))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,4.81))
(NODE (NP (D the) (N castel)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche)) <--- unrestrictive
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(HVD had)
(NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NS posternes)))
(RP oute)))))
(ID CMMALORY,3.36))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (N mayster) (N fyende)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N helle)))
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(HVP hath)
(NP-OB1 (N pouste`))
(PP (P over)
(NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (NS devyllis))))))
(ID CMMALORY,670.4984))
Inside the relative clause, both the wh-constituent and the trace indicate
the category of the gap, with additional functional information (in the
form of an extended tag) appearing on the trace only.
(NODE (NP (Q ony) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1) <--- NP gap; function: subject
(MD woll)
(VB sey)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ contrary)))))
(ID CMMALORY,35.1136))
(NODE (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1) <--- NP gap; function: object 1
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVP hath))))
(ID CMMALORY,2.32))
(NODE (NP (D a) (N tyme)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV whan))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1) <--- ADVP gap; function: temporal
(NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(BED was)
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR London))))))
(ID CMMALORY,45.1483))
(NODE (NP (D the) (N castell)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Carbonek)))
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1) <--- ADVP gap; function: locative
(NP-SBJ (D the) (VAN Maymed) (N Kyng))
(BEP ys)
(VAG lyyng))))
(ID CMMALORY,659.4600))
The trace may also be inside a clause embedded under the relative.
(NODE (NP (PRO$ their) (NS shyldys)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP know)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP hongys)
(PP (P on)
(NP (D yondir) (N tre))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,192.2859))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (D +ta) (NS men)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hi))
(VBD wenden)
(CP-THT (C +dat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (Q ani) (N god))
(HVD hefden)))))
(NP-PRN *ICH*-2))
(ID CMPETERB,55.430))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (NS myracles)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wolde)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED weren)
(DAN done))))))
(ID CMWYCSER,364.2462))
(NODE (NP (D +te) (ADJ gode) (N angel)
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whic))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(MD schalt)
(NEG not)
(VB doute)
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(VAN iput)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO +te))))))))
(ID CMAELR3,29.79))
Generally the trace is made the first constituent in the IP simply for
convenience. When the WH-word has been extracted from within a
prepositional phrase or other constituent, however, the trace is put inside
the constituent. The category of the trace is indicated as usual. See
Section POSITION OF TRACES.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q every) (N man)
(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
(MD shold)
(VB assay)
(CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(VBD wold)))
(IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
(VB wynne)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
(ID CMMALORY,8.206))
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
(VBP gyff)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym)
(CP-REL-SPE *ICH*-2))
(NP-OB1 (N joy))
(CP-REL-SPE-2 (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (D this) (N spere))
(VBD made))))
(ID CMMALORY,201.3198))
In general, relative clauses are always either contained in or leave a
trace in their antecedent. Relative clauses for which this is not the case,
clause-adjoined relatives, are given a separate label CP-CAR. This
class includes continuative relatives, where the relative clause refers
back to the entire clause or to the VP, and relatives with a wh-modified
nominal loosely associated with an NP in the clause. For details see
Section CLAUSE-ADJOINED RELATIVES.
(NP (D se) <--- type (1)
(CP-REL (WNP 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(NP (CP-FRL (WNP (D se)) <--- type (2)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...)))
In Old English it is possible in most (although not all cases) to determine
which of these two possibilities is instantiated (see Cynthia Allen,
Topics in diachronic English syntax, New York: Garland, 1980) by the
inflection on the demonstrative: in type (1) it reflects its role in the
matrix clause, while in type (2) it reflects its role in the subordinate
clause. This would be exceptionally difficult and time-consuming to apply
as a criterion for distinguishing the cases in Middle English, and so we
treat these as headed relatives in all cases (i.e., as type (1)), although
this is (or may be) the wrong analysis in some cases. Note that SE is often
replaced by +TE in Middle English texts.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-LFD (D se)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (NP (PRO +gew))
(CONJP *ICH*-2))
(VBP forsak+t)
(CONJP-2 (CONJ and)
(NP (PRO$ +gewere) (N lare))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(VBP forsak+t)
(ADVP (ADV+ADV full+gewiss))
(NP-OB1 (PRO me) (N seluen))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMVICES1,45.496))
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D se)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(VB wissin)
(MD scolde))))
(, ,)
(DOP de+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +do) (ADJ ilke) (NS sennes)))
(ID CMVICES1,127.1568))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-LFD (D +te)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP bi+d)
(ADJP (ADJ $wis)))))
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
(NEG $ne)
(VBP $wur+d)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV $neure))
(CODE {TEXT:neme})
(ADJP (ADJ modi))
(E_S .))
(ID CMLAMBX1,107.991))
(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (D +te)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP nicke+d)
(ADVP (ADV wel)))))
(, .)
(MD Mei)
(BE beon)
(VAN ibore+gen))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.228.3299))
There are also a few cases in the early texts with an NP antecedent and a
SE-+TE relative. They are bracketed as follows with the demonstrative in
the specifier position:
(NP (D the) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP (D se))
(C +te/0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
When there is only one element between the antecendent and the IP, it is
not always possible to tell whether it is in the wh-position or in C. Our
rule in these cases is that a single +TE is always assumed to be in C (as
is a single THAT), but other demonstratives (+TA, +TO, SE, etc.) are
assumed to be in the wh-position.
(NP (D the) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP (D se))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(NP (D the) (N man)
(CP-REL (WNP 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...)))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Of)
(NP (D +tan)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
(HVD h+afde)
(NP-OB1 (D an) (OTHER o+dre) (N dohter)
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D seo))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED w+as)
(ALSO eac)
(VAN gen+amd)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-2)
(NP-OB1 (NPR maria)))
(PP (P +after)
(NP (D +t+are) (ADJR +arre) (N dohter)))))
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-3 (D +tas))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
(VBP cleope+d)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(NP-OB1 (NPR Maria) (NPR Cleophe))))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMKENTHO,139.145))
( (IP-IMP (VBI Harke)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
(NP-OB1 (D +de) (ADJ formeste) (N forbysne)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB2 (N+N mankenn))
(VBD sceawede)))
(CP-REL (WNP-2 (D +das))
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD cunnen)
(VB understonden))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMVICES1,49.549))
( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (D An) (ADJ lytel) (N synne)
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +tone))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (MAN man))
(NP-OB2 (PRO heo))
(HVP h+af+d)
(DON gedon)
(, ,)
(PP (P beo)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N gewittscipe))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO heo))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (QR mare)
(PP (P +tone)
(NP (Q eall) (NPR middeneard))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMKENTHO,140.170))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ (D se)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +te))
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NEG ne)
(MD wolden)
(DO done))))
(VBD forgede)
(NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ his) (N circe))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N hus)))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N ham)))))
(ID CMPETERB,51.292))
(NP (D the) (N place)
(CP-REL (WADVP (ADV there))
(C as/that/0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
(CP-REL (WADVP there)
(C as/that/0)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
(CP-REL (WADVP 0)
(C as/that)
(IP-SUB ...)))
(CP-FRL (WADVP (ADV there))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +tanne))
(PP (P wit)
(NP (Q alle) (N reuerence)))
(VBI beklep)
(NP-OB1 (Q sum) (N party)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D+ADJ +tilke) (ADJ swete) (N stalle) <--- NP THERE
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ty) (ADJ +gunge) (N husbonde))
(VBP ly+t)
(PP (P in)
(ADVP *T*-1)))))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMAELR3,40.420))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N munt) <--- NP THERE
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR caluarie)))
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
(VBD hongede))))
(, .)
(BED wes)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N kwalm) (N stouwe) <--- NP THERE
(CP-REL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(VBD lei+gen)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte))
(NP-SBJ (NS licomes)
(RRC (VAN iroted)))
(PP (P buuen)
(NP (N eor+de))))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD stunke)
(ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV fule)))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.84.1018))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(HVP haue+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +tet) (N+N hors-hus)
(CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(TO te)
(VB witene)))))))
(, ;)
(MD scal)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter) <--- THERE THERE
(, .)
(CP-REL (WADVP-3 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADJ ful)))))
(, ;)
(VB makien)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(ADJP (ADJ clene)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMLAMB1,85.212))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD bare)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR Vortiger)))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere) <--- THERE THAT
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD duellede))))
(E_S .))(ID CMBRUT3,48.1453))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter) <--- THERE AS
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D +tis) (N water))
(BEP is))))
(, .)
(ADVP (ADV sikerliche))
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (NPR feont))
(VBP fli+d)
(PP (P leoste)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP beo)
(VAN (VAN21 for) (VAN22 schalded)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.180.2535))
(NODE (IP-INF (TO to)
(BE be)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV $there)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C $as)
(CODE {TEXT:thereas})
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR Sankgreall))
(BED was)))))
(ID CMMALORY,660.4639))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N sonne) (N beem))
(VBD bare)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe) (N tyme))
(, ,)
(ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +tere)) <--- THERE
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (OTHER o+tere) (NS servauntes))
(VBD faillede))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMPOLYCH,VI,181.1300))
x( (IP-MAT (CONJ ne)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD cowde)
(NP-PB1 (Q no) (N thing)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (N knyghthood))
(VBD axed))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMBRUT3,48.1438))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Outher)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D+N th'estaat)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N innocence)))
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (D+N th'estaat)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR adam))))
(PP (P biforn)
(CP-ADV (C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD fil)
(PP (P into)
(NP (N synne)))))))))
(, ;)
(CP-CAR (WPP-2 (P in)
(WNP (WD which) (N estaat)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED was)
(VAN holden)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB wirche)
(PP (P as)
(PP (P in)
(NP (N heriynge) (CONJ and) (N adowrynge)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR God)))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCTPARS,311.C1.981))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P yf)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBD dyfferre))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
(MD wyll)
(NEG not)
(VB correcte)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ our) (N selfe))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV here))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (N scole)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N mercy))))))))))
(, ,)
(ADVP (ADVP (ADV full) (ADV grevously))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP (QS moost) (ADV sharply))))
(MD shall)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VB abyde)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N correccyon)))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N ryghtwysnesse)))
(, ,)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(ADVP (ADV dayly))
(PP (P by)
(NP (N experyence)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD maye)
(VB fele))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMINNOCE,9.138))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ani) (ADJ vnweote))
(VBP aski+d)
(NP-OB2 (PRO ou))
(CP-QUE (WPP-1 (P of)
(WNP (WD wat) (N ordre)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(BEP beo+d)))
(, ,)
(PP (P ase)
(CP-ADV (WNP-2 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (Q summe)
(CP-REL *ICH*-3))
(DOP do+d)
(, ,)
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(VBP telle+d)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me)))
(, ,)
(CP-REL-3 (WNP-4 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
(VBP si+ge+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N gnete)))
(CONJP (CONJ ant)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
(VBP swole+ge+d)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (N fle+ge))))))))))
(ID CMANCRIW,I.46.67))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(VBP serveth)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q many) (D a) (ADJ necessarie) (N conclusioun)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NS equacions)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS thinges)))))))
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(MD shal)
(BE be)
(VAN shewid))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMASTRO,669.C2.176))
For Infinitival Relatives, See Section
INFINITIVAL RELATIVES.
(NODE (NP (D the) (N castell)
(RRC (VAN called)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *) <--- small clause with subject placeholder
(NP-OB1 (NPR Camelot)))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D tho) (NS dayes)))))
(ID CMMALORY,45.1488))
(NODE (NP (D a) (N fygure)
(RRC (VAG stondynge)
(PP (P aboven)
(NP (PRO them)))
(PP (P with)
(NP (D a) (N swerde)
(RRC (VAN drawyn)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N honde))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,59.1953))
(NODE (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJS untrwyste) (N lady)
(RRC (VAG lyvynge)))
(ID CMMALORY,49.1623))
(NODE (NP (D +te) (N contre) <--- non-verbal RRC
(RRC (RP about)))
(, ,)
(ID CMBRUT3,226.4095))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ nethir)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ greet) (N flood)
(RRC (VAG distriynge)
(NP (Q al)
(NPR erthe))))
(MD schal)
(BE be)
(ADJP (ADJR more))
(E_S .))
(ID CMOTEST,IX,1G.350))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(PP (ADV+P thereby))
(PP (P undir)
(NP (D a) (N cloth)))
(VBD stood)
(NP-SBJ (D an)
(N horse)
(RRC (ADVP (ADV well))
(VAN (VAN sadeled) (CONJ and) (VAN brydyled))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,37.1191))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (D a) (N candyll)
(RRC (VAG brennyng)))
(VBP bytokenyth)
(NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ oure) (NPR lady))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NP (PRO$ hor) (N sonne))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (D a) (N man)
(NP-PRN (PRO+N hymselfe)))))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMMIRK,60.1636))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ good) (N man)
(RRC (VAN named)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N body)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,46.1527))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (D this) (ADJ same) (N lady))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJS untrwyste) (N lady)
(RRC (VAG lyvynge)))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,49.1623))
(NODE (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +ter))
(, ,)
(NP-VOC (N suster))
(, ,)
(PP (P at)
(NP (D+ADJ +tylke) (ADJ gostly) (N breedale)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(MD mi+gt)
(VB $vnderfonge)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tyn) (N husbounde)
(RRC (VAN i+gyue)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (NPR Fader))))))
(ID CMAELR3,42.449))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(BED were)
(NP-OB1 (NS messyngers)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (NPR kyng) (NPR Ban)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NX (NPR Bors)))))
(RRC (VAN isente)
(PP (P frome)
(NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))))
(E_S .))(ID CMMALORY,15.459))
(NODE (NP-LFD (D a) (N schippe)
(RRC (VAN y-namyde)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
(NP-OB1 (NPR Grace) (NPR de) (NPR Dyeu)))))
(ID CMGREGOR,185.1342))
(NODE (NP-SBJ (D+N Ameiden)
(RRC (VAN huchte)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
(NP-OB1 (NPR dina)))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.45.408))
(NODE (IP-PPL (VAG sitting)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D a) (N tunne)
(RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV euyr))
(ADVP (ADJ open)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D +te) (N sunne))))))))
(ID CMCAPCHR,41.292))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(VBP make)
(NP-OB1 (Q ony) (N gadering))
(PP (P in)
(NP (N coumfort)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Richard)
(, ,)
(RRC
(NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))
(NP (N kyng))))))))
(ID CMCAPCHR,215.3858))
(NODE (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO ou)
(NP-PRN (Q alle) (NUM +treo) (NS wimmen))
(RRC (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(ADJP (ADJS leouest))))
(, .)
(VB hongen)
(, .)
(PP (P on)
(NP (D an) (N gibet)))
(IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB (VB21 wi+d) (VB22 buwe))
(NP-OB1 (N sunne))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.92.1099))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Ser) (NPR Robert) (NPR Morle`)
(RRC *ICH*-1))
(PP (P at)
(NP (N comaundment)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (N kyng)))))
(CODE )
(RRC-1 (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tan)) <--- extraposed RRC
(NP-OB1 (N keper)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +te) (NPR Towre)))))
(CODE )
(VBD broute)
(NP-OB1 (D +tis) (N knyte)
(NP-PRN (NPR Oldcastell)))
(PP (P onto)
(NP (D +te) (N presens)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +tese) (NS bischoppis)))))
(E_S .))(ID CMCAPCHR,240.3939))
(NODE (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (D an) (N angel))
(, ,)
(IP-PPL (VAG entryngge) <--- non-RRC post-subject ppple
(PP (P in-to)
(NP (N prysoun))))
(, ,)
(VBD turnede)
(NP-OB1 (N derknesse))
(PP (P in-to)
(NP (N li+gt))))
(ID CMAELR3,28.74))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Tis) (N vertu)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N meknesse))))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ sur) (N fundement)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q alle) (N maner) (NS vertues))))
(, ,)
(CP-CAR (WPP-1 (P whit-oute)
(WNP (WD which) (N fundement)))
(C 0)
(, ,)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO what) (ADV so) (ADV euere))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(MD wylt)
(ADVP (ADV gostly))
(VB reyse)
(RP vp))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO hit))
(VBP falle+t)
(RP doun)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMAELR3,32.181))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(PP (ADV+P therfore))
(BEP is)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO he))
(VAN clepid)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(NP-OB1 (FW solsticium)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N somer)))))
(, ;)
(CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WD which) (N declinacioun))
(C 0)
(, ,)
(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(PP (P after)
(NP (NPR Ptholome)))
(, ,)
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (NP (NUM 23) (NS degrees))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NUM 50) (NS minutes))))
(ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel)
(PP *ICH*-3))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Cancer)))
(PP-3 (P as)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR Capricorn))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMASTRO,666.C2.107))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(CODE )
(VBD onderuinge)
(PP (P ine)
(NP (ADJ dyadlich) (N zenne)))
(, /)
(PP (P be)
(NP (PRO$ +tine) (N wytinde)))
(, /)
(CP-CAR (WNP-3 0)
(C +tet)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grat) (N onwor+tnesse)))))
(ID CMAYENBI,21.303))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD gaff)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
(NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Lotte))
(, ,)
(CP-CAR (WPP-1 (WADV+P whereof))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD seyde)
(QTP (INTJ gramercy))))
(E_S .))(ID CMMALORY,21.663))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
(BED was)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VAN enterid)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ *exp*)
(VBD longed)
(PP (P to)
(NP (D a) (N kyng))))))
(, ,)
(CP-CAR (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherfor))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ
(NP (D the)
(N quene)
(, ,)
(NP-PRN (ADJ fayre)
(NPR Igrayne)))
(CONJP *ICH*-3))
(, ,)
(VBD made)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete)
(N sorowe))
(CONJP-3 (CONJ and)
(NP (Q alle)
(D the)
(NS barons)))))
(E_S .))(ID CMMALORY,7.182))
Free relative clauses are treated internally in the same way as
embedded questions. A wh-operator and complementizer position are included
in every case, of which one or the other or both may be filled. The
wh-position may be filled by a wh-word or a th-word. Externally free
relatives are bracketed by function, subjects, objects, complements of
prepositions, etc.
Wh- free relatives
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-LFD (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO who))
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP holdeth)
(PP (P ageynst)
(NP (PRO it))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(MD wille)
(VB slee)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hym))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,11.306))
(NODE (IP-IMP-SPE (VBI Withdraw)
(ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(VBP lyste)))))
(ID CMMALORY,29.912))
(NODE (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB rewarde)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ youre) (ADJ owne) (NS knyghtes))
(PP (P at)
(CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WD what) (N tyme) (ADV+ADV somever))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP (P (CODE {at}))
(NP *T*-1))
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBP lykith)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))))))
(ID CMMALORY,29.924))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(PP (P Be)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N feyth)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR Arthure)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD woll)
(VB gyff)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-1 (WD what) (N gyffte))
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD woll)
(VB aske))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,42.1380))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV+ADV what-so-euere))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(DOD dide))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(VBD thoughte)
(CP-THT-2 (C 0)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD stood))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
(BED was)
(VAN presented)
(PP (P afore)
(NP (D the) (ADJ dredful) (N doom)))))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMAELR4,13.356))
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-VOC (ADJ faire) (NS sires))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO y))
(MD wil)
(VB go)
(PP (P wi+t)
(NP (PRO +tow)))
(ADVP-DIR (CP-FRL-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV+ADV+ADV whider-so-euer))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(VBP lede)))))
(ID CMBRUT3,217.3893))
A free relative may function as a prepositional phrase in its matrix clause
and be governed by a preposition that is also required to govern the wh-
phrase within the relative itself. The preposition doing such double duty
is bracketed within the free relative, as in the following examples.
(NODE (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde))
(MD woll)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(PP (CP-FRL (WPP-2 (P in)
(WNP (WD what) (N place) (ADV+ADV somever)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP fyndith)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))))))
(ID CMMALORY,662.4701))
( (IP-IMP (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (P In)
(WNP (WD what) (N dede) (ADV sam)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP be))))
(, ,)
(VBI loke)
(CP-THT (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO$ yure) (N +toht))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (PRO$ +gure) (N herte))))
(BEP $be)
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR god)
(ADJP (ADJ almihten))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMBENRUL,14.486))
(NODE (IP-SUB (VBP cum+t)
(ADVP (ADV eft))
(NP-SBJ (NP (Q sum) (N euel))
(CONJP (CONJ o+der)
(NP (Q sum) (N un+gelimp))))
(, ,)
(PP (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (P an)
(WNP (NP-COM (WD hwil-ches) (N$ kennes))
(N wise)))
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV +aure))
(VBP cum+t)))))
(ID CMVICES1,29.317))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
(PP (P wit)
(NP (NP (ADJ depe) (NS si+g+gyngges))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (ADJ pytous) (N cryingge)))))
(VBI cacche)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP coueytest))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMAELR3,43.496))
( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N mu+d))
(NEG ne)
(MD mei)
(VB *)
(PP (P for)
(NP (N scheome))))))
(, .)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJ licht) (N ech+ge))
(VBP speke+d)
(NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit)))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.49.459))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ &)
(VBI +tonke)
(NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
(VBD sende)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
(, .)
(PP (P +Tach)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
(NEG ne)
(MD cunne)
(NP-OB2 (PRO him))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
(VB +tonc)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N sonde))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.102.1244))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ti) (N shape))
(DOD dide)
(, .)
(NP-OB1 (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NEG ne)
(MD sholde)
(VB *))))
(, .)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter)) <--- THERE
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NEG ne)
(MD sholde)
(VB *)))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP-TMP (CP-FRL (WADVP-3 (ADV +tenne)) <--- THEN
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-3)
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NEG ne)
(MD sholde)
(VB *))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMTRINIT,67.910))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD hadde)
(BEN ibe)
(VAG (VAG blaberynge) (CONJ and) (VAG chaterynge)))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD took)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
(PP (P to)
(NP (N silence)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMAELR3,32.158))
( (IP-IMP-SPE (FP Only)
(DOI doo)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP say)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
(E_S :))
(ID CMAELR3,50.784))
( (IP-IMP (DOI do)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N prophete))
(VBP saith))))
(E_S :))
(ID CMAELR4,4.87))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(DOP do+d)
(NP-OB1 (WNP-1 0)
(C as)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(DOD dude)
(IP-PPL (VAG honginde)
(PP (P on)
(NP (NPR rode))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.176.2461))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(VBP schawi+d)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VB-2 sei)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (VB *ICH*-2)
(NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
(MD wult)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMKATHE,34.237))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (D +tt))
(VBP stont)
(ADVP (ADV studeuest))
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VBP-LFD falle)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP-RSP falle))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMJULIA,124.520))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(BEP am)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (PRO +te)))
(, .)
(NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (DOP-LFD do)
(WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (MAN me))
(DOP-RSP do)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMKATHE,42.376))
( (IP-IMP (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der) (ADV se)) <--- whichever of two
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(DOP de+d))))
(, ;)
(VBI scarne+d)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.182.2568))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwa+der) <--- whichever of you two
(NP-COM (PRO$ +gunker)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hes))
(VBP tobrec+d))))
(, :)
(NP-SBJ (LATIN (FW justicia) (FW dei)))
(MD scall)
(PP (ADVP (ADV +dar))
(P of))
(DO don)
(NP-OB1 (N riht))
(E_S .))
(ID CMVICES1,95.1131))
SE-+TE relatives without a noun antecedent are treated as relatives
headed by a demonstrative pronoun, although some may in fact be free
relatives with a demonstrative relativer. This applies to relatives headed
by THERE as well. See Section SE +TE RELATIVES.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(BEP beo+d)
(NP-OB1 (NS deoflen))
(CP-CLF (WNP-2 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO ham)))
(VBP dearie+de))))
(ID CMKATHE,27.136))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (PRO I)
(NP-PRN (PRO$+N myself)))
(CP-CLF-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBD cam)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the)
(N lykenesse)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,5.131))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D+ADJ thilke) (N love))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (D the) (QR moore) (ADJ grevous)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB parfourne)))))
(ID CMCTPARS,304.C2.683))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (ALSO eek)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N wounde))
(MD wolde)
(BE be)
(ADJP (D the) (ADJR wors)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(FOR for) (TO to)
(VB heele))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCTPARS,324.C1.1554))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADJP (ADJR +tickere)
(PP (P a+gein)
(NP (D +te) (N wind))))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(ADJP (ADJR wurse)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB seon)
(PP (P +turch)
(NP *T*-1))))))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.41.364))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N thoghte))
(BEP es)
(ADJP (ADJ gude)
(CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
(NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))
(CP-TMC-2 (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(FOR for) (TO to)
(HV hafe)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMROLLTR,37.773))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (Q muche) (N pine) <--- NOUN
(CP-TMC (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(ADVP (ADV wel))
(FOR for) (TO to)
(VB halden)))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.41.360))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ant)
(PP (P +tah)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hare) (N mei+dhad))
(BEP beo)
(ADJP (ADJR ed-ure))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
(, .)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ +tin))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (QR mare) (N streng+de)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB halden))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMHALI,136.115))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (N rewth)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB here)))))
(ID CMMIRK,100.2724))
Clauses of the type SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON, are also treated as
tough-movement, although in fact their structure must be somewhat
different, since in SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON, SHE is FAIR, but in JOHN IS
EASY TO PLEASE, JOHN is not EASY.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(BED was)
(ADJP (ADJ faire) (ADVR ynow)
(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-INF (PP (P oppon)
(NP *T*-1))
(TO to)
(VB see)))))
(ID CMBRUT3,114.3453))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
(NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADJ lang)
(CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
(N +ting))
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(BED were)
(CP-TMC-2 (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB zigge)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMAYENBI,44.735))
Infinitives occur as the complements of verbs, nouns and adjectives.
In line with our general practice, when the infinitive clause is an
argument of a verb, there is no bracketing to indicate its combination with
the governing predicate. The same is true when the infinitive is complement
of a complex predicate (see Section NP-OB1+CLAUSE IN
COMPLEX PREDICATES). When it is a complement to a noun or an adjective,
however, it is bracketed with the governing word. The subject of an
infinitive, which is generally PRO, is not indicated except in ECM
environments (see Section INFINITIVES WITH ECM
VERBS). For absolute infinitives, see ABSOLUTE CLAUSES
Infinitival complements
Infinitival complements of verbs
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Thenne))
(BED was)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(ADVP (ADV sore))
(VAN abasshed)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB yeve)
(NP-OB1 (N ansuer)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,5.122))
( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therwithalle))
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
(VBD assayed)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB pulle)
(RP oute)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
(ID CMMALORY,9.257))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (Q many) (D a) (N man))
(VBP wenyth)
(IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(VB put)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N enemy))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D a) (N rebuke))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1693))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(BED weren)
(VAN warnede)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB amenden)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ here) (N lyf)))))
(ID CMWYCSER,225.46))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD asked)
(NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
(NP-OB1 (N licence)
(IP-INF (IP-INF (TO to)
(VB ryde)
(PP (P afftir)
(NP (NPR Balyne))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB revenge)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N despite)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD had)
(DON done))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,50.1653))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(HVP have)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N wyll)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN slayne)
(, ,)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ youre) (N fadir))
(BED was)
(PP (P thorow)
(NP (N outerageousnes)))
(VAN slayne)))))))
(ID CMMALORY,658.4553))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Marie))
(NEG ne)
(VBD ran)
(NEG not)
(ADVP-DIR (ADV hyder) (CONJ and) (ADV +tyder))
(, ,)
(ADJP-SPR (ADJ bisy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB vnderfonge)
(NP-OB1 (NS gystes))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMAELR3,36.308))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyn))
(BED was)
(ADJP (ADJ redy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB departe))))
(ID CMMALORY,49.1609))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(ADVP (ADV Well))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N damesell)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(BEP ar)
(NEG nat)
(ADJP (ADJ wyse)
(IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
(VB kepe)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde))
(PP (P fro)
(NP (PRO me)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,47.1558))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(ADVP (ADV ellis))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD wolde)
(HV have)
(BEN bene)
(ADJP (ADJ lothe)
(PP (P as)
(NP (Q ony) (N knyght)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBP lyvith)))))
(IP-INF-SPE (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N lady))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,51.1701))
( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (N Suster))
(, ,)
(BEI be)
(ADJP (ADJ glad)
(IP-INF *ICH*-1))
(PP (P wit)
(NP (Q al) (PRO$ +tyn) (N herte)))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(BE be)
(PP (P at)
(NP (D +tis) (N feste))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMAELR3,44.542))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(ADJP (ADJ lothe)
(IP-INF-SPE *ICH*-1))
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BED were)
(IP-INF-SPE-1 (TO to)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,200.3149))
( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (VB Makie)
(NP-OB1 (NPR$ deofles) (N hore))
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO hire))))
(, :)
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (N reu+de)
(PP (P ouer)
(NP (N reu+de))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.215.3096))
( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (TO to)
(VB love)
(NP-OB1 (NPR God)))
(BEP is)
(IP-INF (IP-INF (FOR for) (TO to)
(VB love)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP loveth)))))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-INF (FOR *) (TO *)
(VB hate)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-2 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP hateth)))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCTPARS,296.C1a.332))
(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV certes))
(IP-INF-SBJ (FOR for) (TO to)
(VB persevere)
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
(PP (P in)
(NP (N synne))))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (N werk)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (NPR devel)))))
(ID CMCTMELI,226.C1.345))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
(ADVP (ADV certes))
(, ,)
(IP-INF-SBJ (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
(TO to)
(VB pride)
(NP-RFL (PRO hym))
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (NS goodes)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N grace))))))
(BEP is)
(ALSO eek)
(NP-OB1 (D an) (ADJ outrageous) (N folie))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMCTPARS,302.C2.567))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(VBP lye)
(PP (P in)
(NP (PRO$ my) (N power)))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB gyff)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1600))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(MD woll)
(BE be)
(ADJP (ADJ harde))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB macche)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hym))))
(ID CMMALORY,201.3181))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(BED was)
(NP-OB1 (N mervayle))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB se)))
(ID CMMALORY,661.4670))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P hwenne)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(HVP hauest)
(NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
(VBN iwaked))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *con*)
(MD schuldest)
(VB gan)
(TO+VB toslepen))))))
(, .)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV Nu))
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADJ god))
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP sei+d))
(IP-INF-SPE-1 (VB wakien)))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.197.2821))
The same notation is used when the verb is impersonal.
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-VOC (N Sir))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(VBP nedith)
(NEG nat)
(NP-OB2 (PRO you))
(IP-INF-SPE-1 (TO to)
(VB put)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(PP (P to)
(NP (QP (Q no) (QR more))
(N payne)))))
(ID CMMALORY,47.1541))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(VBD semed)
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(BE be)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (N ayge)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NUMP (NUM three) (NUM hondred))
(NS wynter))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,660.4629))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO i))
(NEG+VBP noot)
(CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(DO doone))))
(ID CMCTMELI,218.C1.45))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NEG+VBD nyst)
(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV whider))
(IP-INF (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB wende))))
(ID CMBRUT3,50.1485))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D this) (N ensample)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR saturne))))
(VBP techith)
(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
(IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB maken)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D the) (N label)))
(NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS semydiametres)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS Epicicles)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS planetis))))))))
(E_S /))
(ID CMEQUATO,26.117))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD saide)
(CP-THT (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NEG+HVD nade)
(NP-OB1 (QP (Q no) (QR more))
(N lande)
(CP-REL (WPP-1 (WADV+P wherwi+t))
(IP-INF (PP *T*-1)
(NP-OB1 (PRO her))
(FOR+TO forto)
(VB marie))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMBRUT3,17.516))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tey))
(MD wolde)
(CODE )
(HV haue)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(FOR+TO for-to)
(VB +gyue))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMAELR3,39.379))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
(PP (ADV+P +teruore))
(NP-VOC (NPR lhord))
(NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
(NEG ne)
(HVP habbe)
(NP-OB1 (CP-FRL-SPE (WPP-1 (WADV+P huer-of))
(C 0)
(IP-INF-SPE (PP *T*-1)
(VB maki)
(NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
(NP-OB1 (N yeldinge)))))
(E_S :))
(ID CMAYENBI,115.2222))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(HVD hadde)
(NP-OB1 (Q no) (N man)
(CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB2 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB teche)))))
(ID CMPOLYCH,VI,225.1611))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N purveaunce))
(BEP is)
(NP-OB1 (D an)
(ADJP (ADJ unmoevable) (CONJ and) (ADJ symple))
(N forme)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS thinges)))
(CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(TO to)
(DO doone)))))
(ID CMBOETH,451.C2.476))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(PP (P yif)
(CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
(VBP conferme)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ thi) (N corage))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D the) (ADJS beste) (NS thinges))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO thow))
(NEG ne)
(HVP hast)
(NP-OB1 (Q noon) (N nede)
(PP (P of)
(NP (Q no) (N juge)))
(CP-EOP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB yeven)
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N prys)
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(NX (N mede)))))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMBOETH,448.C2.409))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJS outreste) (N bark))
(BEP is)
(VAN put)
(PP (P ayens)
(NP (D the) (N distemperaunce)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (NPR hevene)))))
(PP (P as)
(NP (D a) (N deffendour)
(ADJP (ADJ myghty))
(CP-EOP (WNP-4 0)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
(TO to)
(VB suffren)
(NP-OB1 (N harm)))))))
(ID CMBOETH,435.C2.291))
( (IP-IMP (CONJ &)
(VBI underfeng)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hit)
(CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
(ADVP (ADV gledliche))
(, .)
(CP-EOP-2 (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (FOR for)
(TO to)
(VB aquike)
(NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP *T*-1))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.102.1243))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(MD wolde)
(VB legge)
(NP-OB1 (NPR Champayn)
(CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
(PP (P to)
(NP (D +te) (N kyng)))
(CP-EOP-2 (WNP-1 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(TO to)
(VB wedde)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMPOLYCH,VIII,111.3725))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P +Gif)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
(BEP is)
(PP (PP (P of)
(NP (NPR gode)))
(CONJP (CONJ o+der)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NS +tinges)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO +de)))
(VBP belimpe+d))))))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ-2 (PRO he))
(BEP is)
(IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-2)
(TO to)
(VB luui+gen))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-2)
(TO to)
(VB wi+dhealden))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMVICES1,101.1206))
(NODE (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ-1 (D +te) (ADJ Gay) (N world))
(BEP is)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
(TO to)
(VB fleon)))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.127.1649))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ach)
(NP-SBJ-1 (D +tt))
(NEG+BEP nis)
(NEG naut)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
(TO to)
(VB seggen))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.141.1901))
A-bar movement (topicalization/scrambling/etc.) of an infinitive is also
treated in the usual way. The moved element in the matrix clause is
co-indexed to a trace in the lower clause. In the case of moved NPs, the
label of the constituent in the matrix clause is only NP, since it
does not have a function within this clause. The trace in the infinitive,
however, indicates the function of the constituent in that clause.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D+NPR +Tefeont))
(NP-1 (PRO hit))
(VBD Makede)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO Me))
(DO don))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.224.3245))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ach)
(NP-1 (D +tis) (N lont))
(NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
(VBD bihat)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
(TO+VB tobiteachen)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NPR$ judas) (NS honden))))
(, .)
(PP (P for) (WPRO hwon)
(CP-ADV (C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBP ga)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV biforen))))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.221.3210))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
(NP-1 (PRO me))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
(VBP makest)
(IP-INF-SPE (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
(TO to)
(VB steoruen))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (D +te) (N streng+de)
(PP (P of)
(NP (PRO$ +tine) (NS beoden)
(, .)
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
(BEP beo+d)
(ADJP (NP (PRO +te))
(ADVR se) (ADJ munde))))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMARGA,74.301))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P For)
(NP (N payne)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N deth)))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO we)
(QP (Q all)))
(MD shall)
(HV have)
(NP-OB1 (N worke)
(ADJP (ADJR inow))
(IP-INF-DEG-SPE (TO to)
(VB macche)
(NP-OB1 (D that) (N knyght))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMMALORY,199.3119))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NEG+BED nass)
(NEG nohht)
(ADJP (ADJ derrf)
(ADVP (ADVR inoh))
(LB |)
(LB |)
(IP-INF-DEG (ADVP (Q All) (ADV opennli+g))
(TO to)
(VB sekenn)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(NP-OB1 (D +Te) (NPR Laferrd)
(NP-PRN (NPR Crist)))
(PP (P biforr)
(NP (D +te) (N follc)))
(, ,)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(IP-INF-PRP (TO To)
(VB (VB lofenn)
(CONJP *ICH*-2))
(NP-OB1 (PRO himm))
(CONJP-2 (CONJ &)
(VB wurr+tenn))))))
(ID CMORM,II,230.2451))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist))
(BEP is)
(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ merciable)
(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
(VB for+gyue)
(NP-OB2 (D a) (ADJ synful) (N man))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (NS synnes)))))
(ID CMAELR3,43.513))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
(BED was)
(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ hardy)
(IP-INF-DEG (FOR+TO for-to)
(VB nempne)
(NP-OB1 (NPR God)))))
(ID CMBRUT3,45.1370))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BEP ys)
(ADJP (ADVR to) (ADJ stronge)
(IP-INF-DEG-SPE (TO to)
(VB fyght)
(PP (P with)
(NP (NPR Jamys) (NPR Fyscher)
(NP-PRN (D the) (ADJ trewe) (N man))))
(PP (P whythe)
(NP (NP-POS (D an) (N yryn) (N$ rammys))
(N horne)))))
(E_S .)
(" "))
(ID CMGREGOR,201.1652))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (ADV+P therfor))
(NP-TMP (D that) (N nyghte))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD yssued)
(PP (RP oute)
(P of)
(NP (D the) (N castel)))
(PP (P at)
(NP (D a) (N posterne)))
(IP-INF-PRP (FOR for) (TO to)
(HV have)
(VBN distressid)
(NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D the) (N$ kynges))
(N hooste)))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,4.89))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (Q all) (D this))
(BED was)
(VAN ordeyned)
(IP-INF-PRP (FOR for) (TO to)
(VB kepe)
(NP-OB1 (NP (D the) (NS lordes))
(CONJP *ICH*-1))
(ADVP (ADV togyders))
(CONJP-1 (CONJ and)
(NP (D the) (NS comyns))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,8.208))
For purpose infinitives with a gap, see Section INFINITIVAL RELATIVES WITHOUT
INTRODUCTORY WH-WORDS.
( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(DOD dud)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB wryte)
(NP-OB1 (Q all) (D the) (NS batayles)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C that)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q every) (ADJ worthy) (N knyght)
(PP *ICH*-2))
(DOD ded)
(PP-2 (P of)
(NP (NPR$ Arthurs) (N courte)))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,29.935))
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Then))
(NP-SBJ (NPR Seynt) (NPR Andraw))
(VBD made)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(TO to)
(VB gedyr)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hom))
(ADVP (ADV togedyr)))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMIRK,8.197))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (NPR Kyng) (NPR Pandras))
(VBD herde)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB speke)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NP (PRO$ his) (N goodnesse))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (NS condicions))))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMBRUT3,6.137))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD het)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV biliue))
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB bringin)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hire))
(PP (P biforen)
(NP (PRO him))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMARGA,58.56))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBP lette)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB calle)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(NP-OB1 (NPR Hubbeslaw))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMBRUT3,109.3314))
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Efter)
(NP (D +tt)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wende)
(IP-INF (FOR+TO forte)
(HV habben)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(DO idon)
(NP-OB1 (Q al)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wilnede))))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMJULIA,98.41))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter))
(NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
(MD schule)
(VB seon)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(VB buncin)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP (NP-POS (D +teose) (NPR$ deosles))
(NS betles)))
(, .)
(CP-ADV (C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N wa)
(NP-COM *ICH*-1))
(BEP bi+d)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him))
(NP-COM-1 (PRO$ hise) (N$ liues))))))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.142.1915))
Although these verbs overwhelmingly take a bare infinitive complement,
there are scattered examples with TO infinitive complements for most of
them.
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q nane)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +teos))))
(NEG ne)
(VBP makie)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(TO to)
(VB forwurden)
(, .)
(NP-OB1 (N weole))
(ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)
(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
(C ase)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (Q muchel))
(BEP is))))))
(ID CMHALI,150.319))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (N Pine))
(BEP is)
(ADVP-LOC (Q+WADV ihwer))
(DAN idon)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
(NP-SBJ *arb*)
(TO to)
(VB (VB21 vnder) (VB22 stonden))
(PP (P +turch)
(NP (N cros))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMANCRIW,II.41.361))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD lete)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
(NP-OB1 (PRO ham))
(TO to)
(VB norisshe))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMBRUT3,49.1472))
All other verbs are treated as control verbs whenever the subject of the
complement clause can be interpreted as controlling the action or state
designated by the complement predicate. Roughly speaking, a controlling
subject is an agent. When the subject cannot be so interpreted, e.g., when
it is inanimate or the subject of a passive verb clearly under the control
of some other agent, the governing verb is treated as an ECM verb. This
rule undoubtedly misclassifies some cases but has the virtue of being
applicable in an objective way. Users interested in distinction between
control and ECM will, of course, have to examine all potential instances
for themselves. We have made one exception to our rule. The verbs JUDGE,
CONDEMN, DEME are always treated as control predicates. Their negative
force seems to require this analysis.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD commanded)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
(TO to)
(BE bene)
(ADVP (ADV wor+tely))
(VAN seruede))
(E_S .))
(ID CMBRUT3,82.2486))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P for)
(NP (D +tis) (N erroure)))
(NP-SBJ (NPR God))
(VBD suffered)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him))
(FOR for) (TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN (VAN take) (CONJ and) (VAN led))
(PP (P into)
(NP (NPR Babilonie))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMCAPCHR,37.175))
( (IP-SUB (PP *T*-4)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(VBD chose)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N prince))
(FOR for)
(TO to)
(BE be)
(NP-OB1 (N kyng))))
(ID CMCAPCHR,153.3594))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-TMP (D that) (N yere))
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
(VBD ordaynyde)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Parlyrnent))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN holde)
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Caumbryge))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMGREGOR,179.1204))
( (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
(VBD scheop)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (SUCH swuch) (N +ting))
(TO to)
(BE beonne)))
(ID CMHALI,133.77))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(, ,)
(IP-PPL (VAG desyryng)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N werk)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR God))))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN magnyfyed)))
(, ,)
(VBD gat)
(NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
(NP-OB1 (D +te) (ADJ same) (N ston)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBD fel)
(PP (P up-on)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N bakke)))))))
(ID CMKEMPE,22.462))
( (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD thretyd)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hir))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN brent)))
(ID CMKEMPE,33.731))
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
(VBD happyd)
(IP-INF-1 (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hir))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN herberwyd)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NP-POS (D a) (ADJ good) (N$ mannys))
(N hows))))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q many) (NS neyborwys))
(TO *)
(VB comyn)
(RP in)
(IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
(VB cheryn)
(NP-OB1 (PRO hir))
(PP (P for)
(NP (NP (PRO$ hir) (N perfeccyon))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ hir) (N holynes))))))))))
(ID CMKEMPE,78.1765))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
(NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
(VBD desyred)
(PP (P in)
(QP (ADVR as) (Q meche)
(PP (P as)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
(MD durst)
(VB *))))))
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS men))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN sauyd))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMKEMPE,144.3340))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(PP (P whan)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
(VBD com)
(PP (P to)
(NP (NPR Benwyke))))))
(NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VBD fortuned)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q both) (D the) (NS kynges)
(NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
(BE be)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
(, ,)
(NP-PRN-1 (NPR Ban) (CONJ and) (NPR Bors)))
(E_S .))(ID CMMALORY,16.476))
( (IP-MAT (LB |)
(CONJ Forr)
(NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV a+g+g))
(VBP birr+t)
(IP-INF-1 (NP-SBJ (N rihhtwisnesse))
(BE ben)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(PP (P +Turrh)
(NP (N mildheorrtnesse)))
(VAN temmpredd))
(LB |)
(CODE )
(LB |)
(PP (P Swa)
(CP-ADV (C +tatt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO itt))
(ADJP (NP-MSR (Q summ) (N del))
(ADJ nesshe)
(CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
(BEP be)
(LB |)
(LB |)
(CP-TMC-2 (WNP-3 0)
(IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(TO To)
(VB +tolenn))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
(TO to)
(VB dre+ghenn))))))))
(E_S ;)
(LB |))
(ID CMORM,I,99.854))
( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
(NP-SBJ (NS men)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Gabaon))))
(VBD feyneden)
(IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(PP (P of)
(NP (ADJ fer) (N cuntre))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMPURVEY,I,9.302))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(PP (ADV+P therewith))
(VBD made)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
(ADJP (ADJ redy)
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB departe))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,48.1587))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD saw)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM two) (NS bodyes))
(ADJP (ADJ dede))))
(ID CMMALORY,53.1774))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(VBP wenyth)
(IP-SMC-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N knyght))
(ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ good)
(PP (P as)
(NP (PRO he)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,199.3099))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(CONJ but)
(PP (P with)
(NP (N falshede)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD wolde)
(HV have)
(HVN had)
(IP-SMC-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
(VAN slayne)
(PP (P with)
(NP (N treson))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,206.3395))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBD founde)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
(VAN coverde)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV within) (CONJ and) (ADV without))
(PP (P with)
(NP (ADJ whyght) (N samyte))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,666.4822))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
(NP-SBJ (Q som) (NS men))
(VBD called)
(IP-SMC-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
(NP-TMP (Q+N somtyme))
(NP-OB1 (D the) (N Quene)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (NPR Wast) (NPR Landis)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,658.4557))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
(MD myghte)
(VB please)
(NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
(IP-INF-1 (TO to)
(VB make)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N quene)))))
(ID CMMALORY,4.108))
Although passive traces are not generally indicated, in a passive on the
subject of a small clause, the passivized subject is co-indexed to its
position in the small clause.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 (D the)
(N duke))
(BED was)
(VAN called)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(NP-OB1 (D the)
(N duke)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Tyntagil)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,2.7))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ-1 (NPR syr)
(NPR Kay))
(BED was)
(VAN made)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(NP-OB1 (N knyght)))
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Alhalowmas)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV afore))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,8.213))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q ony))
(MD sholde)
(BE be)
(VAN accompted)
(IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
(ADJP (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ hardy))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(ADJP (ADJR more)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N prouesse))))))))
(ID CMMALORY,50.1652))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD wente)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D the) (N watir)))
(IP-PPL (IP-PPL (VAG cryynge))
(CODE <em>)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-PPL (VAG rorynge)))
(CODE </em>)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(IP-PPL (VAG makying)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorowe)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,664.4752))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (D the) (N lyon))
(VBD wente)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV allwey))
(PP (P aboute)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(IP-PPL (VAG fawnynge)
(PP (P as)
(NP (D a) (N spaynell))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMMALORY,664.4776))
Participial adjuncts as complements of prepositions.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
(NP-OB1 (PRO ham))
(PP (P wi+d)
(IP-PPL (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(VAG wecchinde)))
(VBP werien))
(ID CMMARGA,80.398))
( (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
(ADVP (ADV ryght) (ADV so))
(NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
(MD shall)
(VB com)
(ADVP (ADV agayne))
(PP (P unto)
(NP (PRO me)))
(PP (P withoute)
(IP-PPL (VAG makynge)
(NP-OB1 (QP (Q ony) (QR more))
(N debate)))))
(ID CMMALORY,37.1184))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(PP (P As)
(IP-PPL-SPE (VAG towchyng)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (D that)))))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP know)
(ADVP (ADV well))
(CP-THT-SPE (C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BED was)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV never))
(NP-OB1 (Q none)
(PP (P of)
(NP (D the) (ADJS beste))))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,633.3724))
Subject gerund clause
( (IP-MAT (IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG Swerynge)
(ADVP (ADV sodeynly))
(PP (P withoute)
(NP (N avysement))))
(BEP is)
(ALSO eek)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N Synne))
(E_S .)) (ID CMCTPARS,307.C2.819))
Reduced relative ("wh+is" deletion) cases are labeled as relative clauses
(see Section REDUCED RELATIVES).
( (IP-MAT (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te))
(VAG openand)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tyn) (N honde)))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS +tynges))
(MD shul)
(BE be)
(VAN fulfild)
(PP (P of)
(NP (N godenes)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMEARLPS,126.5520))
( (IP-MAT (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D This))
(VAN (VAN sworne) (CONJ and) (VAN ratified))
(PP (P be)
(NP (NS seles))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD went)
(PP (P into)
(NP (D +te) (N ylde)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Crete)))))
(E_S ,))
(ID CMCAPCHR,35.110))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (PRO she))
(VBD flowe)
(PP (P unto)
(NP (D the) (N elme)))
(IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
(VB take)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ hir) (N perche)))
(, ,)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS lunes))
(VAN overcast)
(PP (P aboute)
(NP (D a) (N bowghe))))
(E_S ;))
(ID CMMALORY,205.3342))
The subject can be nominative, accusative, or genitive
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
(VBD departed)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir)
(NPR Percivale))
(PP (P frome)
(NP (PRO$ hys) (N awnte)))
(, ,)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q aythir))
(VAG makyng)
(NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorow)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMMALORY,659.4602))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (D +te) (N duke)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Lancastir))))
(VBD londid)
(PP (P at)
(NP (NPR Rauenesporne)))
(, ,)
(PP (ADV fast)
(P be)
(NP (NPR Grymisby)))
(, ,)
(PP (P in)
(NP (D +te) (N translacion)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Seynt) (NPR Martyn)))))
(, ,)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
(VAG makyng)
(NP-OB1 (N resistens)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCAPCHR,212.3794))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
(NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS byschoppys))
(VBD seseden)
(PP (P with)
(NP (D a) (N swerde)))
(, ,)
(IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO they)
(QP (Q alle)))
(VAG syttynge)
(NP-OB1 (PRO$ there) (NS hondys))
(PP (ADV+P thereon)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ ande)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (PRO they)) <--- nom. subj.
(VAG saynge)
(NP-OB1 (D thes) (NS wordys)
(LATIN *ICH*-1))
(ADVP (ADV thys))
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO hym)))
(, ,)
(LATIN-1 (FW Accingere) (FW gladio)
(FW tuo) (FW super)
(FW femur) (FW tuum)
(FW potentissime)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMGREGOR,166.910))
( (IP-SUB (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te)) <--- acc. subj.
(VAG spekinde))
(, /)
(NP-MSR (QP (ADV wel) (QR more)))
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(BEP by)
(ADJP (ADJ stille)))
(ID CMAYENBI,266.2605))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED was)
(ADJP (ADV rygth) (ADJ glad)
(PP (P of)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hir)) <--- gen. subj.
(VAG comyng)
(NP-DIR (N hom))))))
(ID CMKEMPE,37.832))
This type can also be the complement of a preposition.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(BED was)
(VAN chosen)
(PP (P be)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ wite) (N dowe))
(VAG lityng)
(PP (P on)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N hed)))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCAPCHR,56.740))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ne)
(CODE )
(NP-SBJ (N preier))
(MD may)
(NEG not)
(ADVP (ADV goodly))
(BE be)
(VAN getyn)
(PP (P in)
(NP (NS bigynners) (CONJ &) (NS profiters)))
(PP (P wi+toutyn)
(IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (N +tinkyng))
(VAG comyng)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV bifore))))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCLOUD,72.254))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (' ')
(NP-SBJ (D That)
(IP-ABS-PRN *ICH*-1))
(BED were)
(NP-OB1 (N shame))
(PP (P unto)
(NP (PRO the)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
(NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
(, ,)
(' ')
(IP-INF-ABS-PRN-SPE-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thou)
(NP-PRN (D an) (VAN armed) (N knyght)))
(TO to)
(VB sle)
(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ nakyd) (N man))
(PP (P by)
(NP (N treson))))
(E_S .)
(' '))
(ID CMMALORY,206.3372))
( (IP-INF-ABS (CONJ And)
(PP (P if)
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV euyr))
(NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))
(MD may)
(BE be)
(VAN knowe)
(CP-THT-1 (C +tat)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(VBP make)
(NP-OB1 (Q ony) (N gadering))
(PP (P in)
(NP (N coumfort)
(PP (P of)
(NP (NPR Richard)
(, ,)
(RRC (NP-TMP (Q|N sumtyme))
(NP (N kyng))))))))))))
(, ,)
(NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
(TO to)
(BE be)
(VAN punchid)
(PP (P as)
(NP (NS tretoures)))
(E_S .))
(ID CMCAPCHR,215.3862))