Unlike in the PPCME2, verbal and adjectival use of
the present and past participles is not distinguished; that is, they are
both tagged VAG or VBN (or HAG/HVN, etc).
While some part-of-speech tags are based on the lexical item itself, others are dependent on the syntactic environment in which the word is found. This manual includes syntactic information only to the extent that it affects the assignment of tags. Syntactic information can be found at an introductory level in the Ycoe Lite manual.(PRO^D him) <-- pos tag in fully annotated corpus (psd file) (N^N hlaford) him_PRO^D <-- pos tag in part-of-speech tagged file (pos file) hlaford_N^N
final punctuation . (period)
non-final punctuation , (comma)
Any punctuation that ends a token (periods, commas, semi-colons, question
marks, etc.) is tagged with a period. Any punctuation which does not
coincide with the end of token is tagged with a comma. Tokens can also
terminate without any punctuation. A token consists of one main verb
and its associated arguments and adjuncts. Conjoined subordinate clauses
are included within the same token. When searching with CorpusSearch, the default is for
punctuation to be ignored.
Periods in the text which are not used as sentential punctuation, such as periods indicating abbreviation, surrounding numbers and certain words (e.g., .x. .Mon. etc.), are not separated from the word they belong to.
(LATIN (FW XII.) (FW KAL.) (FW DECEMBRES)) (NP-NOM (N .+a.))
(CODE <T03020_+ALS_[Christmas]_B1.3.2>) <-- DOE title (CODE <T03020000400,5>) <-- DOE identifier (CODE <TEXT:se+de>) <-- comments (CODE <COM:emendation_from_ms.B>)
While case is a fully productive category in Old English, many case forms
are formally ambiguous, and sometimes remain ambiguous even in context. Our
basic approach to indicating case in the prose corpus is to mark it when it
is clear, but not when it is ambiguous, or potentially ambiguous, tempered
by considerations of the effort involved and the needs of the system as a
whole.
Case is indicated by a label attached to the main formal category label (N, ADJ, D, etc.) with a carat ^.
The following parts of speech may be labelled for case:nominative N (N^N, ADJ^N, D^N, etc.) accusative A (N^A, ADJ^A, D^A, etc.) genitive G dative D instrumental I
In addition, the so-called "inflected infinitive" is labelled with dative case (VB^D).
Certain items are never labelled for case. These are:
The following categories are not labelled for case under certain circumstances:
Case is labelled on all case-inflecting words in the following circumstances:
(N^D handum) <-- unambiguous dative in isolation (N^G halgena) <-- unambiguous genitive in isolation (D^A +disne) <-- unambiguous accusative in isolation
(NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A h+a+denan) (N^A wogere))
--> h+a+denan and wogere are ambiguous in isolation, but +tone is not
(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A anlicnyssa))
--> anlicnyssa is acc/gen ambiguous, but +ta can only be accusative
(NP-DAT (Q^D mycclum) (N^D geleafan)
(NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D bysmorfullum) (N^D h+a+denscype)
(NP-ACC (N^A cristendom) (CONJ and) (N^A cl+annysse))
--> CL+ANNYSSE is acc/gen/dat ambiguous, but CRISTENDOM is acc
(NP-ACC (N^A gyfernesse) (CONJ and) (N^A forlygr) (CONJ and) (N^A gitsunge))
--> GYFERNESSE and GITSUNGE get acc. case from FORLYGR
(NP-ACC (N^A gemynd) (CONJ and) (N^A andgit) (CONJ and) (N^A wyllan))
--> WYLLAN gets acc. case from GEMYND and ANDGIT
--> both EUGENIAN and D+AHTER are ambiguous, but get dative case from
+TAM HALGAN M+ADENE
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D m+adene)
(NP-DAT-PRN (NR^D Eugenian))
(, ,)
(NP-DAT-PRN (NP-GEN (NR^G Philyppus))
(N^D d+ahter)))
Although number is not labelled on nouns in our system, number may affect the assignment of case since the range of possible ambiguities is often different in the singular and plural. When the number of a noun is not clear from its form alone, it is taken from the translation (if there is one) or context. If it is not possible to determine the number this may affect the labelling of case since more ambiguities exist if number is not known.
Instrumental case
Only masculine/neuter determiners, quantifiers and adjectives are labelled
with instrumental case. For all feminine forms, and for masculine nouns,
the instrumental is always ambiguous with the dative, and is labelled
dative by default. Our approach at word-level is to label only unambiguous
instrumental forms as instrumental. Note that we are fairly literal about
this, and some forms labelled instrumental may be degraded forms of other
cases (+TAN = +TAM?). The result of this labelling policy is constituents
with mixed case, some forms instrumental and others dative. At
phrase-level, all constituents containing an instrumental are labelled
dative. In our system instrumental is a subcase of dative and the case
inherited by ambiguous items from an unambiguous instrumental, is
dative.
(PP (P +ar)
(NP-DAT (D^I +tan)))
(PP (P For)
(NP-DAT (D^I +di)))
(PP (P mid)
(NP-DAT (Q^I ealle)))
(QP-DAT-ADT (Q^I micle))
(NP-DAT (D^I +dan) (N^D sancte)
(NP-DAT (Q^I mycle) (N^D weorede))
(ADVP (Q^I myccle) (ADVR swi+dor))
(NP-DAT (D^I +ty) (ADJR^D m+arran) (N^D hungre))
(NP-DAT (D^I +dan) (ADJ^D so+dan) (N^D geleafan))
Nom/acc ambiguities
Because subjects have special status in our system, nom/acc formal
ambiguity is almost always resolved and subjects and formally nom/acc
ambiguous complements are virtually always labelled for case in the
annotation.
We make the following assumptions:
Given the above assumptions, there are only a small number of contexts where nom/acc formal ambiguity cannot be resolved and a form which is nom/acc ambiguous will not be labelled for case.
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-ACC-1 (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
(N^A bydelas))
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(VBDI het)
(IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ *ICH*-1)
(NP-PRD (N heofonas))) <-- nom/acc ambiguous
(. .))
(ID cocathom1,+ACHom_I,_35:477.36.6927))
(NODE (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV For+d+am))
(VBDI heton)
(NP-NOM (ADJ^N woroldwise) (N^N menn))
(IP-SMC (NP-PRD (N wordsawere))
(NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +done) (ADJ^A +a+delan) (N^A lareow)
(NP-NOM-PRN (NR^N Paulus))))
(. .))
(ID cocura,CP:15.97.3.632))
( (CODE <T03080008600,234>)
(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D +T+at) <-- nom/acc ambiguous
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(VBD gelyfde))))
(NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at)) <-- accusative resumptive
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(VBP geseo)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:234.1870))
(NP-ACC (D^A +done) (ADJ^A illcan) (N^A lareow)
(, ,)
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +d+at))
(BEPI is)
(XP (NP (NR Crist))))) <-- nom/acc ambiguous
(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJ^G halgan) (N^G gastes))
(N^A swurd)
(, .)
(IP-MAT-PRN (NP-NOM (D^N +t+at))
(BEPI is)
(XP (NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Godes))
(N word))))) <--- nom/acc ambiguous
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N Unea+de))
(NP-DAT (PRO^D me)) <-- otherwise acc/dat ambiguous pronoun labelled dative in copular construction
(BEPI is)
(NP-NOM (D^N +dis)))
(ID coaelive,+ALS[Pr_Moses]:246.2996))
(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-DAT (PRO^D us)) <-- otherwise acc/dat ambiguous pronoun labelled dative in copular construction
(BEPI is)
(NP-NOM (PRO$^N +tin) (N^N lif))
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N nydbehefe))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T git)))
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Apollinaris]:223.4706))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (D^N +tis) (ADJ^N earme) (N^N wif))
(NP (PRO me)) <-- in non-copular construction pronoun not labelled for case
(VBD gesohte)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:172.565))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)
(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf)))
(VBPI forgif+d)
(NP (N mihte) (CONJ and) (N streng+de)) <-- acc/gen/dat ambiguous feminines not labelled for case
(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D folce))
(. ;)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:19.11))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM *con*)
(VBD lede)
(NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
(NP (PRO$ his) (N mete)) <-- acc/dat ambiguous masculine not labelled for case
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:427.753))
When a verb is listed in Mitchell (Old English Syntax, 1985) as potentially taking genitive, case is not labelled if the form of the complement is ambiguous among the cases the verb is listed as taking. Thus, most feminine singulars will be ambiguous with a verb which takes genitive or dative (even accompanied by a determiner or adjective), while if the verb takes accusative or genitive, unmodified feminine singulars will be ambiguous (as always) but modified feminine singulars mostly will not be (depending on whether the modification is strong or weak). Plurals in -A, however, may be ambiguous with verbs which take accusative or genitive (while they would not be with verbs taking accusative and/or dative). Thus in the singular, the primary ambiguity is gen/dat, while in the plural it is acc/gen. Dat/gen ambiguous complements of verbs which only take genitive are labelled genitive, but note that acc/gen/dat ambiguity in the feminine, and acc/dat ambiguity in the masculine/neuter is still not resolved for these verbs.
( (CODE <T03030003200,112>)
(IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
(VBD gelyfde) <-- geliefan takes acc/gen/dat
(NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N f+ader))
(NP (D +t+are) (N leasunga))) <-- gen/dat ambiguous
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:112.254))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM *con*)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N wundra)) <-- acc/gen ambiguous
(VBD wiste)) <-- takes acc/gen
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Maur]:48.1523))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(NEG ne)
(VBP gemune) <-- takes acc/gen, not dative
(NP-GEN (NEG^Q nanre) <-- gen/dat ambiguous but labelled genitive
(NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G synna))
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP *T*-1)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(VBD gefremode))))
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:153.2789))
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*)
(VBD +tancode)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N +tingunge))
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:198.581))
<-- acc/gen/dat ambiguous feminine so unlabelled despite the
fact that +tancian only take genitive
Some difficult cases
Feminines in -UNG sometimes have singular forms in -A rather than -E. Often
these are datives, but genitives and accusatives also occur. If the noun is
clearly plural, an -A form is taken as acc/gen ambiguous and will be
labelled accusative, genitive or not labelled, according to the usual rules. In the singular, however,
-UNGA is always treated as acc/gen/dat ambiguous, just like -UNGE.
(PP (P mid)
(NP (N herunga)))
(NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G halgena))
(N +trowunga))
(NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ m+arlican) (N drohtnunga))
(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (INTJ La)
(NP-NOM-VOC (N^N f+ader))
(, ,)
(HVDI h+afdest)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N +du))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T gyt))
(NP-ACC (NUM^A ane) (N^A bletsunga))) <-- acc sg in -A
(ID cootest,Gen:27.38.1130))
For a number of nouns with gen/dat sg. and nom/acc/gen pl. in -A
(esp. HAND, WUDU, DURU, FELDA) it is often difficult to decide with
certainty the number of the noun since both make sense in context (he
put it in his hand/hands; they opened the door/doors). Consistent with
our policy of not resolving acc/dat ambiguity, for these nouns all forms
in -A, whether singular or plural are considered ambiguous unless the
ambiguity is resolved according the usual
rules. The -A forms are thus treated as acc/gen/dat ambiguous in the
same way as the feminine singular in -E. Similar nouns like SUNU and NOSU
are not generally a problem since the number of sons/noses is usually
clear.
(NP (PRO$ his) (N handa))
(PP (P on)
(NP (N handa)))
(PP (P +at)
(NP (NP-GEN (D^G +t+ara) (N^G cyrcan))
(N dura)))
(PP (P mid)
(NP (N wuda)))
(PP (P to)
(NP (N wuda)))
-AN is taken as a form of the dative ending -UM in the following
circumstances:
When the following noun is feminine, -AN is not labelled for case(NP-DAT (ADJ^D godcundan) (N^D ege))) (NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+tan)(N^D geleafan))
(NP (ADJ easteweardan) (N worulde)) (NP (ADJ ands+atan) (N wiglunge)) (NP (ADJ godcundan)(N foresceawunga)))
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+dan)))
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D gewissan)))
Case with prepositions
The complements of prepositions are treated in much the same way as
complements of verbs. Acc/dat ambiguity is never resolved.
(PP (P to)
(NP (N munde)))
(PP (P to)
(NP (N blisse)))
(PP (NP (PRO eow))
(P to))
Few prepositions take genitive, and of those which do, only TO and WI+D are
common. With TO the genitive is fairly rare and we thus resolve gen/dat
ambiguities in favour of dative. Thus only unambiguous genitives are
labelled genitive, all others are labelled as dative (if the ambiguity is
gen/dat) or ambiguous (if the ambiguity is acc/gen/dat).
(PP (P to) <-- unambiguous dative
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D langum) (N^D gemynde)))
(PP (P to) <-- unambiguous genitive
(NP-GEN (N^G nones)))
(PP (P to) <-- gen/dat ambiguity resolved in favour of dative
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D ecan) (N^D h+ale)))
(PP (P to) <-- acc/dat ambiguity not resolved
(NP (PRO$ his) (N rice)))
(PP (P to) <-- acc/gen/dat ambiguity not resolved
(NP (N getrymminge)))
With WI+T, on the other hand, the cases seem more evenly distributed, and
we thus treat WI+T on par with verbs which take acc/gen/dat and only
unambiguous forms are labelled for case.
(PP (P wi+d) <-- unambiguous accusative
(NP-ACC (PRO^A hine)))
(PP (P wi+d) <-- unambiguous dative
(NP-DAT (VAG^D $licgendum) (N^D feo)))))
(PP (P wi+d) <-- unambiguous genitive
(NP-GEN (PRO^G his)))
(PP (P wi+d) <-- acc/gen (pl) ambiguous
(NP (NP-GEN (N^G deofles))
(N syrwunga)))
(PP (P wi+d) <-- acc/dat ambiguous
(NP (PRO eow)))
(PP (P wi+d) <-- acc/gen/dat ambiguous
(NP (N unrihtwisnysse)))
Case with adjectives
Adjectives take either genitive or dative complements, or both. In copular
constructions it is difficult in all cases to distinguish dative
complements of adjectives from datives of interest. An NP which may be
complement of the predicate adjective or a dative of interest in a copular
construction is labelled dative even when acc/dat ambiguous. The same is
true in constructions with the verb +TYNCAN to seem. Datives of
interest in other constructions follow the normal rules for disambiguating case. If the adjective takes
only genitive, the complement is labelled genitive, even when acc/gen/dat
ambiguous. Although some adjectives take both dative and genitive
complements, most of this type strongly favour the genitive and we have
therefore in all cases of gen/dat ambiguity with these adjectives (FULL,
GEMYNDIG, WEOR+D, etc.) labelled the complement genitive, rather than
leaving it unlabelled.
( (CODE <T03020009900,215>)
(IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Witodlice))
(NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N arleasan))
(BEPI beo+d)
(NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (ADJ^D yfelum) (N^D weorcum)) <-- dative with predicate ADJP
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N gelice))
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:215.170))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM *con*)
(NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D him)) <-- dative with predicate ADJP
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N bli+de))
(BEDI w+as)
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:195.579))
( (CODE <T03030002600,92>)
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Eugenia))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
(VBD wunode)
(PP (P on)
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D mynstre)))
(PP (P mid)
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D w+arlicum) (N^D mode)))
(CP-ADV (P +teah)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
(NP-NOM-PRD (N^N m+aden))
(BEDS w+are)))
(, ,)
(PP (P mid)
(NP-DAT (PRO$ hyre) (NUM^D twam) (N^D cnihtum)))
(, ,)
(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N uncu+d)
(NP-DAT (Q^D gehwam))) <-- dative with non-predicate ADJP
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Eugenia]:92.241))
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
(NP-DAT (PRO^D Us)) <-- acc/dat ambiguous labelled dative with +TYNCAN and predicate
(VBPI +dinc+d)
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADV to) (ADJ^N menigfeald))
(CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
(ADVP (ADVR swi+dor))
(PP (P embe)
(NP-ACC (D^A +dis)))
(VBPS sprecon)))
(. .))
(ID cotempo,+ATemp:10.24.345))
(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N efenece) (CONJ &) (ADJ^N gelic)
(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D f+ader))) <-- acc/gen/dat ambiguous labelled dative with adjective taking only dative
(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N orwena)
(NP-GEN (N^G lifes))) <-- genitive complement
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (N^G bealwes))
(ADJ^N full))
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N wyr+de)
(NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G fyrstes)))
(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N f+agen)
(NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G gecyrrednysse))) <-- gen/dat ambiguous N labelled genitive with adjective taking gen/dat
The dative of comparison is always labelled dative even when ambiguous.
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N w+algrimre) (CONJ &) (ADJR^N strengre) (NP-DAT (Q^D eallum) (D^D +tam) (N^D +argedonum))) (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJR^N wyrson) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJR^D +arran)))
Genitive case marking relations between substantives
Genitive case is labelled on all parts of a potentially genitive nominal
constituent which stands in relation (often, but not always, possessive) with
another substantive. As usual, items which are never labelled for case are not labelled
for case in genitive constructions either.
(NP-NOM (NP-GEN (PRO$ his) (N^G halgena)) <-- unambiguous genitive
(N^N wundra))
(NP-DAT (NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G hl+addre)) <-- gen/dat ambiguous labelled genitive
(N^D stapum))
(NP (NP-GEN (N^G helle)) <-- acc/gen/dat ambiguous labelled genitive
(N wite))
(NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G galnysse))
(N^N ontendnyss))
(NP-GEN (NR Sancte) (NR^G Stephanes) <-- Sancte is never labelled for case
(NP-ACC (Q^A eall)
(NP-GEN (NR $Breotene)) <-- place names are never labelled for case
(N^A gem+aro))
Case on quantifiers
Case is labelled on inflecting quantifiers used as modifiers or
substantives according to the usual rules
The quantifiers MICEL, LYTEL, HWON/NATESHWON, MA, L+AS, MARE, L+ASSE, M+AST, L+AST, AHT, NAHT, EALL, HW+ATHUGU may also be used adverbially. Case is labelled on MICEL, LYTEL, and EALL in all such cases since they occur in a range of cases in adverbial function, as well as MARE and L+ASSE; other quantifers in adverbial use generally have zero inflection, and are only labelled for case in the few situations in which the inflection is not zero. Of these MA, LYT, L+AS never inflect under any circumstances, while HWON and HW+ATHUGU only occur with zero inflection in adverbial use (note that HWENE, original instrumental of HWON is labelled as an adverb). AHT/NAHT occur overwhelmingly with zero inflection in adverbial use, but there are very occasional uses of the The "zero inflection" therefore represents either an invariant form or original accusative case. dative which are labelled for case. The adverbial forms of MARE and L+ASSE are accusative.
HWON and HW+ATHUGU may modify adjectives and adverbs as well as nouns; in the latter case they are case-marked, in the former they are not.(Q aht) <-- adverbial (Q^A aht) <-- modifier or substantive (NEG+Q naht) <-- adverbial (NEG+Q^A naht) <-- modifier or substantive (NEG+Q^D nahte) <-- adverbial or modifier/substantive (Q^A micel) <-- always labelled for case (Q^D miclum) (Q^I micle) (Q hwon) <-- adverbial (Q^A hwon) <-- modifier or substantive (NEG+Q nateshwon) <-- always adverbial (QR ma) <-- never labelled for case (QR l+as) (QS m+ast) <-- adverbial (QS^A m+ast) <-- modifier or substantive
(NP-ACC (Q^A hwon) (N^A sealt)) (ADVP-DIR (Q hwon) (ADV^D nor+tan)) (ADJP-ACC (Q hwon) (ADJ^A lange)) (NP-ACC (Q^A hw+athugu) (N^A get+ase)) (ADVP (Q hw+athwega) (ADV wynsumlice))
Case with quantifiers
The nom/acc/gen pl ambiguous complement of an undeclinable quantifier (FELA, MA, LYT,
L+AS) is labelled genitive, while with all other quantifiers it is labelled
as agreeing with the quantifier. This is a default decision that goes with
the majority occuring pattern for each type, although there are clear
examples of both that follow the other pattern.
(NP (Q fela) <-- acc/gen ambiguous taken as genitive with FELA
(NP-GEN (N^G wundra)))
(NP-NOM (Q fela) (N^N men)) <-- unambiguous non-genitive with FELA
(NP-ACC (Q fela) (N^A +almyssan))
<-- non-genitive because the complement of FELA is always plural
(NP-ACC (Q^A manega) (N^A tacna)) <-- acc/gen ambiguous taken as agreeing with non-FELA quantifier
Case on participles
Participles as part of the main verb sequence
When participles are part of the main verb sequence or constitute the
predicate of a small clause, they are only labelled for case if the case is
overt (i.e., non-zero) in the case of past participles, or not -E in the
case of present participles. Note that overt inflection in the present
participle outside small clauses is exceedingly rare (one example so far).
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (N^N Gescead)) (BEPI is) (NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D sawle)) (VBN forgifen)) <-- no overt case, no case label (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Nu)) (NP-NOM (PRO^N ge)) (HVPI habba+d) (VBN gehered) <-- no overt case, no case label (...)) (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (N^N andgitu)) (BEPI sint) (VBN^N gehatene) <-- overt case labelled (ADVP (ADV +tus))) (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Symble)) (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)) (BEPI bi+d) (VAG gyfende)) <-- no overt case, no case label (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +teos) (ADJ^N andwearde) (N^N world)) (BEPI is) (VAG^N (VAG^N gewitendu) (CONJ &) (VAG^N feallendu))) <-- overt case labelled (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO$^A minne) (NR^A Crist)) (VAG^A cigendne) <-- overt case labelled (NP-ACC (PRO^A me) (CONJ &) (NR^A Paulus)))Participles with BE are taken to agree with the subject, and those with HABBAN to agree with the object.
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Ta) (N^N andgitu)) (BEPI sint) (VBN^N gehatene) <-- agrees with subject (ADVP (ADV +tus))) (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (N^N h+a+tenan)) (HVDI h+afdon) (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi)) (VBN^A besetene)) <-- agrees with object
Participles as predicates of small clauses
As predicates in small clauses participles are treated the same as when part of the main verb sequence;
that is, they are only given a case label when case is overtly marked.
(IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +tone) (VAG^A scinendan) (N^A +ancgel)) (VAG cumende) <-- no overt case marking, no case label (PP (P of) (NP-DAT (N^D heofenum)))) (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A hine)) (VAG^A libbendne)) <-- overt case marking (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (D^A +tone) (N^A apostol)) (QP-DAT-ADT (Q^D micclum)) (VBN gebysgod)) <-- no overt case marking, no case label (IP-SMC (NP-ACC-SBJ (NUM^A +anne) (N^A mann)) (VBN^A afeallene)) <-- overt case marking
Modifying and attributive participles
In the majority of cases modifying participles are appropriately
case-marked, although there are a small number of exceptions (e.g.,
acc.sg. in zero rather than -NE). Thus, with one exception (naming participles),
modifying and attributive participles are labelled with the case of the
item they modify, whether the participle is overtly or appropriately
case-marked or not.
The exceptional case is that of "naming" participles (GEHATEN, GECIGEN, etc.) which rarely if ever inflect in attributive use. These are therefore not labelled for case unless it is overt, in the same way as participles which are part of the main verb sequence.(NP-NOM (Q^N ealle) (RP+VBN^N oferdone) (N^N +ting)) (NP-ACC (D^A +tonne) (RP+VBN^A fores+adan) (NR^A Eubolum)) (NP-GEN (PRO$^G +tines) (VBN^G gefr+atowodan) (N^G temple)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (VBN^D gebogenan) (N^D m+adene))
(NP-NOM (Q^N sum) (N^N bisceop) (PTP (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Helenus)) (VBN gehaten))) <-- not labelled for case (NP-ACC (Q^A sumne) (N^A messepreost) (, ,) (PTP (NP-NOM-PRD (NR^N Eutropius)) (VBN gehaten)))
Case on left-dislocations
Left-dislocated NPs may be in the nominative case even when the resumptive
element is oblique. This means that in the case of a left-dislocated
nom/acc ambiguous NP with an accusative resumptive element, the ambiguity
cannot be resolved, and thus the left-dislocated NP is not labelled for
case. The following rules are applied for labelling case on left-dislocated
NPs.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM-LFD (D^N se) <-- nominative left-dislocation
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-NOM-1 0)
(C +de)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM *T*-1)
(NP (PRO me))
(VBPI +dena+d))))
(, ,)
(NP-ACC-RSP (PRO^A hine)) <-- accusative resumptive
(VBPI $gearwur+da+d)
(NP-NOM (PRO$^N min) (N^N F+ader))
(. .))
(ID coaelhom,+AHom_11:542.1768))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM-LFD (D^N $se) <-- nominative left-dislocation
(CP-REL (WNP-NOM-1 0)
(C $+de)
(CODE <TEXT:se+de>)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM *T*-1)
(NEG ne)
(MDPI m+ag)
(PP (P for)
(NP (N sceame)))
(NP-ACC (PRO$ his) (N^A gyltas))
(NP-DAT (NUM^D anum) (N^D menn))
(VB geandettan))))
(, ,)
(NP-NOM *exp*)
(NP-DAT-RSP (PRO^D him)) <-- dative resumptive
(MDPI sceal)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tonne))
(VB sceamian)
(PP (P +atforan)
(NP-DAT (N^D heofonwarum) (CONJ and) (N^D eor+dwarum) (CONJ and) (N^D helwarum)))
(. ,))
(ID coaelive,+ALS[Ash_Wed]:172.2796))
( (CODE <T03080008600,234>)
(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D +T+at) <-- nom/acc ambiguous left-dislocation unlabelled for case
(CP-REL-SPE (WNP-ACC-1 (D^A +t+at))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ACC *T*-1)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(VBD gelyfde))))
(NP-ACC-RSP (D^A +t+at)) <-- accusative resumptive
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(VBP geseo)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:234.1870))
PRO Pronoun
PRO$ Pronoun, possessive
MAN^N Indefinite MAN (always nominative)
(PRO^N he) (PRO^A hine) (PRO^D him) (PRO^G his) (PRO^N ic) (PRO^A me) (PRO^D me) (PRO me) (PRO^G min) (PRO^N we) (PRO^A unc) (PRO^D unc) (PRO unc) (PRO^G ure)
Reflexive pronouns
Personal pronouns can be used as reflexives in Old English, but they are
not marked as such at the part-of-speech level, but rather in the syntactic annotaton.
Forms of SELF are tagged ADJ. The occasional uses of
pronoun-plus-SELF (HIMSELF, THEMSELVES etc.) are split to faciliate parsing
and comment is included to indicate this (see Word
division).
(NP-NOM (PRO^N hi)
(ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylfe)))
(NP-DAT (PRO^D $him)
(ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D $selfum))
(CODE <TEXT:himselfum>))
Possessive pronouns (PRO$)
The following are tagged as possessive pronouns:
MIN, +TIN, HIS, HIRE, UNCER, URE, INCER, EOWER, HEORAOf these HIS, HIRE, and HEORA are not tagged for case. The other possessives are declined like adjectives and are therefore labelled for case according to the usual rules. Notice that all these forms can also be tagged PRO^G if the use is clearly genitival rather than possessive.
URE and EOWER sometimes fail to agree with a following noun, in which case they are tagged simply PRO$ without case. URE is taken as agreeing with masc nom sg, neut nom/acc sg, masc/fem/neuter nom/acc pl and all feminine sgs (with simplification of -RR- in gen/dat). In all other cases (masc/neut dat/gen sg, masc/fem/neut gen/dat pl and masc acc sg), it is labelled PRO$. EOWER agrees with masc/fem nom sg and neut nom/acc sg; in all other cases it is labelled PRO$. In addition EOWRE (like URE) agree with all feminine non-nominatives in -E because of possible simplification of -RR- in the gen/dat. Note that while URE and EOWRE agree with otherwise unambiguous feminine singulars, they are not sufficient to decide case in an otherwise ambiguous constituent.(NP-NOM (PRO$^N ure) (N^N h+alend)) (NP-ACC (PRO$^A eower) (N^A mod)) (NP-ACC (PRO$^A eowerne) (N^A geleafan)) (NP-GEN (PRO$^G minra) (N^G wimmanna)) (NP-DAT (PRO$^D eowrum) (N^D gereorde)) (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D folce)) <-- 3rd person not labelled for case (NP-DAT (PRO$ hire) (N^D leohte)) (NP-DAT (PRO$ heora) (N^D +tenungum))
(NP-GEN (PRO$ ure) (N^G goda)) (masc. gen.pl.)
(NP-DAT (PRO$ ure) (ADJ^D lenctenlicum) (N^D f+astene)) (neut. dat.sg.)
(NP-GEN (PRO$ ure) (N^G un+tances) ) (masc. gen.sg.)
(NP-GEN (PRO$ eower) (N^G wifa)) (neut. gen.pl.)
(PP (P +durh)
(NP (PRO$ eower) (N hiwr+adene))) (fem. acc/dat/gen.sg.)
In the first two following cases, URE/EOWRE is not sufficient to
disambiguate case with a feminine in -E; in the latter two, URE is
disambiguated by context, as either dative or genitive according to the usual rules.
(NP (PRO$ eowre) (N gewitleaste) (fem. acc/dat/gen.sg.)
(NP (PRO$ ure) (N +teode)) (fem. acc/dat/gen.sg.)
(PP (P mid)
(NP-DAT (Q^D ealre) (PRO$^D ure) (N^D heortan))) <-- URE dative because of MID and EALRE
(NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N neod)
(NP-GEN (PRO$^G ure)(N^G herunge))) <-- URE genitive because possessive
Note that the form O+TRE of adjective O+TER is likewise ambiguous with
feminine singulars and is treated exactly like URE/EOWRE.
Indefinite MAN (MAN^N)
Indefinite MAN (ME in late texts) is tagged MAN^N. It is always a
subject so always case-marked nominative.
Singular, plural, and collective common nouns (N)
Singular, plural and collective nouns are all tagged N. All common
nouns are tagged for case according to the case-marking rules. When an noun is ambiguous for case
according to our rules, it is labelled simply N.
(N^N witega)) (N^A ealdorman) (N^G d+ages) (N^D +drowungum) (N +teode)
Unlike in the PPCME2, in the YCOE no distinction is
made between singular and plural nouns.
Adverbial use of nouns and adjectives
Many adverbs are in origin case-forms of nouns or adjectives. Many of these
are already less than transparent in Old English, especially those in
-E. Although it is difficult to know where to draw the line between these
categories, our basic approach is that most nouns/adjectives in -E or with
no ending used adverbially are labelled as adverbs, most recognizable
adjectives/nouns in -ES and -UM used adverbially are labelled as nouns with
case. Some common cases of the latter which always occur as single words
and are thus labelled as adverbs are:
HWILUM, HWILTIDUM, INST+APES, LIFES, -M+ALUM (STIC-, SCEAF-, etc.), NEDES, SELFWILLES, SO+DES
Among case-forms of adjectives labelled as adverbs are:(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T hwilum)) (ADVP (ADV lifes)) (ADVP (ADV selfwilles))
ANSTRECES, -LANGES (D+AG-, GEAR-, etc.), UNW+ARES, -WEARDES (UP-, NOR+D- etc.),
Less transparent forms in -ES/-UM or without a corresponding noun/adjective labelled as adverbs include:(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T d+aglanges)) (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D upweardes))
ELLES, FUR+TUM, +DWYRES, BETWEONUM, EAHSYNES, ENDEMES, HW+ATHWEGNUNGES, (ON)SUNDRUM, STREAMRYNES, TOG+ADERES, TOGENES, WI+TERSYNESThe adverbial use of nouns labelled as nouns is indicated in the parsing with the label -ADT (adjunct).
Note that unlike nouns, quantifiers used adverbially are never labelled as adverbs.
Names of people
All personal names are tagged NR. They are labelled for case
following the same rules as for nouns.
The word SANCTA/SANCTE/SANCTUS used in conjunction with a proper name is tagged NR, but other (native) words possibly used as titles are not. SANCTA/SANCTE/SANCTUS is not case-marked since it does not always inflect reliably.(NR^N Paulus) (NR Marian)
Two-part names like EAST ENGLA, NOR+T SEAXE, etc. when written as separate words are treated as compounds. Thus the first part is not tagged for case.(NP-NOM (NR Sanctus) (NR^N Paulus)) (NP-NOM (NR Sancte) (NR^N Dunstan)) (NP-NOM (NR Sancta) (NR Maria)) (NP-NOM (NR^N +A+telstan) (N^N cyning))
Adjectives corresponding to proper nouns are tagged ADJ, even when used substantively.(NP-NOM (NR East) (NR^N Engle)) (NP-NOM (NR Nor+t) (NR^N Walas)) (NP-NOM (NR Middel) (NR^N Seaxe)) (NP-NOM (NR Ald) (NR^N Seaxe))
(NP-NOM (ADJ^N Scittisc)) the Scottish (NP-NOM (ADJ^N Ebreisce) (N^N +a)) Hebrew law
Names of places
It can be quite difficult to determine the case of place names unless they
contain a common second part which inflects (-CEASTER, -FELD, TUN, etc.),
at least in part because of overlapping forms between place names and the
names of peoples. The names of places therefore do not generally carry case
labels.
Proper place names in isolation never have a case label. Nor are they case-marked in conjunction with case-marked material or when the appropriate case can be inferred from the construction (e.g., genitive); but note that in these cases the phrasal level carries the appropriate case.
(PP (P to)
(NP (NR Antiochan)))
(PP (P to)
(NP (NR Rome)))
(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A halgan) (NR Gerusalem))
(PP (P Be)
(NP-DAT (NP-DAT (N|D gesetnysse)
(NP-GEN (NP-GEN (NR Breotene)) <--- case on phrase but not word
(CONJP (CONJ o+d+de)
(NP-GEN (NR Hibernia)
(NP-GEN-PRN (NP-GEN (NR|G Scotta))
(N|G ealandes))))))))
When the name ends in a common noun, it is labelled for case according to
the common part; in the usual way, if the common part is ambiguous for
case, case is not added. Some common nouns as part of names do not inflect,
and thus are never case-marked.
(NP-ACC (NR^A Englaland))
(NP-DAT (NR^D Bretonlande))
(NP-DAT (NR^D Wippedesfleote))
(NP-ACC (NR^A Cerdicesford))
(PP (P in)
(NP (NR Dorcesceastre))) <--- ambiguous for case
(PP (P +at)
(NP (NR Wintanceastre)))
Another type sometimes clearly contains a genitive (NOR+TYMBRA LOND land
of the Northumbrians, CERDICES ORAN Cerdic's shore), but the
name is often ambiguous or potentially ambiguous (ASIA LAND, ROME BYRIG) or
has no (?overt) inflection (MOAB LOND). Thus, while at one end of the scale
are clear genitives of the names of people/peoples, and at the other are
fairly clear compounds although written as two words (e.g., BRETON LAND,
rather than inflected BRETONE LAND), in the middle are many unclear cases,
either because inflection is absent or unidentifiable, or because it is
unclear whether the name is that of a people or a place.
There is no good solution to this problem that is not seriously time-consuming and we have not been particularly successful in solving it. Our solution is a compromise in which all of these cases are given the external structure of an NP with a genitive complement, but the name itself may or may not be labelled for case, depending on whether it seems to be the name of a place or a people. In large numbers of cases this is difficult to determine, and, in practice, the default tends to be that if the name ends in -A (but not -IA), it is taken as genitive plural and therefore (in most cases) the name of a people.
(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Westseaxna))
(N^A lond))
(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR^G Nor+tanhymbra))
(N^A lond))
(PP (P to)
(NP (NP-GEN (NR^G Seaxna))
(N rice)))
(PP (P on)
(NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Wihtgara))
(N^D byrg)))
(NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Woddes))
(N^D beorge))
(NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR^G Cerdices))
(N^N ora))
(NP-NOM-PRD (NP-GEN (NR Natan)) <--- no case label
(N^N leaga))
(NP-ACC (NP-GEN (NR Wihte))
(N^A ealond))
(PP (P on)
(NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR Rome))
(N^D byrig)))
Cases with a determiner like ROME +T+ARE BYRIG are always treated as appositives, including when the first or
both parts are potentially genitive and one could be taken as dependent on
the other (i.e., they are always interpreted as ROME, THE CITY rather than
THE CITY OF ROME). Although in general appositives pick up case from their
antecedants and vice versa (see Case on appositives), in the
case of place names, the proper name is not labelled for case even if the
case of the appositive is clear.
(NP-DAT (NR Rome) <--- case on NP from appositive
(NP-DAT-PRN (D^D +t+are) (N^D byrig)))
(PP (P ofer)
(NP-ACC (NR Nilus)
(NP-ACC-PRN (D^A +ta) (N^A ea))))
(PP (P of)
(NP-DAT (NR Alexandria)
(, ,)
(NP-DAT-PRN (NP-GEN (NR^G Egypta))
(N^D burge))))
(NP-NOM (D^N +t+at) (N^N igland)
(NP-PRN (NR Deprobane)))
(PP (P buton)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D iglande)
(NP-PRN (NR Taprabane))))
Days of the week, months, and religious festivals/seasons
The names of the days of the week and months of the year are tagged as
proper nouns. Religious seasons, such as Lent, and festivals, such as
Easter, are also tagged NR. Massdays (HLAFM+ASS, CANDEM+LASS, etc.)
and DOMES D+AG are not tagged ,b>NR.
LENCTEN is common when it means spring, but proper when it means the season of Lent. It can also be either a noun or an adjective. When preceding a noun (e.g., LENCTENES F+ASTENES) it is tagged as an adjective, otherwise a noun.(NR^D Sunnand+agum) (NR Eastron) (NR^A Easterd+ag) (N^A hlafm+ass) (NP-ACC (NP-GEN (N^G domes)) (N^A d+ag))
(NP-GEN (ADJ^G lenctenes) (N^G f+astenes)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D halgan) (NR^D Lenctene)) (NP-NOM (N^N lencten) (CONJ and) (N^N sumer) (CONJ and) (N^N herfest) (CONJ and) (N^N winter))Latin month names are tagged NR as long as they have English inflections. When they have Latin inflections, they are tagged FW. KALEND is not proper in phrases like MAIAS KALEND.
In conjunction with Latin-inflected month names KALEND- is tagged FW.(NP-NOM (NP-GEN (NR^G Maias)) the month of May (N^N kalend))
(LATIN (FW vi) (FW Kalend+a) (FW Novembris)) (LATIN (FW iii) (FW Kalend+a) (FW IUNII))
Names of languages
The names of languages are either proper nouns or adjectives.
(NP-ACC (NR^A Laden)
(PP (P on)
(NP-ACC (ADJ^A englisc)))
Names of God
The following are taken as names of God and tagged NR: GOD,
DRIHTEN, JESUS, CRIST. All other ways of referring to God (H+ALEND,
SCYPPEND, HALIG GAST, F+A+DER, SUNU, etc.) are tagged as common nouns
ADJ Positive adjective
ADJR Comparative adjective
ADJS Superlative adjective
Adjectives are tagged for case according to the case-marking rules.
(NP-NOM (ADJ^N geleaffulle) (N^N f+aderas)) (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJ^N l+awedan) (N^N men)) (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A gast)) (NP-GEN (ADJ^G swylcera) (N^G gewrita)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D towerdum) (N^D mannum)) (ADJP-NOM (ADJR^N wlitigre)) (NP-ACC (PRO$^A minne) (ADJR^A swi+dran)) (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJR^G +arran) (N^G brydguman)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJR^D s+alran) (N^D d+ale)) (NP-NOM (D^N +ta) (ADJS^N yldostan) (N^N preostas)) (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJS^A scortostan) (N^A wisan)) (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (ADJS^G fracodostan) (N^G mennisces) (NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJS^D leofestan) (N^D godum))
Weak adjective/noun ambiguity
When an adjective has a corresponding weak noun associated with it
(e.g. HALIG/HALGA, CRISTEN/CRISTENA) many cases following a determiner are
ambiguous between a noun and an adjective reading. The default tagging in
these cases is that if the word precedes a noun or is used predicatively it
is tagged as an adjective, but otherwise as a noun. Only cases with a weak
noun form listed in Clark Hall fall under this rule; e.g. SEOCA is always
an adjective because there is no noun SEOCA. The most common nouns affected
by this policy are HALGA, CRISTENA, H+A+TENA, and NEXTA (neighbour).
(NP-ACC (D^A +done) (ADJ^A halgan) (N^A w+ar))
(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A halgan))
(NP-NOM (D^A +ta) (N^N cristenan))
(NP-ACC (PRO$^A +tinne) (N^A nyhstan))
Ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers are tagged ADJ. +AREST may also be tagged
ADVS^T when used as a temporal adverb.
(NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (ADJS^A +arestan) (N^A fisc)) (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (ADJ^D +triddan) (N^D d+age)) (ADVP-TMP (ADVS^T +arest))
O+TRE
Like the possessive pronouns URE/EOWRE
the form O+TRE of the adjective O+TER is ambiguous with feminine singulars
because of the possibility of simplification of -RR-. It is therefore taken as
agreeing with acc/gen/dat, but is not sufficient to disambiguate among
these cases.
(NP-ACC (ADJ^A o+tre) (ADJ^A halige) (N^A gewrito)) <-- unambiguous accusative because of HALIGE (NP-ACC (Q^A sume) (ADJ^A o+tre) (N^A trymminge)) (NP (ADJ o+dre) (N stowe)) <-- both O+DRE and STOWE are acc/gen/dat ambiguous (NP (ADJ o+tre) (N lare)
Adjectival use of quantifiers (MICEL and LYTEL)
MICEL and LYTEL and their comparative forms are always tagged as quantifiers even when they are clearly adjectival.
(NP-ACC (Q^A micel) (N^A fyr)) (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (Q^N micele) (N^N mod)) (NP-ACC (QR^A l+assan) (N^A had)) (NP-NOM-PRN (D^N se) (QR^N mara) (N^N bisceop))
Note that this is slightly different from the
PPCME2 where in
some cases, notably following a determiner and in copular constructions,
these words are tagged as adjectives.
NEAH (adjective)
NEAH is only tagged ADJ when it is overtly inflected or clearly part
of a noun phrase. In all other cases it is tagged as an adverb. Thus most cases of NEAH will be tagged ADV,
even those in which although it is not overtly inflected it might be taken
as agreeing with a masculine or neuter singular noun.
(NP-GEN (Q^G sumre) (ADJ^G neah) (N^G cyrican)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (ADJ^D neah) (N^D wuda))
SWELC and +TYLLIC
SWELC and +TYLLIC are tagged as adjectives. SWELCE may also be an adverb or preposition.
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N swylc)) (NP-DAT (ADJ^D swylcum) (N^D frofre))
SELF
Forms of SELF are always tagged as adjectives.
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he) (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf))) (NP-DAT-RFL (PRO^D us) (ADJP-DAT (ADJ^D sylfum))) (ADJP-NOM (ADJ^N sylf))
NUM + WINTRE (adjective)
Adjectives ending in WINTRE (ANWINTRE, TWELFWINTRE) meaning x years
old, are tagged ADJ when written as single words. When the
numbers are written separately, WINTRE is still tagged ADJ and the
other parts of the phrase are tagged literally.
(ADJ^N twelfwintre) (ADJP-NOM (NUM xviii) (ADJ^N wintre)) (ADJP-NOM (NUM fif) (CONJ &) (ADJ^N sixtigwintre))
Q Positive quantifier
QR Comparative quantifier
QS Superlative quantifier
NEG+Q Negative quantifier
With two exceptions, the words on the following list are tagged Q
or NEG+Q if negative, in all functions (modifying, abosolute, adverbial,
etc.). The exceptions are the wh-indefinites
(HWA, HWILC, HW+A+TER etc.) which are also tagged as wh-words and +AG+TER,
NA+TOR which are also tagged as conjunctions.
AWIHT/NAWIHT (AHT/NAHT), +ALC, +ANIG/N+ANIG, BEGEN, BUTU, EALL/NEALLE, FEAWE, FELA, HWA (and derivatives +AGHWA, GEHWA, etc.), HW+A+TER (and derivatives including AG+TER/NA+TOR), HWILC (and derivatives GEHWILC, etc.), HWON (and derivatives LYTHWON, NATESHWON), LYT, LYTEL/UNLYTEL, MANIG, MICEL, SUMThe comparative quantifiers are L+AS, MA, MARE, L+ASSE. L+AS and MA do not inflect and are always tagged QR. MARE and L+ASSE inflect according to the weak pattern and so are labelled for case when appropriate according to the rules.
The superlative quantifiers are L+AST, M+AST. When used adverbially they do not inflect and are always labelled QS. When modifying nounds they inflect, usually according to the weak pattern and are labelled for case when appropriate according to the rules.(QR ma) (QR l+as) (NP-ACC (QR^A mare)) (NP-ACC (QR^A maran) (N^A edlean)) (NP (QR maran) (N mihte) (NP-ACC (QR^A l+assan) (N^A had))
(QS l+ast) (QS m+ast) (QP-NOM (QS m+ast) (Q^N ealle)) <-- adverbial, modifying quantifier (NP-NOM (D^N seo) (QS^N m+aste) (N^N m+aniu)) (NP-ACC (D^A +tone) (QS^A m+astan) (N^A d+al)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tysum) (QS^D l+astum))
Wh-indefinites
Note that the wh-words (HWA, HWILC, etc.) are also used as wh-words in questions, where they are not tagged
Q, but WPRO, WADJ, etc.
Indefinite Wh-word (Q^N hwa) (WPRO^N hwa) (Q^A hwilcne) (WADJ^N hwilcne) etc.
Quantifier plus noun
A quantifier + noun combination, e.g., ANI+TING is tagged Q+N with case if
appropriate. See also Negative
quantifiers.
(Q+N^A ani+ting)
Negative quantifiers
Negative quantifiers are tagged NEG+Q with case if appropriate.
There are a small number of cases of negative quantifiers attached to nouns nan+ting or other quantifiers (namare). These are tagged NEG+Q+N and NEG+Q+Q, with case if appropriate.(NEG+Q naht) (NEG+Q^D nahte) (NEG+Q nateshwon) (NEG+Q^A n+anigne)
(NEG+Q+N^N nan+ding) (NEG+Q+Q^N namare)
+AG+TER, NA+TOR (quantifiers)
+AG+TER and NA+TOR are also used as conjunctions, in which case they are
tagged CONJ and NEG+CONJ, respectively.
MICEL and LYTEL
Note especially that (UN)LYTEL and MICEL are consistently tagged Q, even
when their meaning is more adjectival than quantificational, i.e. when
LYTEL is better interpreted as small and MICEL as
great. Distinguishing between the two readings can be quite
difficult, especially with plural nouns, and we have not attempted to do
so, despite the fact that it creates infelicitous readings in some cases.
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (Q^D mycclan) (N^D gewynne)) (NP-DAT (NUM^D anre) (Q^D lytlan) (N^D byrig))
Undeclinable quantifiers FELA, LYT, MA, L+AS
The undeclinable quantifiers FELA, LYT, MA, L+AS are never tagged for case.
A quantifier used in conjunction with a nom/acc/gen plural ambiguous NP can often be taken as either a head with a genitive complement or a modifier of a nom/acc head. In these cases we apply the default rule that undeclinable quantifiers (FELA, LYT, MA, L+AS) take a genitive complement, while all other quantifiers are taken as modifiers. This follows the majority pattern although there are clear examples of the other pattern for both types. See Case with quantifiers.(Q fela) (Q lyt) (QR ma) (QR l+as)
(NP (Q fela)
(NP-GEN (N^G suna)))
(NP-NOM (Q^N manige) (N^N suna))
Quantifiers used adverbially
The quantifiers MICEL, LYTEL, HWON/NATESHWON, MA, L+AS, MARE, L+ASSE,
M+AST, L+AST, AHT, NAHT, EALL, HW+ATHUGU may be used adverbially. See Case on quantifiers.
Uninflected EALL
When EALL has no overt inflection it is often difficult to distinguish
floated quantifier from adverbial use. When EALL immediately precedes an NP
with which it potentially agrees, it is taken as
part of the NP and is tagged with the same case as the rest of the NP. In
all other positions it is tagged only Q with no case. This includes
cases when it follows a NP with which it potentially agrees.
(NP-ACC (Q^A all) (N^A woruld+ding)) (NP-NOM (Q^N eall) (NP-GEN (D^G +t+as) (N^G cyninges)) (N^N r+ad)) (IP-MAT (PP (P +After) (NP-DAT (D^D +tysum) (N^D worde))) (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)) (BEDI wear+d) (QP (Q eall)) (VBN geh+aled)) (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-NOM *con*) (VBD ar+arde) (NP-ACC (D^A +t+at) (N^A mynster)) (QP (Q eall)) <-- EALL not labelled for case following agreeing noun (PP (P be) (NP-DAT (NP-GEN (NR^G Maures)) (N^D r+ade)))) (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NR^N God)) (BEPI is) (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +aghw+ar)) (QP (Q eall)))
ADV Adverb
ADVR Comparative adverb
ADVS Superlative adverb
ADV^T Temporal adverb
ADV^L Locative adverb
ADV^D Directional adverb
Classes of Adverbs
Adverbs are tagged ADV. Four classes of adverbs are distinguished:
Locative adverbs (ADV^L)
Locative adverbs indicate location. They may also be used to indicate a
point to or from which the action takes place. (she sat there, she went
there. We do not distinguish these two uses for adverbs which can be
used in both ways; all are tagged as locatives (but see directional adverbs for adverbs used only
to indicate direction to/from). The following is a list of the most common
locative adverbs; the list is not exhaustive.
+T+AR, BUFAN, GEHENDE, GEHW+AR, HER, INNAN, INNE, NEAH, NOR+T, SU+D, EAST, WEST and other compass points, FEOR, UPPE, UTAN, UTE, WI+DINNAN, WI+DUTAN, NAHW+ARNote that forms including HW+AR, such as +AGHW+AR, GEHW+AR, are tagged ADV, not WADV, when they are used as indefinites, as with all wh-indefinites.
Negated forms such as NAHW+AR have a NEG prefix NEG+ADV^L in the usual way.
+T+AR used as a relative pronoun, either alone or in +T+AR +T+AR combination is tagged ADV^L. Some locatives like BEFORAN, B+AFTAN, etc. may also be used temporally and labelled ADV^T. When a more specific use is not clear, they are just labelled ADV.
Directional adverbs (ADV^D)
This set of adverbs is inherently directional. The list is exhaustive. All
other adverbs used to indicate the end/start point of an action are
labelled as locatives.
+AGHWANON, +AGHWIDER, -B+AC(LING), FEOR, FEORRAN, GEHWANON, GEHWIDER, HAM, HEONAN, HIDER, -LANG(ES), NEAN, NOR+TAN, SU+TAN, EASTAN, WESTAN, and other compass points in -AN, +TANON, +TIDER, -RIHT(E), -WEARD(ES)Any word ending in -WEARD(ES) (apart from prepositional use) is tagged as an adverb. This includes HAMWEARD(ES). FEOR is included as "place to which" following Campbell. Note that NEAH, on the other hand, is locative.
Indefinite wh-forms like GEHWIDER are tagged ADV not WADV as usual.
Note that +TANON can also be used temporally in which case it is tagged ADV^T.
Temporal adverbs (ADV^T)
Temporal adverbs are tagged ADV^T. The class includes adverbs of
duration, point in time, as well as frequency. Adverbs meaning primarily
quickly but shading off into right away, immediately, such as
HRA+DE, are considered members of the other adverbs class and are tagged ADV.
The following are the most common words tagged as temporal adverbs; the
list is not exhaustive.
+AFRE, +AFT(ER), +ANE(S), +AR (+AROR, etc.), +T+ARRIHTE, +TA, +TAGYT, +TANON, +TONNE, +TRIWA, A, BEFORAN, EALNEG, EFT, GEFYRN, GEO, GYT, GYRSTAND+AG, HEONONFOR+D, IU, LANGE, LATE, NU, NUGYT, OFT (OFTOR, etc), SI+D+DAN, SIMBLE, SONA, TOD+AG(E), TOMERGEN, TUWA, N+AFRENote that when +T+ARRIHTE is spelled as two words, it is tagged with the PPCME2 numbering system
HEONAN FOR+T and +TANAN FOR+T as two words are treated as two constituents:(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T (ADV^T21 +t+ar) (ADV^T22 rihte)))
TOD+AG(E), TONIHT, and TOMERGEN(E) written as single words are labelled ADV^T. As two words they are prepositional phrases.(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T heonan)) (RP for+d) (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +tanan)) (RP for+d)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T tod+ag))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T tod+age))
(PP (P to)
(NP-ACC (N^A d+ag)))
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (N^D d+ag)))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T tomergen))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T tomergene))
(PP (P to)
(NP-ACC (N^A mergen)))
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (N^D mergene)))
HWANNE when indefinite is labelled ADV^T, as usual with indefinites.
Other adverbs (ADV)
All other adverbs, including sentential and manner adverbs, are tagged
ADV.
Negative adverbs
Negative adverbs like NA, NAHW+AR, N+AFRE are tagged NEG+ADV
following general principles for negative elements.
(NEG+ADV na) (NEG+ADV^L nahw+ar) (NEG+ADV^T n+afre)
Adverbial quantifiers
Quantifiers used adverbially, whether indeclinable (MA, L+AS, LYT) or case
forms (MICCLUM, EALLES) are always tagged as quantifiers (Q). The inflected forms are
also labelled for case.
Adverb vs. preposition
Many words function as both adverbs and prepositions. Such words are always tagged
P with a complement and ADV or if they are on the adverbial particles list RP/RPX
without. A preposition without a complement is tagged as P rather than ADV
or RP/RPX when the complement has been elided.
NEAH, GEHENDE, FEOR (adverb)
Although NEAH, GEHENDE, and FEOR act in some ways like prepositions in that
they appear to take dative complements, they are also modified by such
adverbs as SWA, SWI+DE, etc. in a non-prepositional way. We have therefore
tagged these three words as locative adverbs when
they do not appear as part of an NP or are not overtly inflected (in which
case they are tagged as adjectives). The default
tagging for cases where the expected inflection is zero is to take them as
adverbs unless they occur within an NP. This includes the copular
case. NEAN and FEORRAN are directional, while NEAH/NEAN nearly is
simply labelled ADV.
(ADVP-LOC (ADV^L neah)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L gehende)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L feor)) (ADVP (ADV neah)) <-- nearly (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D nean)) (ADVP-DIR (ADV^D feorran))
GELICE
GELICE is normally an adverb (or an inflected adjective), but it occurs in
the subordinating construction "GELICE &" three times in Orosius and once
in the Vercelli Homilies, where GELICE is tagged as a preposition to make the subordinating nature of the
construction clear.
+AREST
+AREST is tagged ADJS when used as an ordinal number and ADVS^T when used as
a temporal adverb.
(NP-NOM (D^N +d+at) (ADJS^N +areste) (N^N godweb)) (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (ADJS^N +arestan) (N^N men)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +arest))
OFER, TO, FOR
OFER, TO, and FOR when they mean too, very in combination with
adjectives or adverbs are labelled ADV.
(ADJP-NOM (ADV ofer) (ADJ^N f+at)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV to) (ADV^T lange)) (ADJP-NOM (ADV to) (ADJ^N god)) (ADVP (ADV for) (ADV wel)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV for) (ADV^T oft))
+TA
+TA can be ambiguous between an adverb, preposition and a determiner. See Disambiguating
+TA for the algorithm used to distinguish the cases.
HAM
HAM is tagged as an adverb, virtually always directional, but occasionally locative.
(ADVP-DIR (ADV^D ham)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L ham))
Prepositions are tagged P and always have a complement. A potential
preposition with no complement is labelled as an adverb or an adverbial
particle.
Prepositions with R-pronouns
Prepositions cliticized to R-pronouns are labelled ADV+P.
Wh-adverbs cliticized to prepositions are treated the same way.(PP (ADV+P +t+arinne)) (PP (ADV+P t+arbinnan)) (PP (ADV+P +t+aron)) (PP (ADV+P +t+ar+at))
When separated they are tagged:(WADV+P (WADV+P hw+arto))
(PP (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L +t+ar))
(P inne))
Prepositions with demonstratives (FOR+TI, FOR+TAN, etc.)
A preposition may be followed by a demonstrative (FOR +TI, FOR +TAN, FOR
+TAT, IN +TAT, WI+T +TAN, etc.) either absolutely, or followed by a
clause. In all cases the demonstrative is tagged D plus case. If the
preposition and demonstrative are cliticized, the unit is tagged P
if it introduces a clause, otherwise ADV. Occasional cases of
cliticized preposition and demonstrative with compositional meaning are
separated and parsed as PPs. A comment is included to mark the change.
(CP-ADV (P for) (D^I +ty)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...))
(ADVP (ADV for+dy)) <-- therefore
(PP (P $o+d) <-- until that
(NP-ACC (D^A $+t+at))
(CODE <TEXT:o+d+t+at>))
(PP (P $+ar) <-- before that
(NP-DAT (D^I $+tan))
(CODE <TEXT:+ar+tan>))
Prepositions and particles
When one of the list of adverbial
particles precedes a preposition immediately, it is tagged as a
particle.
(PP (RP up) (P on)
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D w+atere)))
(PP (RP ongean) (P to)
(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (ADJ^D ealdan) (N^D lareowe)))
(PP (RP ut) (P of)
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D temple)))
Prepositions taking clausal complements
Prepositions take a clausal complements.
Note that GIF is tagged P when introducing an adverbial clause, but C when introducing an indirect question.(CP-ADV (P +teah) (C +te) (IP-SUB ...)) (CP-ADV (P gif) (C 0) (IP-SUB ...)) (CP-ADV (P for+dan) (C +te) (IP-SUB ...)) (CP-ADV (P swa) (C +t+at) (IP-SUB ...)) (CP-ADV (P +ar) (D^I +tan) (C +te) (IP-SUB ...))
Modified prepositions (SWA SWA, +TA +TA, etc.)
Modifying adverbs such as SWA, EALL, +TA, etc., which commonly appear
before prepositions introducing adverbial clauses, can also occur written
together with the preposition, SWASWA, EALLSWA, +TA+TA. In these cases the
whole unit is labelled P.
(PP (ADV swa) (P swa)
(CP-CMP ...))
(CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +ta)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...))
(PP (P swaswa)
(CP-CMP ...))
(CP-ADV (P +ta+ta)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...))
SWA (preposition)
SWA introduces various kinds of adverbial and comparative clauses. It is
labelled as a preposition in all cases except as the second SWA in free relatives of the SWA
HW- SWA type and some kinds of corelative
comparison where it is treated as the complementizer. SWA is also
used as an adverb.
(PP (P swa)
(CP-CMP ...))
(CP-ADV (P swa)
(C +t+at)
(IP-SUB ...))
(ADVP (ADV swa))
(CP-FRL (WNP-ACC (ADV swa) (WPRO^A hw+at))
(C swa)
(IP-SUB ...))
+TONNE
+TONNE meaning when or introducing comparative clauses is tagged
P
TO/etc...WEARD, BE...TWEONUM
When WEARD and TWEONUM are separated from their introductory prepositions
(TO/WI+T/etc. with WEARD(ES) and BE with TWEONUM), both parts are tagged P.
Together the whole unit is tagged P.
(PP (P wi+d)
(PP (NR Rome)
(P weard)))
(PP (P toweard)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D feo)))
(PP (P be)
(PP (NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
(P tweonum)))
(PP (P betweonum)
(NP-DAT (PRO^D him)))
+TY/+TE L+AS (+TE)
+TY/+TE L+AS (+TE) unless introducing a subordinate clause is
treated parallel to prepositions with
demonstratives. +TYL+AS written as one word is tagged P, while
+TYL+AS+TE written as a single word is split to allow tagging of +TE as
C. A comment is included to indicate the separation (see Word division).
(CP-ADV (D^I +ty) (P l+as)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...))
(CP-ADV (P +tyl+as)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...))
(CP-ADV (P $+tyl+as)
(C $+te)
(CODE <TEXT:+tyl+as+te>)
(IP-SUB ...))
+TEAH+TE, O+T+TE etc.
One-word combinations of a subordinating conjunction and +TE
introducing a subordinate clause, such as +TEAH+TE although, O+T+TE
until are separated and the two constituents tagged in the
usual way. A comment is included to indicate the separation.
(CP-ADV (P $+teah)
(C $+te)
(CODE <TEXT:+teah+te>)
(IP-SUB ...))
(CP-ADV (P $o+t)
(C $+te)
(CODE <TEXT:o+t+te>)
(IP-SUB ...))
Notice that this policy does not apply to +T+ATTE, which is always tagged C in
its entirety.
TO MIDDES, BE SU+TAN, etc.
When TOMIDDES, BESU+TAN, etc. are written as single words, they are tagged
as prepositions when they take a complement and as adverbs when used absolutely. When written separately
they are tagged literally according to their constituent parts, whether
used absolutely or taking a complement.
(CP-ADV (P mid) (D^I +ty)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB ...))
(PP (P prep) (ADV adverb)
(NP ...))
(PP (P to) (N^G middes)
(NP ...))
(PP (P be) (ADV su+tan)
(NP-DAT (N^D ...)))
(PP (P wi+t) (ADV nor+tan)
(NP-ACC (N^A ...)))
(PP (P Be) (ADV su+tan)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D mu+tan)))
(PP (P besu+tan)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D mu+tan)))
(PP (P be) (ADV su+tan)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+am) (N^D mu+tan)))
(ADVP-DIR (ADV^D besu+tan)) <-- to the south
(PP (P be)
(ADVP (ADV su+tan)))
MIDDAN in ON/T0 MIDDAN is taken as MIDDUM with masc/neuter nouns
and included in the NP. With feminines it is labelled ADJ and
treated as part of a compound preposition, whether it precedes or follows
the NP.
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D middan) (D^D +tam) (N^D wyrhtum)))
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D feldan) (ADJ^D middan)))
(PP (P on) (ADJ middan)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D s+a)))
(PP (P on)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (N^D s+a))
(ADJ middan))
SAM ... SAM
SAM ... SAM meaning whether ... or is tagged P.
( (CODE <T06650004000,40>)
(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV Hu))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(NP-NOM (Q^N +alc) (N^N wyrd))
(BEPI beo+d)
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (P sam)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
(NP-DAT (N^D mannum))
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N god))
(VBPS +tince)))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (P sam)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
(NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
(ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N yfel))
(VBPS +tince))))
(. .)) (ID coboeth,BoHead:40.49))
BUTON
BUTON is tagged P, even when it means but and seems to
function as a conjunction. BUTON
can also function as a focus particle.
GELICE
GELICE is normally an adverb (or an inflected adjective), but it occurs in
the subordinating construction "GELICE &" as though three times in
Orosius and once in the Vercelli Homilies, where GELICE is tagged P
to make the subordinating nature of the construction clear.
(CP-ADV (P gelice) (CONJ &)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB ...))
(NODE (CP-ADV (P for) (D^I +ton)
(C +te)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (NP-GEN (N^G elpendes))
(N^N hyd))
(MDP wile)
(VB drincan)
(NP (N w+atan))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (P gelice) (CONJ &)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N spynge))
(VBPI de+d)))))
(ID coorosiu,Or_5:7.121.29.2572))
All forms of SE and +TES are tagged D plus appropriate case tag
according to the usual rules. This includes when used
alone and forms of SE used as relative pronouns.
(D^N se) (D^A +tone) (D^G +tisses) (D^D +t+am)
Indefinite AN
Although AN can sometimes be interpreted as an indefinite determiner, it is
always tagged as a cardinal number.
Disambiguating +TA
In some cases, +TA is ambiguous between an temporal
adverb, a preposition
introducing a clause, and a determiner. In difficult cases the ambiguity is
resolved as follows.
(CP-ADV (ADV^T +ta) (P +da) (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)) (VBD agylte)))
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (CP-ADV-SPE (P +Ta)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N hit))
(BEDI w+as)
(NP-NOM-PRD (D^N seo) (ADJ^N fifte) (N^N tid)
(NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G nihte)))))
(, ,)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
(VBDI mynton)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
(NP-RFL (PRO us))
(VB gerestan)
(. ,))
(ID coalex,Alex:19.2.215))
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he)) (VBD worhte) (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A wundra)) (PP (P +turh) (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))))
(IP-MAT (CONJ and) (NP-NOM (PRO^N we)) (MDPI sceolan) (ADVP (ADV f+astlice)) (NP-ACC (D^A +ta)) (VB gewri+tan)) (IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N He)) (VBDI genam) (NP-ACC (PRO^A hi)) (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta)) (ADVP (ADV onsundron)))
+T+AT
Likewise, +T+AT can be ambiguous between a determiner functioning as
wh-word and a complementiser in
relative-clause constructions. By default, +T+AT is treated as a determiner
in these cases if it matches the antecedent in gender and number, and as a
complementizer otherwise, except in non-restrictive glossing
relatives where the relative pronoun is invariantly +T+AT regardless of
the number/gender of the antecedant. In these cases +T+AT is always treated
as the relative pronoun. In addition +T+AT is always treated as the
complementizer in temporal and locative
relative clauses.
(C +t+at) <-- complementizer (D^N +t+at) <-- determiner or relative pronoun
All cardinal numbers except those in foreign
language sequences are tagged NUM whether they are written out
or in number form. Roman numerals are labelled NUM except in
conjunction with other foreign words. HEALF is a tagged as a number except
when it means side.
(NP-NOM (NUM^N An) (N^N woruldcynincg)) (NP-NOM (NUM I)) (NUMP (NUM eahta) (CONJ &) (NUM XX)) (NP-ACC (NUM III) (N^A niht)) (NP (FW VII) (FW kalendas) (FW Mai)) (LATIN (FW INTERROGATIO) (FW VII)
Case on numbers
Numbers up to three are generally inflected, while those over three
generally are not. Therefore the numbers one, two, and three, are given
case labels except when part of compound numbers. Numbers over three are
only labelled for case if they are overtly inflected.
This includes HUND and +TUSEND.
(NP-NOM (NUM^N An) (N^N woruldcynincg) <--- inflected numerals (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi) (Q^N ealle) (NUM^N +try)) (NP-ACC (D^A +disne) (NUM^A enne) (NR^A God)) (NP-DAT (NUM^D twam) (N^D fotum)) (NP-DAT (NUM feower) (N^D fotum)) (NP-DAT (NUMP-DAT (NUM^D +trym) (CONJ and) (NUM^D +drittigum)) <-- inflected compound numeral (N^D mannum)) (NUMP (NUM twa) (CONJ &) (NUM twentig)) <--- uninflected compound numeral (NUMP (NUM twa) (CONJ and) (NUM hundseofontig)) (NUMP (NUM nigon) (NUM hund)) (NP (NUMP (NUM +treo) (NUM hund))
Weak ANA
ANA, the weak form of AN, is tagged as a focus
particle.
WPRO Wh-pronoun
WADJ Wh-adjective
WADV Wh-adverb
WQ WHETHER (question particle)
Wh-pronoun (WPRO)
Forms of HWA heading a wh-NP are labelled WPRO. HWILC and HW+A+DER when it
means which of two are tagged as wh-adjectives in all cases.
(WPRO^N hwa) (WPRO^N hw+at) (WPRO^A hw+ane) (WPRO^A hw+at) (WPRO^G hw+as) (WPRO^D hw+am)
Wh-adjective (WADJ)
HWILC and HW+A+DER in the meaning which of two are tagged
WADJ whether they modify a noun or not (as with other
adjectives). Note that HWILC may also be used as a wh-indefinite, in which case it is tagged
Q and HW+A+DER is tagged WQ when it introduces a yes/no whether question.
(WADJ^N hwilc) (WADJ^A hwilcne) (WADJ^N hw+a+ter) (WADJ^A hw+a+ter) (WADJ^A hw+a+derne) (WADJP-NOM (WADJ^N hwilc)) (WNP-NOM (WADJ^N hwilc)) (WNP-ACC (WADJ^A hwilce) (N^A mihte)) (WNP-DAT (WADJ^D hwylcere) (N^D m+ag+de))
WHICH is tagged as a wh-determiner
(WD) in the PPCME2.
Wh-adverbs (WADV)
Wh-adverbs (HU, HWONNE, HW+AR and HWI) are tagged WADV. Note that
+TA and +TONNE are tagged P when introducing a subordinate clause
(see Prepositions) and +T+AR is always tagged
as an locative adverb even when acting as a
relative pronoun. HW+AR and HWONNE may also be used as a wh-indefinites in
which case they are tagged ADV^L and ADV^T respectively.
When attached to a preposition the unit is tagged WADV+P (one eg.)(WADVP-LOC (WADV^L hw+ar)) (WADVP (WADV hu)) (WADVP-TMP (WADV^T hwonne)) (WADVP (WADV hwi)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV^L hw+ar)) <-- "anywhere" (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T hwonne)) <-- "sometime"
(WADV+P (WADV+P hw+arto))
HW+A+TER (WQ)
When introducing a WHETHER question,
HW+A+DER is tagged WQ; when it acts as a wh-adjective meaning
which of two it is tagged as a wh-adjective WADJ. Note that GIF (=whether)
in indirect questions is tagged as a complementizer.
(WQ hw+a+ter) (WADJ^N hw+a+ter)
SW+A+TER/SWA HW+A+TER (WADJ)
SW+A+TER, the contracted form of SWA HW+A+TER, is labelled WADJ like
HW+A+TER.
(WADJ^N sw+a+ter) (WADJP-NOM (ADV swa) (WADJ^N hw+a+ter))
MD infinitive
MDI imperative
MDPI present indicative
MDPS present subjunctive
MDP present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
MDDI past indicative
MDDS past subjunctive
MDD past tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
The following verbs are always tagged as modals, whether used with an
infinitive or as main verbs.
CUNNAN, DURRAN, MAGAN, MOTAN, SCULAN, +TURFAN, WILLAN,
( (IP-MAT (NEG+CONJ ne)
(NP-DAT (PRO^D him))
(NP-NOM (NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N +ting))
(VB +atfleon)
(NEG ne)
(MDPI m+ag) <-- modal use
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:43.31))
( (CODE <T03020003200,72>)
(IP-MAT (NP-GEN (PRO^G His))
(NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
(MDPI magon)
(VB wundrian)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:72.58))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
(NP-ACC (PRO$ heore) (ADJ^A diglan) (N^A d+ada))
(NP (PRO eow))
(VB bedyrnan)
(NEG ne)
(MDDI mihton)
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Vincent]:137.7893))
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NEG Ne)
(MDPI cann) <-- main verb use of modal
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(NP (PRO eow))
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (ADJ^D so+tan))))
(ID colwstan1,+ALet_2_[Wulfstan_1]:142.197))
(NODE (IP-MAT (NP-ACC (Q^A Sume) (N^A +ting))
(NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
(MDP wyle)
(. ,))
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:225.180))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(NEG ne)
(MDD cu+te)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N geleafan))
(. ,))
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:295.646))
The verb AGAN, however, is only tagged as a modal when it is used with a TO
infinitive, meaning have to or ought to.
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(MDD ahte)
(IP-INF (NP-ACC *T*-4)
(TO to)
(HV^D habbanne)
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (NUM xii) (N^D mon+tum)))
(PP (P of)
(NP-DAT (D^D +d+are) (N^D scire)))))
(ID cochronE,ChronE_[Plummer]:1085.26.2811))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (N^N sacerd))
(MDPI ah)
(IP-INF (NP-ACC *T*-2)
(TO to)
(VB^D donne))
(NP-DAT-ADT (N^D folce))
(PP (P to)
(NP (N +tearfe)))
(, ,)
(CP-ADV (P gif)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (NR^D Drihtne))
(VBPI gecwem+d)
(PP (P mid)
(NP-DAT (N^D rihte))))))
(ID coinspolX,WPol_2.1.1_[Jost]:130.180))
The present forms of SCULAN are distinguished for mood as follows. All
forms with an -EN ending are labelled subjunctive (MDPS) as well as any
form with a -Y- base vowel, no matter what the ending. All other forms
(base vowel -EO-/-O-/-U- and non -EN ending) are labelled indicative
(MDPI). Note that this approach may overgeneralize the indicative cases
somewhat as a -U- base vowel is also possible in the subjunctive; that is,
SCULON/SCULAN/SCULUN while more likely to be indicative, may also be
subjunctive.
(MDPS scylen) (MDPS sculen) (MDPS scylon) (MDPI sculon) (MDPI sceolun)
Note that "modal" is a lexical category in
the YCOE (apart from AGAN), unlike in the PPCME2, where modals used
independently are tagged as lexical verbs.
AX infinitive
AXI imperative
AXPI present indicative
AXPS present subjunctive
AXP present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
AXPH present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/imperative)
AXDI past indicative
AXDS past subjunctive
AXD past tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
AXG present participle
AXN past participle
The following verbs may be tagged as auxiliaries. Unlike the modals, these
verbs are only tagged AX when used with a bare infinitive, or (?marginally)
with a participle. When followed by a TO infinitive they are labelled as
lexical verbs.
AGINNAN, ONGINNAN, BEGINNAN, CUMAN, BECUMAN, FERAN, GAN, GEGAN, GEWITAN
( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
(AXDI began)
(NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N dema))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T eft))
(NP-ACC (PRO^A hi))
(VB herigan)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Forty_Soldiers]:55.2504))
( (CODE <T03190010900,348>)
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N Hieu))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
(AXD eode)
(PP (P to)
(NP (PRO$ his) (N gereorde)))
(VB sittan)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:348.3924))
( (CODE )
(IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
(AXDI ongunnon)
(NP-NOM (PRO$ heora) (N^N magas))
(QP-DAT-ADT (Q^D mycclum))
(VB behreowsian)
(CP-THT (C +t+at)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +afre))
(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (N^A martyras))
(VB misl+aran)
(MDDI woldon)))
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:118.1282))
( (CODE )
(IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +Ta))
(AXDI com)
(NP-NOM (NR^N Gallicanus))
(ADVP (ADV eac))
(PTP-NOM (PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
(VBN^N gebogen))
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:336.1944))
Utan (UTP)
UTAN used to introduce imperative or hortatory clauses (let us...),
is tagged UTP.
( (CODE <T03020005700,124>)
(IP-MAT (UTP Uton)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T nu))
(VB behealden)
(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (ADJ^A wundorlican) (N^A swyftnysse)
(NP-GEN (D^G +t+are) (N^G sawle)))
(. :)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:124.101))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ ac)
(UTP uton)
(ADVP (ADV swa) (ADV +teah))
(VB biddan)
(NP-ACC (D^A +tas) (N^A bena))
(PP (P +at)
(NP-DAT (NR^D Gode)))
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:515.819))
HV infinitive
HVI imperative
HVPI present indicative
HVPS present subjunctive
HVP present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
HVPH present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/imperative)
HVDI past indicative
HVDS past subjunctive
HVD past tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
HAG present participle
HVN past participle
BE infinitive
BEI imperative
BEPI present indicative
BEPS present subjunctive
BEP present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
BEPH present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/imperative)
BEDI past indicative
BEDS past subjunctive
BED past tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
BAG present participle
BEN past participle
All forms of BEON, WESAN, and (GE)WEOR+DAN are labelled with BE tags regardless of meaning.
( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADJP-NOM-PRD (ADJ^N Wundorlic))
(BEPI is)
(NP-NOM (NR^N God))
(PP (P on)
(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D halgum)))
(. ;)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:19.10))
( (CODE <T03020002000,47>)
(IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV^T Symble))
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(BEPI bi+d)
(VAG gyfende)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:47.33))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-GEN-1 (D^G +t+as))
(NEG ne)
(BEPI wur+d)
(NP-NOM (NP-GEN *ICH*-1)
(NEG+Q^N nan) (N^N ende))
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Sebastian]:77.1255))
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM-x *exp*)
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +da))
(BEDI gewear+d) <-- GEWEOR+TAN = happen
(NP-DAT (PRO$ his) (N^D +tegnum))
(CP-THT-x (C +t+at)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N hi))
(NP-ACC (PRO^A hine))
(VBDI acwealdon)))
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Book_of_Kings]:456.3996))
All forms of HABBAN are tagged HV.
( (CODE <T03010000800,25>)
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NUM^N An) (N^N woruldcynincg))
(HVPI h+af+d)
(NP (NP (Q fela)
(NP-GEN (N^G +tegna)))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP-ACC (ADJ^A mislice) (N^A wicneras))))
(. ;)) (ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:25.14))
( (CODE <T03020003600,84>)
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (PRO^N We))
(HVPI habba+d)
(NP (PRO eow))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T oft))
(VBN ges+ad)
(NP-ACC (PRO$^A eowerne) (N^A geleafan)
(PP (P be)
(NP-DAT (D^D +t+are) (ADJ^D halgan) (N^D +drynnysse))))
(. ;)) (ID AelfLives,+ALS_[Pref]:25.14))
Note that DO is tagged as a lexical verb in
the YCOE and not given a special tag as in the PPCME2.
VB infinitive
VBI imperative
VBPI present indicative
VBPS present subjunctive
VBP present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
VBPH present tense (ambiguous subjunctive/imperative)
VBDI past indicative
VBDS past subjunctive
VBD past tense (ambiguous subjunctive/indicative)
VAG present participle
VBN past participle
All lexical verbs have labels beginning with VB.
( (CODE <T03010000100,1>)
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (NR^N +Alfric))
(VBPI gret)
(ADVP (ADV eadmodlice))
(NP-ACC (NR^A +A+delwerd) (N^A ealdorman))
(ID copreflives,+ALS_[Pref]:1.2))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N heo))
(NP-ACC (N^A leahtres))
(VBPS forbuge))
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:155.123))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(VBP singe)
(PP (P mid)
(NP-DAT (N^D mode)))
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Christmas]:193.153))
( (CODE <T03350007400,264>)
(IP-MAT (NP-NOM (D^N +Da) (ADJ^N re+tan) (N^N cwelleras))
(ADVP-TMP (ADV^T +ta))
(ADVP (ADV ra+te))
(ADVP (ADV swa))
(VBDI dydon)
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Vincent]:264.7973))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(RP+VBDS underfenge)
(NP (ADJ deorwur+de) (N gyrlan)))
(ID coaelive,+ALS_[Thomas]:155.7652))
( (CODE <T03340004100,151>)
(IP-MAT (PP (P +After)
(NP-DAT (D^D +tysum) (N^D wordum)))
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(VBD efste)
(PP (P to)
(NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D cwearterne)))
(. ,)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Thomas]:151.7648))
Note that an inflected infinitive following TO is tagged as a dative form
VB^D (see Inflected
infinitives).
(IP-INF-NCO (TO to) (VB^D gewyssienne))
Particle verbs (RP+VB, etc.)
Verbs with a particle cliticized to the beginning are tagged RP+VB,
etc. All verbs beginning with a form on the adverbial particles list have a tag
beginning RP+, with the following exceptions:
ONBIDIAN, ONBRYRDAN, ONBYRGAN, ONCNAWAN, ONDR+ADAN, ONETTAN, ONGIERWAN, ONGIETAN, ONGINNAN, ONHAGIAN, ONMUNAN, ONSCUNIAN, ONTENDAN, ON+TRACIAN
(RP+VBPI onliht) (RP+VBDI underf+ang) (RP+VBN oferswi+dod) (RP+VB oferstigan) (RP+VAG^N for+dst+appende)
Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)
The following four categories are distinguished:
Mood (indicative or subjunctive) is labelled on verbs based on the form of
the verb itself and not on context. Only unambiguous forms are
labelled; ambiguous forms (e.g., past tense of 3rd sg. weak verbs in
-EDE/-ODE) are unmarked.
The following forms are always indicative/subjunctive ambiguous:
Unlike in the PPCME2, in the YCOE unambiguous
subjunctive verb forms are distinguished from unambiguous indicative forms.
(VBPI forgif+d) (VBPI wur+ta+d) (VBDI stod) (VBDI awendon) (VBPS becume) <-- with non 1st sg subject (VBP becume) <-- with 1st sg subject (VBPS +toligen) (VBP secge) <-- with 1st sg subject or preceding plural pronoun (VBPS secge) <-- all other contexts (VBDS ongunnen) (VBD onhagode) (VBD come) <-- with 2nd sg subject (VBDS come) <-- all other contexts (VBPH wite) (BEPH beo) (VBI awurp)
The past tense plural is difficult to deal with. While -ON/-AN/-UN correlates more with indicative than subjunctive (and vice versa for subjunctive), overall there is some overlap in both directions. Rather than label all past tense plurals as ambiguous, however, we have labelled -ON/-AN/-UN as indicative and -EN as subjunctive in all cases, even when the analysis is extremely unlikely in context.
In the present plural (of non-preterite-present verbs), any vowel plus -N is labelled subjunctive. Sometimes this is dependent on the tense context, as the present subjunctive and past plural can have the same root vowel (e.g., SCINEN, SCINON).
The imperative/subjunctive ambiguity affects the following forms: DO, GA, WITE, BEO (and derivatives), when in a context where the subject is 2nd singular. Elsewhere they are clear subjunctives. For all other verbs the imperative and subjunctive are distinguished by form. Subjunctive forms apparently used as imperatives are distinguished in the parsing by the presence of a *pro* subject.(VBPS scinen) (VBPS scinon) <-- present context (VBDI scinon) <-- past context
(VBPH do) (VBI bide) <-- BIDDAN pray (VBPS bidde) (VBI axa) (VBPS axie)
When used as modifiers or attributively, all participles except GEHATEN, GECIGEN, and other verbs used in naming are labelled with the case of the head they modify. Note that this is so even in those few cases in which the participle does not inflect appropriately.
Unlike in the PPCME2, verbal and adjectival use of
the present and past participles is not distinguished; that is, they are
both tagged VAG or VBN (or HAG/HVN, etc).
(NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (VAG^A lifiendan) (N^A godas)) (NP-ACC (VAG^A sw+agende) (N^A fyr)) (NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (VAG^D lifigendan) (NR^D Drihtne))
A form used adjectively is labelled as a participle if a related verb is listed in Clark Hall. When no related verb is listed the form is tagged as an adjective.
Present participles are only tagged as nouns when used substantively if the form is listed as a noun in Clark Hall (regardless of whether a related verb exists); otherwise it is tagged as a particple and treated as an adjective used substantively.(VBN slegen) (ADJ^N unofslegen) (VBN geendod) (ADJ^N ungeendod) (VAG^N berende) (ADJ^N unberende) (ADJ^A yfelh+abbende) <-- no verb YFELHABBAN (ADJ^A la+twende) <-- no verb LA+TWENDAN
(N^N swelgend) (N^N h+alend) (N^N forest+append) (N^D scyppende) (N^D alysende) (N^N d+alnimende)
Infinitives (VB, etc)
Inflected infinitives (VB^D, etc.)
Infinitives with -NE added to the base form are labelled with the infinitive tag VB, HV, etc. ^D.
(VB awriten) (VB gesettan) (VB onbryrdan) (VB^D getrymmenne) (VB^D gewilnienne) (VB^D geneal+acene) <-- with simplified -NN- (VB^D +tingiende)) <-- occasionally spelling with -ND-
(IP-INF (TO to) (VB l+adan)) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB^D gewyssienne)) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB^D gewilnienne) (...))
All complementizers are labelled C.
+T+AT, +T+ATTE, +TE
+T+AT, +T+ATTE and +TE introducing any kind of subordinate clause are
tagged C. +T+AT introducing a relative clause, however, is taken
as the relative pronoun (and thus tagged as a determiner) if it matches the antecedant for
number/gender/case, or if it is in a non-restrictive glossing
relative. In any other case it is taken as the complementizer and
tagged C.
Unlike +TEAH+TE and O+T+TE, it is not clear that +T+AT+TE is best analyzed as +T+AT plus complementizer +TE, since it may introduce that-complements, adverbial and degree clauses as well as relatives; it is therefore treated as a simple alternative to +T+AT and never split, even in relatives.
SWA in free relative clauses and corelative comparatives
SWA is tagged C in free relatives of the SWA
HW- SWA type and in some corelative
comparisons.
GIF in indirect questions
When GIF introduces indirect questions, it is tagged C rather than
P as when it introduces adverbial clauses.
( (IP-MAT (NP-NOM *con*)
(MDD wolde)
(VB gewytan)
(CP-QUE (C gif)
(IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO$ his) (N^N w+apnu))
(VBDI coman)))
(. .)) (ID coaelive,+ALS_[Basil]:264.621))
CONJ Conjunction
NEG+CONJ Negative conjunction
The following are tagged CONJ, or NEG+CONJ if negative,
when used as conjunctions:
+AG+TER, +TE, AC, GE, NA+TER, NE, OND, O+T+TE, SWA, &
When there is more than one conjunction, (e.g., +AG+TER GE...GE), all are
tagged CONJ.
+AG+TER/NA+TER are also tagged as quantifiers.(CONJ &) (NEG+CONJ ne) (NEG+CONJ na+ter) (NEG+CONJ ne) (CONJ +ag+ter) (CONJ ge)
SWA is also tagged as a preposition, adverb or complementizer.
NE is also tagged as sentential negation (NEG).
The negative particle NE is tagged NEG. Contractions of NE and
verb forms, adverbs and quantifiers are tagged NEG+-.
When NE is used as a conjunction, it is tagged NEG+CONJ. In clauses with only one NE where NE could be a conjunction or negation, it is tagged as negation (NEG) if it immediately precedes the finite verb and as a conjunction (NEG+CONJ) if it does not.
NA is tagged as an negative adverb (NEG+ADV). NE not immediately preceding the finite verb (NEG) or sentence initial (NEG+CONJ) is taken as variant of NA and tagged NEG+ADV.
(NEG ne) <-- negative particle preceding finite verb (NEG+CONJ ne) <-- negative conjunction (NEG+ADV na) <-- negative adverb (NEG+ADV ne) <-- NE as a variant of NA
Adverbial particles are tagged RP. The following is an exhaustive
list of all words tagged as particles except when they take a
complement, in which case they are tagged as prepositions. Preceding another preposition, they
are tagged as particles (see Prepositions and particles).
ADUN(E), +AFTER , AWEG, (OF)DUNE, FORE, FOR+D, FRAM, GEOND, IN, MID, NI+DER, OF, OFER, ONGEAN, ON, ONWEG, TO, +TURH, UNDER, UP, UT, WI+D, WI+DER, YMB(E).When a particle is cliticized to the beginning of a verb, the unit is tagged RP+-. With the following verbs initial ON- is not labelled as particle.
ONBIDIAN, ONBRYRDAN, ONBYRGAN, ONCNAWAN, ONDR+ADAN, ONETTAN, ONGIERWAN, ONGIETAN, ONGINNAN, ONHAGIAN, ONMUNAN, ONSCUNIAN, ONTENDAN, ON+TRACIAN
(RP+VBPI onliht) (RP+VB understandan) (VB onfon)
The following may be labelled as focus particles.
ANA, BUTAN, HURU, FUR+DUM/FUR+DON/etcHURU and FUR+TUM are always labelled FP.
ANA, the weak form of AN, is tagged as a focus particle, following Mitchell (1985:536) who takes ANA as an indeclinable adverbial constituent which acts as a focus particle.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ ac)
(NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N man) (FP ana))
(VBPI g+a+d)
(ADVP-DIR (ADV^D uprihte))
(. ,))
(ID AelfLives,+ALS_[Christmas]:56.68))
ANA is tagged FP in all cases except the following, where it is
tagged NUM with case if appropriate.
(NP-NOM (D^N se) (NUM^N ana) (ADJ^N +almihtiga) (NR^N God)) (NP-ACC (D^A +ta) (NUM^A ana) (N^A wundru)) <-- plural
(CP-ADV-SPE (ADV^T +Da) (P +da)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic))
(IP-SMC-SPE (NP-ACC-SBJ (PRO^A +de))
(NUMP-ACC-PRD (NUM^A ana)))
(VBDI forlet)
(PP (P on)
(NP-DAT (D^D +dam) (N^D +deostrum)))))
Eac him gelamp sume d+age, +ta +ta he w+as ana, +t+at him w+as +at se
costere. (GDC,GD_2_[C]:2.100.17.1162)
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(BEDI w+as)
(NUMP-NOM-PRD (NUM^N ana)))
(ID cogregdC,GD_2_[C]:2.100.17.1158))
(NODE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N ic)) <-- I prayed alone
(NP-RFL (PRO me))
(FP ana)
(VBP gebidde))
(ID coaelive,+ALS[Agnes]:198.1845))
BUTAN/BUTE is tagged as a focus particle in the NE...BUTAN construction. It also occurs a few times without the NE.
(NODE (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-NOM (PRO^N we))
(NEG+HVPI nabba+d)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV^L her))
(NP-ACC (NP-ACC (FP butun) (NUM fif) (N^A hlafas))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NX-ACC (NUM^A twegen) (N^A fixas)))))
(ID cowsgosp,Mt_[WSCp]:14.17.940))
( (CODE )
(IP-MAT (NEG Ne)
(VBDI sp+ac)
(NP-NOM (PRO^N he))
(ADVP (NEG+ADV na))
(NP-ACC (FP butan) (N^A bispelle))
(. ;)) (ID cowsgosp,Mk_[WSCp]:4.34.2419))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N +da) (N^N gebro+dra))
(NEG+HVDI n+afdon)
(NP-ACC (FP buton) (NUM fif) (N^A hlafas))
(PP (P to)
(NP (NP-GEN-RFL (PRO^G heora) (Q^G ealra))
(N gereorde))))
(ID cocathom2,+ACHom_II,_11:100.293.2125))
(NODE (IP-SUB (NP-NOM (D^N se) (N^N wer))
(MDPI mot)
(HV habban)
(NP-ACC (FP butan) (NUM^A an) (N^A wif)))
(ID cochdrul,ChrodR_1:65.1.881))
In general the INTJ tag is used only if a word has no other use than as an
interjection. When words with other functions as well are used as
interjections, they are still tagged with their primary POS tag, and not
with INTJ. Thus, HW+AT, is tagged WPRO (without case) when used as
an interjection. Adverbs which are also used as interjections (EFNE,
+TONNE, HURU, etc.) are always tagged as adverbs since it is too difficult
to consistently distinguish adverbial from interjection use. Finally GE,
although it has other functions as a pronoun and conjunction, is tagged INTJ in
interjection function (i.e., when it means yes, yea.
The following are common interjections.
AMEN, EALA, GE/GEA/GYSE, LA, NE/NESE, WA/WALA/WALAWA, WELLA
(INTJ amen) <-- always an interjection
(INTJP (WPRO hw+at)) <-- HW+AT in interjection use
(ADVP (ADV efne)) <-- may be used as an interjection,
but never tagged as such
Everything (words, symbols, numbers, etc.) except punctuation in foreign
language sequences is labelled FW.
Outside of foreign language sequences, foreign names (PAULINUS, etc.) are not tagged FW, but NR.
Latin liturgical terms (PATER NOSTER, TE DEUM, etc.) are tagged FW, except when they follow English inflectional patterns, in which case they are tagged N.
(NP (FW pater) (FW noster)) (NP-DAT (D^D +tam) (N^D paternostre))
Unknown or problematic words are tagged XX. The majority of these are
either partial words arising from textual problems, or the part of speech
of the word is indeterminate because of textual problems.